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1、水分無氮浸出物圖圖 概略營養(yǎng)與飼料組成之間的關(guān)系概略營養(yǎng)與飼料組成之間的關(guān)系 飼料 干物質(zhì)干物質(zhì)無機(jī)物粗灰分或礦物質(zhì)有機(jī)物含氮化合物粗蛋白質(zhì)無氮化合物乙醚浸出物粗脂肪碳水化合物粗纖維四、營養(yǎng)含量的表示方法四、營養(yǎng)含量的表示方法 某飼料新穎根底含某飼料新穎根底含CP5%CP5%,水分,水分75%75%,求飼,求飼料風(fēng)干根底含水料風(fēng)干根底含水10%10%下含蛋白質(zhì)多少?下含蛋白質(zhì)多少? 四、營養(yǎng)含量的表示方法四、營養(yǎng)含量的表示方法 某飼料新穎根底含某飼料新穎根底含CP5%CP5%,水分,水分75%75%,求飼,求飼料風(fēng)干根底含水料風(fēng)干根底含水10%10%下含蛋白質(zhì)多少?下含蛋白質(zhì)多少? 設(shè)為設(shè)為x
2、 x,那么,那么x90%=5%25%x90%=5%25%x=x=5%5%90%90%25%=18%25%=18%DIGESTION消化消化Anatomy and Function of the Gastrointestinal Tract胃腸道解剖和功能胃腸道解剖和功能Key concepts about the digestive system and digestionLarge complex molecules, like proteins, polysaccharides, and triglycerides must be broken down into their simple
3、st part before they are absorbed into the blood or lymph. This is the job of the digestive system 大復(fù)雜分子如蛋白質(zhì)、多糖和甘油三酯在吸收入血或淋巴之前必需分解成最簡單成分。這是消化系統(tǒng)的任務(wù)。Digestion requires enzymes that break specific types of chemical bonds. If an enzyme is not present, digestion of that molecule does not occur 消化需求酶。There
4、 are two sources of digestive enzymes: those made by the animal (digest soluble CHO, protein and lipids) and those made by microbes during fermentation (digest soluble CHO, protein and lipids and fiber). 消化酶有兩個來源: 一是來自動物本身消化可溶性碳水化合物、蛋白質(zhì)和脂類; 二是來自于微生物消化可溶性碳水化合物、蛋白質(zhì)和脂類及纖維Key concepts about the digestiv
5、e system and digestionFor optimum utilization, digestion or fermentation needs to occur either in front of, or inside the part of digestive system that absorbs the final products produced by digestion 為優(yōu)化利用,消化或發(fā)酵需求發(fā)生在消化系統(tǒng)吸收消化產(chǎn)物之前或當(dāng)中。Fermentation improves overall utilization of feeds for all animals
6、發(fā)酵改善一切動物飼料充分利用。Differences in size of some parts of the digestive system and location of fermentation within the digestive system dictate the types of feeds animals can utilize and the proper means of feeding. 由于消化系統(tǒng)尺寸大小不同或發(fā)酵位置不同決議動物能利用飼料的類型及適宜的飼喂方法。為什么胃沒有被消化了!為什么胃沒有被消化了!Gastrointestinal TractnCompl
7、ex physiologically and anatomicallynExtends from mouth to anusnFunctionsnDigestionnAbsorptionnProtect body from:nRemove undigested material and wastesnImmunological functionnMetabolismnEndocrine functions (Hormones)nSite of fermentation (symbiosis)咽盲腸十二指腸肝臟膽囊唾液腺舌牙齒幽門括約肌胃食道唾液腺肛門闌尾會厭胰腺大腸小腸直腸RuminantCa
8、ttle, Sheep, Goats反芻動物反芻動物-牛,綿羊,山羊牛,綿羊,山羊Nonruminants 非反芻動物非反芻動物網(wǎng)胃小結(jié)腸盲腸小腸牙齒食道胃大結(jié)腸食道瘤胃皺胃小腸直腸胃小腸小腸食道肝臟盲腸結(jié)腸瓣胃Simplified Digestive SystemsMouth and Saliva嘴和唾液嘴和唾液nFunction of the mouth 嘴的功能嘴的功能nTake in food 采食采食nPrehensile structurenHorses-lips 馬馬-唇唇nCattle-tongue 牛牛-牙齒牙齒nPigs-lips 豬豬-唇唇nSheep-lips 綿羊綿羊
9、-唇唇nTaste accept or reject food 品味品味nChewing 嚼嚼nReduces particle size which improves digestibilitynStimulates saliva flownMix digesta with saliva 混合混合Pig豬豬Horse馬馬Sheep綿羊綿羊Cattle牛牛臼齒臼齒切割和犬齒切割和犬齒牙床牙床Grinding grain to reduce particle size錘片轉(zhuǎn)子錘片轉(zhuǎn)子出料口出料口磨的檔板磨的檔板 Mouth and SalivanFunction of saliva唾液的功能唾液
10、的功能nLubricate food to allow swallowing and mixing of food in stomach of nonruminantsn光滑食物便于吞咽和食物在反芻動物胃里混合光滑食物便于吞咽和食物在反芻動物胃里混合nInitiate enzymatic digestion (amylase) of starch開場淀粉酶解淀粉酶開場淀粉酶解淀粉酶nProduce buffer to counteract acid in stomach產(chǎn)生緩沖液中和胃酸產(chǎn)生緩沖液中和胃酸Mouth and SalivaComposition of saliva 唾液成分唾液成
