[2010_06_03] Last in class 南非教育世界倒數(shù) - 專題 Special Reports

1、2010.06.03 Last in class 南非教育世界倒數(shù) - 專題 Special Reports - 經(jīng)濟學(xué)人 經(jīng)濟學(xué)人|經(jīng)濟學(xué)家 - Powered by Discuz!注冊成為ECOer 登錄 每周選題新手報到公告欄通天塔各地聯(lián)誼搜索Blog默認(rèn)blue風(fēng)格jeansfashionfervorgreenwalluchome2009christmas私人消息 (0)公共消息 (0)系統(tǒng)消息 (0)好友消息 (0)帖子消息 (0)應(yīng)用通知 (0)應(yīng)用邀請 (0)經(jīng)濟學(xué)人 » 專題 Special Reports » 2010.06.03 Last in clas

2、s 南非教育世界倒數(shù) 新手必讀TE譯文規(guī)范 | ECO英語沙龍 ECO 招聘啟事 譯文獎勵計劃 “通天塔”TE授權(quán)聲明 | QQ 第30群 騰訊微博訂閱The Economist 返回列表 發(fā)帖 cat_autumn 發(fā)短消息 加為好友 cat_autumn 當(dāng)前離線 UID36588 帖子64 主題9 精華0 積分19 積累2 點 現(xiàn)金94 GBP 原創(chuàng)譯作17 篇 本周之星0 次 獎勵譯文0 次 來源南方人物 閱讀權(quán)限10 在線時間16 小時 注冊時間2008-4-2 最后登錄2010-6-21 高級士官 帖子64 積分19 原創(chuàng)譯作17 篇 注冊時間2008-4-2 1樓 跳轉(zhuǎn)到

3、87; 倒序看帖 打印 字體大小: tT 發(fā)表于 2010-6-8 22:48 | 只看該作者 2010.06.03 Last in class 南非教育世界倒數(shù) 南非, 教育, 倒數(shù), 弊端, 進步 本帖最后由 cat_autumn 于 2010-6-9 18:56 編輯 A special report on South Africa Last in class 南非教育世界倒數(shù) Education needs to take a giant leap 教育需要飛躍式的進步。 Jun 3rd 2010 | From The Economist print edition More snak

4、es than ladders in South Africas schools 南非學(xué)校就像擲篩子游戲中蛇比梯子多。 SOUTH AFRICA spends 6.1% of its GDP on education, a bigger chunk than most other countries, yet its results are among the worst. In the World Economic Forums latest Global Competitive Index it ranks bottom (out of 133 countries) in both mat

5、hs and science education. In the 2006 Progress in International Reading and Literacy Study it also came bottom (out of 40 countries), as it did in the 2003 Trends in International Maths and Science Study (out of 48 countries). Humiliated, it withdrew from the next TIMSS in 2007. The difficulty with

6、such studies is that they reflect averages. At the top, South African students do as well as anyone, but the great majority are performing way below their capabilities. 南非把GDP的6.1%投入教育事業(yè)，比世界其他大部分國家的比例都大，然而，南非的教育情況仍在教育最差的國家行列。世界經(jīng)濟論壇最新發(fā)布的全球競爭力指標(biāo)中，南非的數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)教育（在133個國家中）墊底。2006年的國際閱讀素養(yǎng)進展研究中南非（在40個國家中）也名列倒

7、數(shù)，這和南非2003年在國際數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)趨勢研究（TIMSS）中（48個國家中）排名情況相同。因為覺得屈辱，南非沒再參加在2007年舉行的那屆國際數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)趨勢研究。麻煩在于這些研究體現(xiàn)的是平均水平。要是比尖子生，南非學(xué)生的表現(xiàn)一點也不差，但絕大部分學(xué)生的表現(xiàn)大大低于他們的能力。 Graeme Bloch of the Development Bank of Southern Africa describes South Africas education system as a “national disaster”. He reckons 80% of schools are “dysfun

8、ctional”. Half of all pupils drop out before taking their final “matric” exams. Barely 11% get a good enough pass to qualify for university. Of those who do, most are found to be functionally illiterate and innumerate when they get there, requiring intensive first-year remedial classes to bring them

