商務(wù)英語閱讀第一單元單詞

1、Chapter 1 General View of International BusinessWTOPara 1engaged ininternational transactionsbe involved inoriginate引起, 發(fā)明, 發(fā)起, 創(chuàng)辦 vi. 起源, 發(fā)生restrictions n.限制, 約束virtually: in facttariffs: 關(guān)稅quotas：配額embargo：禁運boycotts：聯(lián)合抵制barrier：貿(mào)易壁壘The World Trade Organization (WTO)inter-governmental organization

2、：政府間的組織flow：流暢(be) based on：以為基礎(chǔ)services：服務(wù)settle：解決；平息trade dispute：貿(mào)易爭端negotiation：談判promote cooperation：促進合作joint decision-making：共同決策consensus：一致同意；一致意見body：機構(gòu)；團體council：決策班子；委員會committee：委員會consist of：由組成entire membership：全體成員administrative support：行政支撐secretariat：秘書處Geneva, Switzerland：瑞士的日內(nèi)瓦P

3、ara. 2trading system：貿(mào)易系統(tǒng)date back：追溯到Bretton Woods: 布雷頓森林conference：會議delegate：代表conceive：構(gòu)思create：創(chuàng)立；創(chuàng)建the World Bank：世界銀行the International Monetary Fund：國際貨幣基金組織International trade organization (ITO)：國際貿(mào)易組織a specialized agency：個別機構(gòu)charter：憲章ambitious：有抱負(fù)的；有雄心壯志的extend beyond：擴充；延伸world trade disc

4、iplines： 世界貿(mào)易原則commodity agreement：國際商品協(xié)定restrictive business practices：限制性經(jīng)營辦法international investment：國際投資Havana：哈瓦拉（古巴首都）Cuba：古巴ratification：批準(zhǔn)legislation：立法opposition：反對the U.S. Senate：美國上議院driving forces：動力announce：宣布seek：尋求congressional ratification：國會的批準(zhǔn)effectively：有效地eventual result：最后的結(jié)果sub

5、sequent：隨后的；后來的creation：創(chuàng)建；創(chuàng)立the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)：關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定be concerned with：關(guān)注primarily:主要的（mainly）reduce barriers to the international trade of goods: 減少國際商品貿(mào)易壁壘result from：由所產(chǎn)生provisional: 臨時的prosperous：興旺發(fā)達的 multilateral：多邊的；多國的international commerce：國際貿(mào)易overhaul：徹底改革due

6、：應(yīng)得的；預(yù)期的massive modification：巨大的改革Uruguay Round：烏拉圭回合（在烏拉圭的多次國際貿(mào)易談判）Para 3regulate：控制；調(diào)節(jié)；規(guī)范regulating world trade of goods：規(guī)范國際商品貿(mào)易tariff barriers：關(guān)稅壁壘non-tariff barriers：非關(guān)稅壁壘not long after：soongive birth to: 產(chǎn)生(result in)de facto: 實際上；實事上informally：非正式的over the years：during the following yearsevol

7、ve: 發(fā)展；進化set out：訂立conduct international trade：進行國際貿(mào)易institution：機構(gòu)temporary：暫時的；臨時的recognize：認(rèn)可replace：代替amend：修改incorporate：合并live on：繼續(xù)存在updated：最新的text：版本(version)key principles: 主要原則adopt：采用General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)：服務(wù)貿(mào)易總協(xié)定intellectual property: 知識產(chǎn)權(quán)Trade-Related Aspects of

8、International Property Rights (TRIPS)：與貿(mào)易有關(guān)的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)協(xié)定Para 4signatory （signatories）：簽署各國intend：打算set up a worldwide trading organization：建立世界貿(mào)易組織in the event：最后(eventually)reach an understanding: 達成一致意見(not) increase tariffs beyond their existing level：增加的關(guān)稅不超過現(xiàn)在的水平Abolition：廢除most favored nation：最惠國tra

9、ding privileges：貿(mào)易特權(quán)extend：擴展；延伸systems of preferences：優(yōu)惠系統(tǒng)；特惠系統(tǒng)Commonwealth Preference：英聯(lián)邦關(guān)稅特惠制trading blocs：貿(mào)易集團establishment：建立common-market type agreements：共同市場協(xié)定EC：abbr. 歐共體(European Community)Outward -looking：外向型的Insular：adj.內(nèi)向型的；海島的, 孤立的, 超然物外的abolish quotas：廢除配額Kennedy Round：肯尼迪回合account for

10、 about 80% of international trade：占.Para. 5emphasis: 重點；強調(diào)shift：轉(zhuǎn)換；轉(zhuǎn)移the north-south dialogue：南北對話conduct：進行；實行the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)：聯(lián)合國貿(mào)易與發(fā)展會議primary commodities：初級商品discriminate (against)：歧視protectionist policy：貿(mào)易保護主義政策freer access to markets：更自由進入市場的機會WTO

