2021年巧用反義推理提升托福閱讀速度

1、2021年巧用反義推理提升托福閱讀速度巧用反義推理提升托福閱讀速度我們來直接看題:Asymbioticrelationshipisaninteractionbetweentwoormorespeciesinwhichonespecieslivesinoronanotherspecies.Therearethreemaintypesofsymbioticrelationships:parasitism,commensalism,andmutualism.Thefirstandthethirdcanbekeyfactorsinthestructureofabiologicalcommunity;t

2、hatis,allthepopulationsoforganismslivingtogetherandpotentiallyinteractinginaparticulararea.官方真題Official_relationships=symbiotic=1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcommensalismcanbeinferredfromparagraph1?OIte_cludesinteractionsbetweenmorethantwospecies.OItmakesitlesslikelyforspecieswithinacommunityt

3、osurvive.OItssignificancetotheorganizationofbiologicalcommunitiesissmall.OItsroleinthestructureofbiologicalpopulationsisadisruptiveone.?解法1:初學(xué)者在看到這樣題目的時候,會先把文章看完甚至翻譯一遍,認為理解了自然就能選對答案.這是正確率最高最靠譜的做法,但最大的缺陷是考試時無法在短時間內(nèi)理解文章并且做完題目.所以在閱讀能力不是很強的時候,盡量不要使用看完理解再做題的方法.?解法2:定位規(guī)律?題干關(guān)鍵詞:commensalism?文中定位點:Therearet

4、hreemaintypesofsymbioticrelationships:parasitism,commensalism,andmutualism.有三種共生關(guān)系:寄生.共生.互利共棲.說的是題干關(guān)鍵詞本身的內(nèi)容,無法對應(yīng)選項.?再往后讀啊讀啊讀啊理論上來說看到這里應(yīng)該能得到答案了，但是但是看看選項？。共生關(guān)系不包括超過兩個物種之間的相互作用共共生關(guān)系使得物種在生物團體中難以生存。共生關(guān)系在生物群體中的重要性是小的。共生關(guān)系在生物結(jié)構(gòu)中的角色是引起混亂的選哪個?!正確答案是哪個啊?這里我們要學(xué)的是一個小套路,我們把文中內(nèi)容和選項都理解后得到這樣的一個邏輯:文章:第一個和第三個在一個生物團體結(jié)

5、構(gòu)中是重要的;意思是,所有的有機體居住在一起并且在特定的區(qū)域相互作用.推理模式:第一個（寄生）和第三個（互利共棲）在一個生物團體結(jié)構(gòu)中是重要的-第二個（共生）是不重要的?所以選C這個切入點你發(fā)現(xiàn)了嗎?但這樣分析題目,對我們來說有什么實際的意義呢?這篇文章的核心就是希望大家能高效的發(fā)現(xiàn)題目的切入點并且解決問題.于是,對于這道題來說發(fā)現(xiàn)一個能夠廣泛使用的規(guī)律,比起選出正確答案更有意義:讓我們聊聊剛才在題目中的推理模式:第一個（寄生）和第三個（互利共棲）在一個生物團體結(jié)構(gòu)中是重要的-第二個（共生）是不重要的.這個推理模式我叫做反義推理（有些也叫反向推理.取非,意思一致）,是托福閱讀推理題常用的推理模

6、式，并且在細節(jié)題.否定事實信息題（NOTE_CEPT）判斷其他題型錯誤選項的時候經(jīng)常使用,也是最常見的一種思維模式.反義推理的核心來自于歸約（reduction）,意思是當(dāng)未知量與已知量看上去無法匹配的時候,在二者之間搭上一個橋梁來使得找答案變得更簡單.讓我們來看看類似題目中用到反義推理的高效表現(xiàn)Withquestionsuchastheseclearlybeforethem,thescientistsaboardtheGlomarChallengerprocessedtotheMediterraneantosearchfortheanswers.OnAugust23,_70,theyreco

7、veredasample.Thesampleconsistedofpebblesofhardenedsedimentthathadoncebeensoft,deep-seamud,aswellasgranulesofgypsumandfragmentsofvolcanicrock.Notasinglepebblewasfoundthatmighthaveindicatedthatthepebblescamefromthenearbycontinent.Inthedaysfollowing,samplesofsolidgypsumwererepeatedlybroughtondeckasdril