9、 up to scratch. A third of students drop out in their first year at university. After five years only one in three has obtained a (three-year) degree. Even then, employers say that many graduates emerge inarticulate, unable to think critically and barely able to read or write. 南非發(fā)展銀行的格萊姆布洛赫（Graeme B

10、loch）把南非的教育系統(tǒng)描述成“國家的災(zāi)難”。他預(yù)測80%的學(xué)?！安荒苷＿\行”。一半的學(xué)生還沒到參加高中畢業(yè)考試時就輟學(xué)了。勉勉強強有11%的學(xué)生能取得不錯的成績最終獲得上大學(xué)的資格。這些獲得上大學(xué)資格的學(xué)生中，大部分在進了大學(xué)后要運用知識的時候幾乎又成了半文盲，既不會寫也不會算，需要一年的強化補習(xí)課來為學(xué)習(xí)大學(xué)課程做好準(zhǔn)備。1/3的學(xué)生在大學(xué)一年級輟學(xué)回家。五年之后，只有1/3的學(xué)生獲得（三年制的）學(xué)位。即便這樣，雇主們還說很多大學(xué)畢業(yè)生會有表達(dá)不清、不能批判地思考的問題，而且閱讀和寫作也差強人意。 Black South Africans generally do much worse

11、 than whites. Almost 13% of black adults are functionally illiterate, compared with 0.4% of whites. Fewer than 2% of black adults have a degree, compared with 17% of whites (which is still low by international standards). Barely a third of black pupils pass their matric, whereas almost all whites do

12、. And only around one in 20 black students ends up with a degree, compared with almost one in two whites. It is not that the blacks are any less bright; some perform brilliantly. They are just massively disadvantaged. 南非黑人表現(xiàn)整體比白人差。將近13%的成年黑人是半文盲，而白人只有0.4%。不到2%的成年黑人有學(xué)位，而白人卻有17%（這也還是低于國際水平）。僅1/3的黑人學(xué)生通

13、過高中畢業(yè)考試，而大部分白人學(xué)生都能通過。只有大約5%的黑人學(xué)生最終拿到學(xué)位，而大約50%的白人學(xué)生能拿到。這并不是說黑人學(xué)生不夠聰明；一些黑人學(xué)生表現(xiàn)得非常棒。只不過是整體表現(xiàn)差而已。 Under apartheid blacks were deliberately kept down, given a vastly inferior education and banned from most skilled jobs. Explaining the governments new Bantu (black) education policies to the Senate in 1954

14、, Hendrik Verwoerd, then minister for native affairs, famously asked: “What is the use of teaching a Bantu child mathematics when it cannot use it in practice?” By the end of Verwoerds decade as prime minister in 1968 the government was spending 16 times more on the education of a white child than a

15、 black one. 以前，種族隔離制度讓黑人受到刻意壓制，受到的教育普遍較次，也禁止黑人從事大多數(shù)有技能要求的工作。1954年，亨德里克維爾沃爾德（Hendrik Verwoerd），當(dāng)時的土著人事務(wù)部部長，在向參議員解釋新的班圖語（黑人）教育政策，有一個問題非常有名，即“給一個班圖小孩教數(shù)學(xué)，可卻不能在生活中應(yīng)用，那教數(shù)學(xué)還有什么用呢？”1968年，維爾沃爾德?lián)慰偫淼氖耆纹诮Y(jié)束的時候，政府用于白人小孩的教育經(jīng)費是用于黑人小孩的16倍多。 Spending per pupil is now the same for black and white, yet black children

16、 generally continue to fare worse than whites because most of them continue to attend vastly inferior schools. Although public education was desegregated in 1994, most former black schools remain overwhelmingly black because they are generally in deprived black areas, whereas the former white school

17、s tend to have a good racial mix because middle-class blacks have moved into their catchment areas. Catering for just 10% of all pupils, the former white schools are usually much better endowed, better run and far more disciplined than former black schools. 如今，黑人小孩和白人小孩的教育經(jīng)費投入一樣多，然而，與白人小孩相比，黑人小孩的表現(xiàn)普