11、 Agreements：世貿(mào)協(xié)定Part 1expansion：擴充governing：控制；調(diào)節(jié)cover：包括global exchange of goods：全球商品交易capital：資本multi-national organization：多國貿(mào)易(be) capable of：能.resolve: 解決trade conflicts：貿(mào)易沖突；貿(mào)易爭端play a key role：發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵性的作用settle trade disputes：解決貿(mào)易爭端at its heart：起核心作用legal：法定的ground-rules：章程essentially：本質(zhì)上bind go

12、vernments to keep their trade policies：約束各國政府保持貿(mào)易政策不變within agreed limits：已經(jīng)過協(xié)議的范圍內(nèi)as negotiated and signed governments: 作為經(jīng)過談判和簽署協(xié)議的各國政府objective：目標(biāo)；目的achieve：實現(xiàn)tolerance：寬容generosity：大度impartial means of settling trade disputes：公正解決貿(mào)易爭端的辦法overriding purpose：最重要的目的undesirable side effects：不希望發(fā)生的副作用

13、obstacles：障礙ensure：確保；保證individuals：個體transparent：透明的readily：容易地ascertainable：確定的predictable：可預(yù)見的protectionism：貿(mào)易保護主義bloated：膨脹的inefficient：低效率的closure：關(guān)閉draft：草擬drafted and signed by community of trading nations：由各貿(mào)易國共同草擬和簽署的considerable debate：充分的辯論controversy：爭論function：作用forum：論壇Part 2dispute se

14、ttlement：解決爭端conflicting interest：利益沖突bring actions on its own initiative：獨自采取行動initiate actions：采取行動dispute settlement process：解決爭端程序spell out：講清除；詳細說明Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes：解決爭端規(guī)則和程序的諒解govern：管理；統(tǒng)治；控制dispute settlement body：解決爭端機構(gòu)a special assemb

15、ly：立法機構(gòu)consultation：磋商interested third-parties：有利益關(guān)系的第三當(dāng)事人the establishment of a panel：建立專家組investigate：調(diào)查alleged violations：對違反的指控appellate review：上訴審查Appellate Body：上訴機構(gòu)adoption of the panel: 采納專家意見appellate decision by the Dispute Settlement Body：解決爭端機構(gòu)的上訴裁決implementation of the decision adopted：

16、執(zhí)行所采納的裁決escalating：逐步上升的；循序漸進的three-step process：三個步驟voluntary conformity：自愿一致the violating member: 侵害方compensation：賠償the injured member：被侵害方trade concessions：貿(mào)易讓步；妥協(xié)accomplish：實現(xiàn)retaliation：報復(fù)arbitration：仲裁Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization：建立世界貿(mào)易組織協(xié)定Part 3antidumping: 反傾銷impositio

17、n：強加 impositionof antidumping：強加反傾銷（報復(fù)）countervailing measures：抵銷措施；補償措施fair value：公平價值dumping: 傾銷recognize：公認(rèn)prohibit：禁止an established industry：已有的工業(yè)materially：從物質(zhì)上inhibit：抑制；約束domestic industry：國內(nèi)工業(yè)provide: 規(guī)定impose：強行征稅antidumping duty：反傾銷稅in appropriate circumstances：在適當(dāng)?shù)那闆r下outline：概述subsidy：津貼；

18、補助金bounty：津貼bestow：給予artificially cheaper：人為造成的便宜emerging industries: 新興工業(yè)a member nation: 成員國a countervailing duty：反傾銷稅；反補貼稅offset：抵銷Part 4lengthy and complex：漫長而復(fù)雜的legal texts：法律文本cover a wide range of activities：涉及范圍廣government purchases: 政府采購food sanitation regulations：食品衛(wèi)生規(guī)則intellectual propert

19、y：知識產(chǎn)權(quán)Part 5fundamental principles：基本原則run throughout all of these documents：應(yīng)用與所有文件worldwide, multilateral trading system：全世界多邊貿(mào)易系統(tǒng)states v. ：規(guī)定discrimination：歧視discriminate：歧視 grante：準(zhǔn)予；承認(rèn)most-favoured-nation (MFN) status：最惠國地位national treatment （國民待遇）freer：更自由的prediatable：可以預(yù)見的arbitrarily：任意地；隨意地

20、more competitive：更據(jù)競爭性的discouraging: 打擊market share：市場份額beneficial：受益的flexibility：靈活性special privileges：特權(quán)Part 6cost-free: 免費的；不付出代價的attain：獲得applicant：申請者go through：經(jīng)過 existing members：現(xiàn)有成員國prospective members：申請加入的國家engage in some painful reforms：進行一些難度很大的改革curb export subsidies(subsidy)：控制；抑制enfo