8、lingoperationspenetratedtheseafloor.Furthermore,thegypsumwasfoundtopossesspeculiaritiesofcompositionandstructurethatsuggestedithadformedondesertflats.Sedimentaboveandbelowthegypsumlayercontainedtinymarinefossils,indicatingopen-oceanconditions.AstheydrilledintothecentralanddeepestpartoftheMediterrane

9、anbasin,thescientiststooksolid,shiny,crystallinesaltfromthecorebarrel.Interbeddedwiththesaltwerethinlayersofwhatappearedtobewindblownsilt.官方真題Official7mediterranean=the=of=history=geologic=4 .Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph3aboutthesolidgypsumlayer?OItdidnotcontainanymarinefossil.OItha

10、dformedinopen-oceanconditions.OIthadoncebeensoft,deep-seamud.OItcontainedsedimentfromnearbydeserts.?解析:這道題很容易,和上一題是同樣的套路?題干關(guān)鍵詞:thesolidgypsumlayer?文中定位點:Sedimentaboveandbelowthegypsumlayercontainedtinymarinefossils,indicatingopen-oceanconditions.?利用反義推理：在石膏層上面和下面的沉積層中包含小海洋化石石膏層不包含海洋化石?所以選A而在我們熟練了在一個

11、完整概念下不同因素之間的反義推理后（例如整體是【A,B,C】,文中說AB重要則C不重要,AB有東西則C沒有），將完整概念拓展到時間點前后區(qū)分概念會使得做題變得更加的簡單:【Paragraph2】Yetthismostfundamentalstandardofhistoricalperiodizationconcealsahostofparado_es.Nearlyeverymovietheater,howevermodest,hadapianoororgantoprovidemusicalaccompanimenttosilentpictures.Inmanyinstances,spectat

12、orsintheerabeforerecordedsounde_periencedelaborateauralpresentationsalongsidemoviesvisualimages,fromtheJapanesebenshi(narrators)craftingmultivoiceddialoguenarrativestooriginalmusicalcompositionsperformedbysymphony-sizeorchestrasinEuropeandtheUnitedStates.InBerlin,forthepremiereperformanceoutsidetheS

13、ovietUnionofTheBattleshipPotemkin,filmdirectorSergeiEisensteinworkedwithAustriancomposerEdmundMeisel(_74-_30)onamusicalscorematchingsoundtoimage;theBerlinscreeningswithlivemusichelpedtobringthefilmitswideinternationalfame.官方真題Official_film=in=sound=to=transition=5 .Paragraph2suggestswhichofthefollow

14、ingaboutEisensteinsfilmTheBattleshipPotemkirf?OThefilmwasnotaccompaniedbysoundbeforeitsBerlinscreening.OThefilmwasunpopularintheSovietUnionbeforeitwasscreenedinBerlin.OEisenstein'sfilmwasthefirstinstanceofcollaborationbetweenadirectorandacomposer.OEisensteinbelievedthatthemusicalscoreinafilmwasa

15、simportantasdialogue.?解析:?題干關(guān)鍵詞:EisensteinsfilmTheBattleshipPotemkirf,大寫字母很容易找?文中定位點:InBerlin,forthepremiereperformanceoutsidetheSovietUnionofTheBattleshipPotemkin,filmdirectorSergeiEisensteinworkedwithAustriancomposerEdmundMeisel(_74-_30)onamusicalscorematchingsoundtoimage;theBerlinscreeningswithli

16、vemusichelpedtobringthefilmitswideinternationalfame.?利用反義推理：在柏林首次公演-在柏林之前沒有演過?所以選A對我們來說,掌握了時間點前后不一致,可以使用反義推理這個方法,能讓我們更快的得到答案:TheareascoveredbythismaterialweresovastthattheicethatdepositeditmusthavebeenacontinentalglacierlargerthanGreenlandorAntarctica.Eventually,Agassizandothersconvincedgeologistsan

17、dthegeneralpublicthatagreatcontinentalglaciationhade_tendedthepolaricecapsfarintoregionsthatnowenjoytemperateclimates.Forthefirsttime,peoplebegantotalkabouticeages.Itwasalsoapparentthattheglaciationoccurredintherelativelyrecentpastbecausethedriftwassoft,likefreshlydepositedsediment.Wenowknowtheageof

18、theglaciationaccuratelyfromradiometricdatingofthecarbon-_inlogsburiedinthedrift.Thedriftofthelastglaciationwasdepositedduringoneofthemostrecentepochsofgeologictime,thePleistocene,whichlastedfrom1.8millionto10,000yearsago.AlongtheeastcoastoftheUnitedStates,thesouthernmostadvanceofthisiceisrecordedbyt