18、遍較差，因為大部分黑人小孩所上的學(xué)校仍然很次。盡管1994年廢除了公共教育隔離制度，大部分以前的黑人學(xué)校中絕大多數(shù)學(xué)生仍然是黑人，因為這些學(xué)校通常都在教育資源匱乏的黑人區(qū)，而原先的白人學(xué)校種族混合情況較好，因為中產(chǎn)階級的黑人搬到了能夠去指定學(xué)校就學(xué)的區(qū)域。由于只為學(xué)生總數(shù)的10%提供教育機會，所以原先的白人學(xué)校得到更好的贊助，更好的管理，紀(jì)律也比原先的黑人學(xué)校強很多。 Angie Motshekga, the schools minister, admits that black schools are “in crisis”. Fewer than 10% have libraries or

19、 laboratories. Very few offer extracurricular activities. Most of their teachers are not properly qualified. Black schools tend to lack leadership and are often plagued by drugs, alcohol and sex abuse (by teachers as well as older boys). Their pupils generally come from poor, often broken homes. And

20、, unlike white pupils, they are usually taught in a language (English) that is not their own, by teachers who themselves cannot speak it properly. 南非基礎(chǔ)教育部長安吉莫彩卡（Angie Motshekga）承認(rèn)黑人學(xué)校正“處于危機中”。只有不到10%的學(xué)校有圖書館或者實驗室。開展課外活動的學(xué)校就更少了。學(xué)校的大部分教師并不具備應(yīng)有的資格。黑人學(xué)校還缺乏領(lǐng)導(dǎo)管理，吸毒、酗酒、性侵犯（有老師也有大些的男生實施的）等事件時有發(fā)生。學(xué)校的學(xué)生通常都來自貧窮

21、的家庭，不少來自破裂家庭。而且，與白人學(xué)生不同，黑人小孩的老師通常不用黑人的語言教孩子們，而是用老師們自己都說不好的英語。 It often seems a miracle that black pupils make it to university at all. Most of those who do will probably have been either to one of the top 10% of black schools that do perform well, or to a former white school, or to one of the burgeo

22、ning private schools. Fees for day pupils range between 5,000 and 80,000 rand a year. But with class sizes generally half those in state schools and an average matric pass rate of 97%, compared with just 30% at state schools, even some relatively poor parents think they are worth paying for. Under a

23、partheid few white parents bothered to send their children to private school because the state schools for whites were of such high standard. Now nearly 400,000 pupils (3% of the total) attend private schools, more than double the number in 1995. Six out of ten of them are black. 黑人學(xué)生如果成功考進大學(xué)，常常會被看做

24、完全是奇跡。考上大學(xué)的大部分黑人學(xué)生很可能曾經(jīng)到確實不錯的在黑人學(xué)校中排名前10%的學(xué)?；蛘咴仁前兹藢W(xué)?；蛘呤茄杆侔l(fā)展的私人學(xué)校中的一所上過學(xué)。走讀生所交的費用從一年5000到800000蘭特（南非貨幣單位）不等。但是，由于班級規(guī)模通常只有公立學(xué)校的一半大小，而平均高中畢業(yè)考試通過率達(dá)97%，遠(yuǎn)高于公立學(xué)校的30%，一些相對貧窮的家長們也認(rèn)為交走讀費也值。以前，種族隔離制度存在的時候，極少有白人家長愿意折騰著把子女送到私人學(xué)校去上學(xué)，因為白人公立學(xué)校的教學(xué)質(zhì)量已經(jīng)相當(dāng)高了?，F(xiàn)在，上私立學(xué)校的學(xué)生有40萬（即學(xué)生總數(shù)的3%），是1995年上私立學(xué)校人數(shù)的兩倍還多。其中，60%是黑人學(xué)生。 Po

25、sitive discrimination 積極的區(qū)別對待 At university level black students have made similar strides. In 1994 half of South Africas 528,000 university students were black; now two-thirds out of 800,000 are; a quarter are white. But university standards vary hugely. Jonathan Jansen, the first non-white vice-ch

26、ancellor of the University of the Free State, says that at least three-quarters of South Africas 23 higher-education establishments are “fraudulent and bad, not really universities at all”. He cites exam standards being lowered to cut failure rates; students who “regularly trade their bodies” to pas