21、rcement of laws：強制執(zhí)行法律intellectual property piracy：侵犯知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的行為1.2 Globalization1.2.1.globalization：全球化globe: 地球；世界integrated：綜合的a more integrated and interdependent world economy：更加綜合和相互依賴的世界經(jīng)濟components：成分；因素the globalization of markets：全球化市場the globalization of production：全球化生產(chǎn)1.2.1.1Part 1the mergi

22、ng of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace：從過去的明顯的單一國內(nèi)市場融匯為一個巨大的全球市場the taste and preference：品味和偏好converge on a global norm：匯聚為一個全球標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Citicorp credit cards：花旗銀行信用卡Levis jeans：Levis 牛仔服Sony Walkmans and Discmans：Nintendo game players：任天堂游戲機hold up：認(rèn)為prot

23、otypical：典型的trend：趨勢Levi Strauss：一公司名 (Levis strauss 牛仔褲)benefactor: 貢獻者；恩人；捐助者facilitator：推動者standardized product：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化產(chǎn)品the size of these multinational giants：跨國公司規(guī)模 facilitate: 推動；促進triple：增至三倍account for：占target emerging markets：瞄準(zhǔn)新興市場close to: nearlyPart 2prevalence：流行Sony PlayStations：索尼游戲站push

24、too far: （將某事）過分?jǐn)U大give way to：讓位于.significant：重要的relevant dimensions：相關(guān)方面distribution channels：銷售渠道culturally embedded value systems：根深帝固的文化價值觀念marketing strategy：營銷策略and the like: and so onoperating practice: 操作習(xí)慣 customize：為用戶定制best match conditions in a country：最好地與當(dāng)?shù)貒业那闆r相適應(yīng) promote: 開發(fā)varying c

25、ar models：不同的汽車類型a range of factors：一系列的因素traffic congestion：交通擁堵Part 3currently：目前；現(xiàn)在universal need the world over: 全球性的需要 the world over：all over the worldcommodity: 商品aluminum：鋁microprocessor：微型處理器DRAMs: computer memory chips：電腦存儲芯片commercial jet aircraft：商用噴氣式飛機financial assets：金融資產(chǎn)US Treasury b

26、ills：美國短期債券，償還期一般為三到六個月futures on the Nikkei Index：日經(jīng)期貨指數(shù)the Nikkei Index 東京證券交易所Eurobonds: 歐洲債券Mexican peso：墨西哥比索 Part 4an important feature：特點；特征confront：面對；對抗competitor：競爭對手in nation after nation：一個又一個國家rivalry：競爭rival: 對手Pepsi：百事可樂Ford：美國福特汽車公司Toyota：豐田汽車Boeing：波音公司Air-bus：空中客車Caterpillar：公司名Kom

27、atsu：公司名Nintendo：任天堂 Sony：索尼gain an advantage：取得優(yōu)勢homogeneity：同質(zhì):同種multinational enterprise：跨國企業(yè)emerge：出現(xiàn)convergence：集中homogeneous：相似的；同類的1.2.1.2 The Globalization of Productiontendency: 趨向source：尋找（search for）take advantage of national differences：利用國家之間的不同in the cost and quality：在成本與質(zhì)量方面factors of

28、 production：生產(chǎn)要素overall cost structure：全部成本結(jié)構(gòu)functionality：功能major component parts：主要零件supplier：供應(yīng)商fuselage, doors and wings：機身，機門和機翼the nose landing gear：飛機起落架wing flaps: 副翼；阻力板rationale：基本原理outsource: 外購；外包perform：從事；做enhance: 提高；增強Part 2dispersal：分散get into the act：參加；插手Swan Optical: 公司名（a compan

29、y）manufacturer：制造商distributor：銷售商eyewear：眼鏡revenue：收入jointly: 共同的minority stake：少數(shù)股份locations：地方(places)designer eyewear：設(shè)計師的眼鏡charge a premium price: 獲取保險費溢價disperse：分散competitive advantage：競爭優(yōu)勢exemplify：例證；作為例子irrelevant：不恰當(dāng)?shù)?；不相關(guān)的the outsourcing of productive activities：外購（外包）的生產(chǎn)活動substantial：很大的；重要的impediment：障礙optimal dispersion：理想的分散（生產(chǎn)活動）Part 3travel down the road toward：go towardcharacterized by以為特點important actors in this drama：這個舞臺上的重要演員foster：促進merely：onlyrespond: 相應(yīng)；回應(yīng)1.2.2. Implications for the Globalization of Productiondecline: 下降Implications for Int