中醫(yī)英語第5課09級第3組.

1、The Theory of Visceral Manifestation1. The phrase of visceralmanifestationor zang xianginChinese first appeared in the Chapter of Six Sections ofDiscussion on Visceral Manifestation in Su Wen .“藏像”一詞，首見于內(nèi)經(jīng)之素問·六節(jié)藏象論 。 According totheexplanation in some Chinese medical classics ,“ zang”refersto i

2、nteriororganswhich are storedinside the body ,and“ xiang ”refersto exteriormanifestationsofphysiologicalfunctionsand pathologicalchangesofinternal organs .許多中醫(yī)經(jīng)典著作認(rèn)為： 藏指藏于體內(nèi)的臟腑組織器官；象指內(nèi)部器官表現(xiàn)于外的生理功能和病理變化。InLeiJing (Canon ofClassification) compiledby ZhangJingyue,for example , it was recorded that“ xia

3、ngmeans image ” . The viscera are stored inside the bodyand the image is manifested outwardly. For thisreason ,itiscalled“ visceralmanifestation. Thatiswhy zangxiangissometimes translatedas“ visceraand theirmanifestations” 故張景岳在類經(jīng)·藏象類中說： “象，形象也，藏居于內(nèi)，形現(xiàn)于外，故曰藏象，那也是為什么藏像有時(shí)候被譯為“臟和形”。.2.Thetheoryofv

4、isceralmanifestationstudiesthephysiologicalfunctionsandpathologicalchangesofviscera and their relations.藏象，是研究內(nèi)臟及其所屬關(guān)系的生理功能和病理變化的學(xué)說。Itplays an importantrolebuildingthe theoreticalsystem of TCMand issignificantfor expounding the physiology of the human body and forguiding clinical practice.它在建立中醫(yī)理論體系

5、中上演著重in要的角色。同時(shí)，它對闡述人體生理病理以及指導(dǎo)臨床實(shí)踐有著重要意義。3.Viscera,basisforthetheoryofvisceralmanifestation,is a collective term of internal organswhich,accordingtotheirphysiologicalfunctions,canbe classifiedintothreemajorcategoriesthefivezang-organs ,including the heart ,liver ,spleen ,lung and kidney ;the six fu-o

6、rgans , including thegallbladder,stomach,smallintestine,largeintestine,bladderandtripleenergizer;and theextraordinaryfu-organs ,includingthebrain, marrow ,bone ,vessel , gallbladder and uterus .藏象學(xué)說以臟腑為基礎(chǔ)。 臟腑是人體內(nèi)臟的總稱， 通過它們的生理功能， 可以將它們分為五臟、六腑、奇恒之腑。五臟即心、肝、脾、肺、腎；六腑即膽、胃、小腸、大腸、膀胱、三焦；奇恒之腑，即腦、髓、骨、脈、膽、女子胞。4

7、.Thecommon physiologicalfunctionofthefivezang-organsis to transformand storeessence ; whilethatofthesixfu-organsistoreceive,transportandtransform water and food .五臟的共同生理功能是化生貯藏精氣；而六腑的共同生理功能是受盛傳化水谷。Theextraordinaryfu-organs, asa kind of fu-organs, differingform thesix fu-organs in shape and physiolog

8、ical function , arerelatively hermetic organs and do not contact with waterand food directly .奇恒之腑，近似腑臟，但在形態(tài)和生理功能上與腑臟不同，它們是相對封閉的臟器，與水谷沒有什么直接聯(lián)系。So in the Chapter of SpecialDiscussionon Five Zang-organsin Su Wen , it was described that“ the so called fivezang-organs refer to the organs that only store

9、 essence but not excrete it ; that is the reason why they can befullbut not solid.所以素問·五臟別論說： “所謂五藏者，藏精氣而不瀉也，故滿而不能實(shí)。The six fu-organs are incharge of transporting and transforming food , so theycan be solid but not full .六腑者，傳化物而不藏，故實(shí)而不能滿也。 The reason is that the stomach becomes full and the in

10、testines remain empty when food is taken into thestomach through the mouth ; the intestines become solidandthestomachgetsemptywhen foodistransporteddownward . That is what to be full but not to be solidand to be solid but not to be full means .”所以然者，水谷入口，則胃實(shí)而腸虛；食下，則腸實(shí)而胃虛。故曰，實(shí)而不滿，滿而不實(shí)也?！?. The above

11、mentioned fullness and solidity actuallyrefer to the characteristics of essence and food .以上提到的實(shí)和滿實(shí)際指精氣和水谷的特性。Wang Bing said ,“ Essenceis characterizedbyfullnessandfood bysolidness. Sincethe fivezang-organs onlystoreessence ,they can just be full ,but not solid ; the function ofthe six fu-organs is

12、to receive food but not to storeessence , so they only can be solid but not full .” 王冰說：“精氣為滿，水谷為實(shí)。五臟但藏精氣，故滿而不實(shí)；六腑則不藏精氣，但受水谷，故實(shí)而不能滿也。”6. The significance for differentiating between the zang-organs and the fu-organs is not only for explainingtheirphysiologicalfunctions,butalsoforguidingclinical prac

13、tice .區(qū)分臟與腑的重大意義不僅在闡述它們的生理功能，而且在于指導(dǎo)臨床實(shí)踐。For instance,thedisorders of zang-organs are of deficiency type mostly ;while the disordersoffu-organs are ofexcess typemainly .例如：五臟的病變多屬虛，而六腑的病變多屬實(shí)。The relatedfu-organcan be purgedfor thetreatmentof theexcess typeof zang-organ disorders, andthe relatedzang-o