27、s their exams; others who blame their poor marks on “racist” teachers; and those who blatantly cheat and threaten to secure that piece of paper. 大學(xué)里，黑人學(xué)生也取得了幾乎同樣的進步。1994年，南非52.8萬大學(xué)生中一半為黑人；現(xiàn)在，80萬大學(xué)生中2/3是黑人；1/4是白人。但大學(xué)的水平相差懸殊。喬納森詹森（Jonathan Jansen）是南非自由邦大學(xué)首位非白人副校長。他說南非23所高等教育機構(gòu)里至少有3/4是“騙人的，辦學(xué)非常糟糕，根本就算不

28、上是真正的大學(xué)”。他舉例來說明這一點，有的大學(xué)降低考試標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以提高通過率；有的學(xué)生“定期出賣身體做交易”以通過考試；還有的成績低了就責(zé)備老師是“種族主義者”；也有學(xué)生明目張膽地作弊和威脅（老師）以通過考試。 According to Mr Jansen, South Africa has no “great” universities, only six or seven “good” ones. One of them is the University of Cape Town, the only African university to be ranked among the world

29、s top 200 by the Times Higher Education Supplement. Under the leadership of Max Price, UCT has introduced a controversial new entrance scheme that makes it easier for non-whites to get in. This can mean that white students have to get a matric mark some 20-30 percentage points higher than their blac

30、k peers. Mr Price, who is white, admits that the system is not perfect, but at least it takes account of the huge handicap suffered by most black applicants. 根據(jù)詹森（Jansen）先生的看法，南非沒有一所“優(yōu)秀的”大學(xué)，只有六、七個“不錯”的大學(xué)。其中之一就是開普敦大學(xué)，非洲唯一一所躋身世界排名前2 00的大學(xué)，自泰晤士報高等教育增刊。在馬克思普萊斯（Max Price）的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，開普敦大學(xué)引進了一種新的備受爭議的錄取政策，這樣非白人被

31、錄取就更容易了。這可能意味著白人學(xué)生要被錄取，大學(xué)入學(xué)考試成績就必須比他們的黑人同齡人高出20%-30%。白人普萊斯（Price）先生承認(rèn)這個制度不完美，但至少它考慮到了大部分黑人考生遭受的巨大障礙。 Mr Zuma has vowed to make education his governments “priority number one”. In speech after speech he insists that teachers and pupils must be “in school, in class, on time, learning and teaching for

32、seven hours a day”. It might seem obvious enough, but in South Africa it will require a small revolution to achieve. Mr Zuma also plans to bring back the apartheid-eras hated schools inspectors, but in future they will be called “assessors” and required to support teachers as well as criticise them.

33、 Independently monitored tests are being introduced for pupils aged nine, 12 and 15, doubtless as much to spot the incompetent teachers as the failing pupils. 總統(tǒng)祖馬已立誓要讓教育成為政府的“第一要務(wù)”。他在一次次演講中反復(fù)提到老師們和學(xué)生們必須“在學(xué)校-按時-上課-每天完成7小時的教學(xué)”。這可能看起來已經(jīng)足夠明白了，但在南非，要達(dá)到這個目標(biāo)還需要小小的變革。祖馬總統(tǒng)也計劃恢復(fù)種族隔離制度時期大家深惡痛絕的學(xué)校監(jiān)察員制度，但未來，將稱他

34、們?yōu)椤邦檰枴?，而且他們的工作既包括批評也包括支持老師的工作。也給9歲、12歲和15歲的學(xué)生們引進了獨立監(jiān)控的考試形式，這無疑將揪出較差的學(xué)生，同樣也揪出不稱職的教師。 附件: 您需要登錄才可以下載或查看附件。沒有帳號？注冊成為ECOer 本主題由 mzviolet1987 于 2010-6-10 16:23 限時高亮收藏 分享 denis2587 發(fā)短消息 加為好友 denis2587 當(dāng)前離線 UID72408 帖子430 主題126 精華1 積分262 積累23 點 現(xiàn)金1220 GBP 原創(chuàng)譯作231 篇 本周之星3 次 獎勵譯文1 次 來源網(wǎng)站鏈接 閱讀權(quán)限100 性別男 在線時間28