11、分Water水水Inorganic components無機(jī)成分無機(jī)成分Used to supply minerals to digesta andbuffers to regulate pHOrganic components有機(jī)成分有機(jī)成分Needed for digestive functionsUreaEnzymesMucoproteins黏蛋白黏蛋白Esophagus食道食道nMuscular tube肌管肌管nExtends from pharynx to cardia of stomachn 咽至賁門咽至賁門nStriated muscle 紋狀肌紋狀肌which changes
12、 to smooth muscle平滑肌平滑肌nEsophagus of dogs and ruminants have striated muscle throughoutEsophagusnExtended by reticular groove (esophageal groove) in young ruminantsnAllows passage of milk from esophagus directly into omasum during nursing奶至皺胃奶至皺胃nThis prevents milk from entering the rumen, where it
13、would be fermented resulting in a loss of nutrientsn 防止奶流入瘤胃防止奶流入瘤胃Stomach胃胃n(Glandular or True) Stomach腺胃或真胃腺胃或真胃nFunctions of true stomach真胃的功能真胃的功能nMixing of food 混合混合nHold food for gradual release into small intestine食物進(jìn)入小腸食物進(jìn)入小腸nProduction of HCl and pepsinogen鹽酸和胃蛋白酶鹽酸和胃蛋白酶原原nAbsorption of alc
14、ohol, aspirin, volatile fatty acids (ruminants), and various other compounds. 吸收吸收乙醇、阿司匹林、揮發(fā)性脂肪酸和其它不同化合物。乙醇、阿司匹林、揮發(fā)性脂肪酸和其它不同化合物。nThere is no absorption of monosaccharides, amino acids, or long chain fatty acids in the stomach.n 胃不吸收單糖、氨基酸或者長脂肪酸鏈。胃不吸收單糖、氨基酸或者長脂肪酸鏈。StomachnSecretions of true stomach真胃
15、分泌作用真胃分泌作用nHClnDenatures protein-breaks intermolecular bondsnKills most bacteria present in foodstuffsnActivates pepsinogennRuptures starch granules破裂淀粉顆粒破裂淀粉顆粒nPepsinogen胃蛋白酶原胃蛋白酶原nHCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin the active enzymen胃蛋白酶原胃蛋白酶原 胃蛋白酶胃蛋白酶nPepsin begins digestion of proteinsnClots milk
16、 合牛奶牛凝結(jié)成塊合牛奶牛凝結(jié)成塊nRegions of true stomach真胃的區(qū)域真胃的區(qū)域Esophageal region食道食道Nonglandular 無腺體無腺體Area most prone to ulcers潰瘍潰瘍Cardiac region噴門噴門Produces mucus, which protects stomach lining產(chǎn)生黏液維護(hù)胃內(nèi)層產(chǎn)生黏液維護(hù)胃內(nèi)層Fundic region胃底胃底Produces mucus, enzyme, HClParietal cells-produce HClChief cells-produce pepsinoge
17、nPyloric region幽門幽門賁門腺體區(qū)域胃底腺體區(qū)域憩室外部外表幽門食道腺體區(qū)域胃切面邊緣憩室外部外表幽門腺體區(qū)域Normal Esophogeal Area of Pig Stomach豬胃正常的食道豬胃正常的食道Stomach Ulcer in a Human人的胃潰瘍?nèi)说奈笣僑tomachSecretions of true stomach真胃分泌作用真胃分泌作用Rennin (abomasum)凝乳酶凝乳酶Clots milkMucus黏液黏液Protects lining of stomach from acid and pepsinRuminant Stomach反芻動
18、物的胃反芻動物的胃網(wǎng)胃瓣胃食道瘤胃皺胃小腸瘤胃皺胃網(wǎng)胃氣體液體瓣胃Ruminant StomachRumen 瘤胃瘤胃DevelopmentIn newborn ruminants the abomasum is the only fully developed part of the stomach.新生反芻動物皺胃充分發(fā)育新生反芻動物皺胃充分發(fā)育The rumen, reticulum and omasum are present, but they are very small and nonfunction.其它胃小而無功能。其它胃小而無功能。Ruminant StomachqCons
19、umption of forages and concentrates and inoculation with rumen bacteria from other ruminants begins fermentation in rumen which caused the rumen to develop.q 粗飼料和精飼料耗費和接種瘤胃細(xì)菌開場在瘤胃粗飼料和精飼料耗費和接種瘤胃細(xì)菌開場在瘤胃中發(fā)酵,引起瘤胃發(fā)育。中發(fā)酵,引起瘤胃發(fā)育。qOn average, it takes about 2 3 months in calves and lambs for the rumen to de