14、rgancanbe nourishedforthetreatmentof theexcesstypeoffu-organ disorders .五臟之實(shí)證可借瀉其腑以驅(qū)邪，六腑之實(shí)證自當(dāng)補(bǔ)其臟以驅(qū)邪。 These therapeutic principlesare stillof greatsignificancefor guidingclinicalpractice untilnow . 這些治療原則至今都對臨床實(shí)踐有著重要意義。7. The theory of visceral manifestation advanced onthe development of the followin

15、g three aspects .藏象學(xué)說的發(fā)展基于以下三個(gè)方面的發(fā)展。8. ( 1 ) The knowledge of anatomy accumulatedinancienttimes .早期解剖知識的積累 In Ling Shu ,for instance ,it says ,“The eight-chi human body may be measured onthe surface . After death ,the body may be dissectedand the textureofthe zang-organs, thesize of fu-organs ,the c

16、apacityoftheintestines,thelengthofthearteries,theconditionoftheblood canalsobeobserved”比如靈樞中說：“若夫八尺之士， 皮肉在此，外可度量切循而得之； 其死，可解剖而視之。其藏之堅(jiān)脆，腑之大小，谷之多少，脈之長短，血之清濁，皆有大數(shù)· ··” From anatomys point of view , such a proper understanding of the human body laid concrete foundation for the theory of v

17、isceralmanifestation in morphology .從解剖的觀點(diǎn)來看，這種對人體恰當(dāng)?shù)睦斫獾於瞬叵蟾拍畹男螒B(tài)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。9. ( 2 ) The long-termobservationof the humanphysiological functions and pathological changes .對人體生理病理現(xiàn)象的觀察和總結(jié)。For example , since長期catching a cold produce such symptoms as stuffy nose ,runningnose and cough , theancientpeople grad

18、uallycameto realizethattherewas a close relationshipbetween theskin and hair as well as the nose and lung .例如感冒，癥見鼻塞、流涕、咳嗽。因此，古人逐漸意識到了，皮毛、鼻、肺之間有著密切關(guān)系。10. ( 3 ) The repeated medical practice in which certainphysiologicalwere disproved and analyzed in thelight ofpathological phenomena and curative eff

19、ect .反復(fù)醫(yī)療實(shí)踐，分析這些病理現(xiàn)象與治療效應(yīng)的對應(yīng)關(guān)系，即可反證某些臟腑的生理關(guān)系。 For example , becauseeye disorders were mostlycured bytreatingthe liver,theancientpeopleeventuallyreachedtheconclusionthat“theliveropensinto the eyes”.例如，通過治療肝臟，大可治愈眼疾，因此古人總結(jié)了一句話： 肝開竅于目。11. The theory of visceral manifestation is mainlycharacterized by t

20、he concept of organic holism藏像學(xué)說的主要特征是具有獨(dú)特的臟腑理論體系。. According to thistheory ,thezang-organspertainto yinand thefu-organsto yang .在這一學(xué)說里，臟屬陰，腑屬陽。One zang-organ isinternallyand externallyrelatedto a certainfu-organ,for example ,the heart is internally and externallyrelated to the small intestine ,the

21、lung to the largeintestine,thespleentothestomach ,the liver tothegallbladder,thekidneytothebladderandthepericardium to the triple energizer .臟與腑相為表里，比如心與小腸、肺與大腸、脾與胃、肝與膽、腎與膀胱、以及心包與三焦，構(gòu)成表里關(guān)系。 These internaland externalrelationsarededucedonthebasisoftheinterconnectionbetweenmeridians .這些表里關(guān)系的推論是基于經(jīng)絡(luò)的內(nèi)在

22、聯(lián)系。12. The physiological functions are closely related tomental and emotional activities .臟腑的生理功能與人的精神情志密切相關(guān)。Spirit,consciousnessandthinkingreflect the functions of the brain , which was alreadymentioned in Nei Jing .腦的生理功能體現(xiàn)在人的精神、意識、思維上，在內(nèi)經(jīng)中早有提及。However,the theoryof visceralmanifestation holds that

23、 spirit , consciousness and thinking are also closely related to the physiologicalfunctions of the five zang-organs .但是藏像學(xué)說卻認(rèn)為人的精神意識思維與五臟的生理功能有密切聯(lián)系。Since thephysiological functions of the five zang-organs control that of the whole body , the brain also depends on the five zang-organs to perform its

24、physiological functions.因?yàn)槲迮K主宰了整個(gè)機(jī)體， 而腦則是在五臟的基礎(chǔ)上來行使其生理功能 的 。Sothebalanceofthefivezang-organs physiological functions is the key to the maintenance ofrelative constant of the internal environment of the human body. 因此，五臟生理功能的平衡是維持人體內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定的關(guān)鍵。13. The above analysis shows that the theory of visceral man

25、ifestation , though based on ancient anatomy , was established mainly by means of observation according tothe idea that “ viscera inside the body must manifest themselves externally . ” 以上分析說明了，盡管藏像學(xué)說的形成以古代解剖知識為基礎(chǔ)， 但其發(fā)展主要是運(yùn)用了 “有諸內(nèi)， 必行諸外 ” 的 觀 察 研 究 方 法 。 Therefore ,the result of theobservation and analysis was inevitablybeyond the viscerain human anatomy . That is why TCM has developed such aunique system for physiology and pathology .因此，其觀察和分析的結(jié)果必然會超越人體臟器解剖范圍。那也是為什么中醫(yī)已經(jīng)形成了一