35、5 小時 注冊時間2009-8-27 最后登錄2010-6-22 版主 帖子430 積分262 原創(chuàng)譯作231 篇 注冊時間2009-8-27 2樓 發(fā)表于 2010-6-8 23:18 | 只看該作者 University of the Free State.南非自由邦大學(xué) as one member of the planet, i like to read the site. TOP cat_autumn 發(fā)短消息 加為好友 cat_autumn 當(dāng)前離線 UID36588 帖子64 主題9 精華0 積分19 積累2 點 現(xiàn)金94 GBP 原創(chuàng)譯作17 篇 本周之星0 次 獎勵譯文0 次

36、 來源南方人物 閱讀權(quán)限10 在線時間16 小時 注冊時間2008-4-2 最后登錄2010-6-21 高級士官 帖子64 積分19 原創(chuàng)譯作17 篇 注冊時間2008-4-2 3樓 發(fā)表于 2010-6-8 23:35 | 只看該作者 回復(fù) 2# denis2587 謝謝 翻得時候也覺得很怪，但就是沒查出來時南非的自由邦。修改了呵 恩，了解的不多，查詞功夫也還不夠 TOP skittos 發(fā)短消息 加為好友 skittos 當(dāng)前離線 UID8211 帖子1498 主題112 精華5 積分128 積累21 點 現(xiàn)金3738 GBP 原創(chuàng)譯作58 篇 本周之星1 次 獎勵譯文0 次 來源朋友推薦

37、 閱讀權(quán)限80 在線時間586 小時 注冊時間2007-2-14 最后登錄2010-6-13 ECO TEAM 中級譯員 帖子1498 積分128 原創(chuàng)譯作58 篇 注冊時間2007-2-14 4樓 發(fā)表于 2010-6-8 23:57 | 只看該作者 matric 指的應(yīng)該是高中畢業(yè)考試 文中提到：Half of all pupils drop out before taking their final “matric” exams. 另外 查wiki 信息： South Africa Main article: Matriculation (South Africa) In South A

38、frica, "matriculation" (usually shortened to "matric") is a term commonly used to refer to the final year of high school and the qualification received on graduating from high school, although strictly speaking it refers to the minimum university entrance requirements. TOP skitto

39、s 發(fā)短消息 加為好友 skittos 當(dāng)前離線 UID8211 帖子1498 主題112 精華5 積分128 積累21 點 現(xiàn)金3738 GBP 原創(chuàng)譯作58 篇 本周之星1 次 獎勵譯文0 次 來源朋友推薦 閱讀權(quán)限80 在線時間586 小時 注冊時間2007-2-14 最后登錄2010-6-13 ECO TEAM 中級譯員 帖子1498 積分128 原創(chuàng)譯作58 篇 注冊時間2007-2-14 5樓 發(fā)表于 2010-6-9 00:08 | 只看該作者 本帖最后由 skittos 于 2010-6-9 00:12 編輯 and those who blatantly cheat and

40、threaten to secure that piece of paper. 也有學(xué)生明目張膽地作弊還威脅老師以保證小紙條不被沒收。 - that piece of paper 指 考試卷 cheat and threaten 作弊和威脅 試改：也有學(xué)生明目張膽地以作弊和威脅（老師）來通過考試。 TOP cat_autumn 發(fā)短消息 加為好友 cat_autumn 當(dāng)前離線 UID36588 帖子64 主題9 精華0 積分19 積累2 點 現(xiàn)金94 GBP 原創(chuàng)譯作17 篇 本周之星0 次 獎勵譯文0 次 來源南方人物 閱讀權(quán)限10 在線時間16 小時 注冊時間2008-4-2 最后登錄2

41、010-6-21 高級士官 帖子64 積分19 原創(chuàng)譯作17 篇 注冊時間2008-4-2 6樓 發(fā)表于 2010-6-9 18:45 | 只看該作者 回復(fù) 4# skittos 謝謝你！ 我查得不夠仔細(xì)，沒有去搜維基百科的解釋。以后注意 已修改 TOP cat_autumn 發(fā)短消息 加為好友 cat_autumn 當(dāng)前離線 UID36588 帖子64 主題9 精華0 積分19 積累2 點 現(xiàn)金94 GBP 原創(chuàng)譯作17 篇 本周之星0 次 獎勵譯文0 次 來源南方人物 閱讀權(quán)限10 在線時間16 小時 注冊時間2008-4-2 最后登錄2010-6-21 高級士官 帖子64 積分19 原創(chuàng)譯作17 篇 注冊時間2008-4-2 7