20、velop.q 犢牛和羔羊大約犢牛和羔羊大約2-3個月瘤胃發(fā)育期。個月瘤胃發(fā)育期。Relative Size of Stomach Compartments胃分隔相對尺寸胃分隔相對尺寸Cattle牛牛, %Sheep綿羊綿羊, %Rumen瘤胃瘤胃54 (1)62 (1)Reticulum網(wǎng)胃網(wǎng)胃7 (4)11 (3)Omasum瓣胃瓣胃26 (2)5 (4)Abomasum皺胃皺胃13 (3)22 (2)Function and Gross Appearance of Stomach CompartmentsPrimary FunctionDistinctive Internal Struc
21、tureRumen瘤胃瘤胃Fermentation; absorption of VFA, NH3, waterPapillae; 乳頭乳頭looks like shag carpet粗毛毯粗毛毯Reticulum網(wǎng)網(wǎng)胃胃Fermentation發(fā)酵發(fā)酵Honeycomb appearance蜂巢蜂巢Omasum、瓣胃瓣胃Reduce particle size, absorb H2O“Leaves” or many piles looks like a book on edgeAbomasum皺胃皺胃Functions of “true” stomachNone shiny with muc
22、usPapillae of the RumenReticulum (Honeycomb)網(wǎng)胃Omasum (Butchers Bible)瓣胃Fermentation in Rumen and Reticulum瘤胃和網(wǎng)瘤胃和網(wǎng)胃中發(fā)酵胃中發(fā)酵nThe rumen contains:n25 50 x 109 bacteria/ml細(xì)菌細(xì)菌n25 50 x 104 protozoa/ml 原生動物原生動物nYeast and fungi also present but in much lower concentrations酵母和真菌酵母和真菌淀粉顆粒淀粉顆粒細(xì)菌細(xì)菌原蟲原蟲細(xì)菌細(xì)菌Ferme
23、ntation in Rumen and Reticulum瘤胃和網(wǎng)胃中發(fā)酵瘤胃和網(wǎng)胃中發(fā)酵Anaerobic microbial digestion of feedstuffs into volatile fatty acids, methane, carbon dioxide, and heat.飼料厭氧微生物發(fā)酵生成揮發(fā)性脂肪酸、飼料厭氧微生物發(fā)酵生成揮發(fā)性脂肪酸、甲烷、二氧化碳和熱量。甲烷、二氧化碳和熱量。Microbes synthesize all amino acids, all B vitamins and vitamin K.微生物合成一切氨基酸和一切微生物合成一切氨基酸和一
24、切B族維生素和維生素族維生素和維生素K。Most unsaturated fatty acids entering the rumen are saturated by the microbes. 絕大多數(shù)不飽和脂肪酸生成飽和。絕大多數(shù)不飽和脂肪酸生成飽和。Rumination (Chewing the Cud)反芻反芻Process by which ruminants rechew the coarse fibrous part of the diet.飼糧中粗纖維部分飼糧中粗纖維部分Parts of rumination are:Regurgitation Remastication R
25、eensalivation ReswallowingRumination (Chewing the Cud)Rechewing reduces particle size and stimulates saliva flow 反復(fù)嚼咀降低顆粒尺寸和刺激唾液流動。反復(fù)嚼咀降低顆粒尺寸和刺激唾液流動。Diets low in forage result in reduced rumination which causes reduced saliva flow and less buffer entering the rumen 低粗飼料低粗飼料Ruminants spend 610 hours/
26、day ruminating Bloat膨脹nAccumulation of fermentation gas in rumen that is not belched. 發(fā)酵氣體積聚,沒有排出去發(fā)酵氣體積聚,沒有排出去nnBloatEructationExpelling of gas produced from microbial fermentationDuring peak fermentation 12-30 liters of gas are produced each hourSmall Intestine小腸小腸nDivided into three segments:nDuod
27、enum十二指腸十二指腸nAttached to true stomach, pancreatic and bile ducts enter near the beginning of the duodenumnJejunum空腸空腸nMiddle segmentnIleum回腸回腸nLast segment, ends in ileo-cecal valve which regulated flow of digesta into the large intestineSmall IntestinenPrimary site for digestion of proteins, non-fi
28、brous carbohydrates, and lipids.n 蛋白質(zhì)、非纖維型碳水化合物和脂類。蛋白質(zhì)、非纖維型碳水化合物和脂類。nThe only site for absorption of amino acids, monosaccharides and long chain fatty acids.n 吸收氨基酸、單糖和長鏈脂肪酸的獨一位置。吸收氨基酸、單糖和長鏈脂肪酸的獨一位置。nAll vitamins and minerals can be absorbed in the small intestine.n 一切維生素和礦物質(zhì)能被吸收到小腸中。一切維生素和礦物質(zhì)能被吸收到小
29、腸中。Small IntestinenLarge amount of surface area in small intestine is due to folds in the wall, presence of villi, and especially microvilli 絨毛絨毛nThe surface of the villi are covered withnenterocyte cells which contain microvilli. nAbsorption occurs when compounds pass through the microvilli, enter the enterocyte, and are transferred to either the blood or lymph淋巴淋巴.VilliMicrovilli (Brush
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