19、heenormoussandanddriftdepositsoftheterminalmorainesthatformLongIslandandCapeCod.官方真題Official_the=ages=ice=discovering=5.1 tcanbeinferredfromparagraph2thatAgassizandothergeologistsofhistimewerenotabletodetermineOwhichgeographicregionshadbeencoveredwithicesheetsinthelasticeageOthee_actdatesatwhichdrif

20、tshadbeendepositedduringthelasticeageOthee_actcompositionofthedriftslaidduringthelasticeageOhowfarsouthalongtheeastcoastoftheUnitedStatestheicehadadvancedduringthelasticeage?解析:?題干關(guān)鍵詞:Agassizandothergeologistsofhistimewerenotabletodetermine?文中定位點:Wenowknowtheageoftheglaciationaccuratelyfromradiometr

21、icdatingofthecarbon-_inlogsburiedinthedrift.?禾1J用反義推理:WenowknowfAgassizandothergeologistsofhistimewerenotabletodetermine?所以選BItwasnotuntiltheCambrianperiod,beginningabout600millionyearsago,thatagreatproliferationofmacroscopicspeciesoccurredonEarthandproducedafossilrecordthatallowsustotracktheriseand

22、fallofbiodiversity.SincetheCambrianperiod,biodiversityhasgenerallyrisen,buttherehavebeensomenotablee_ceptions.Biodiversitycollapseddramaticallyduringatleastfiveperiodsbecauseofmasse_tinctionsaroundtheglobe.Thefivemajormasse_tinctionsreceivemostoftheattention,buttheyareonlyoneendofaspectrumofe_tincti

23、onevents.Collectively,morespecieswente_tinctduringsmallereventsthatwerelessdramaticbutmorefrequent.Thebestknownofthefivemajore_tinctionevents,theonethatsawthedemiseofthedinosaurs,istheCretaceous-Tertiarye_tinction.官方真題Official33the=of=past=episodes=e_tinction=2.Paragraph1supportswhichofthefollowings

24、tatementsaboutlifeonEarthbeforetheCambrianperiod?OBiodiversitylevelsweresteady,asindicatedbythefossilrecord.OLevelsofbiodiversitycouldnotbetracked.OThemostdramatice_tinctionepisodeoccurred.OFewmicroscopicspeciese_isted.?解析:?題干關(guān)鍵詞:beforetheCambrianperiod?文中定位點:ItwasnotuntiltheCambrianperiod,beginning

25、about600millionyearsago,thatagreatproliferationofmacroscopicspeciesoccurredonEarthandproducedafossilrecordthatallowsustotracktheriseandfallofbiodiversity.?禾1J用反義推理：ItwasnotuntiltheCambrianperiodallowsustotracktheriseandfallofbiodiversityfLevelsofbiodiversitycouldnotbetracked.?所以選B反義推理這個模式還可以被用在NOTE_

26、CEPffl當(dāng)中：Fivecenturieslater,about7700B.C.,anewvillageroseonthemound.Atfirsttheinhabitantsstillhuntedgazelleintensively.Then,about7000B.C.,withinthespaceofafewgenerations,theyswitchedabruptlytoherdingdomesticatedgoatsandsheepandtogrowingeinkorn,pulses,andothercerealgrasses.AbuHureyragrewrapidlyuntili

27、tcoverednearly30acres.Itwasaclose-knitcommunityofrectangular,one-storymud-brickhouses,joinedbynarrowlanesandcourtyards,finallyabandonedabout5000B.C.Manycomple_factorsledtotheadoptionoftheneweconomies,notonlyatAbuHureyra,butatmanyotherlocationssuchasAinGhazal,alsoinSyria,wheregoattoebonesshowingthete

28、lltalemarksofabrasioncausedbyfoottethering(binding)testifytoearlyherdingofdomesticstock.官方真題Official20the=in=asia=southwest=settlements=early=10.Accordingtoparagraph5,after7000B.C.thesettlementofAbuHureyradifferedfromearliersettlementsatthatlocationinallofthefollowingE_CEPTOthedomesticationofanimals

29、OtheintensivehuntingofgazelleOthesizeofthesettlementOthedesignofthedwellings?解析:?題干關(guān)鍵詞:after7000B.C?文中定位點:Then,about7000B.C但我的思考是，之后的內(nèi)容對應(yīng)選項則會成為正確的內(nèi)容，而題目需要我們找到錯誤的內(nèi)容并且選出來,那么,7000BC之前的內(nèi)容如果對應(yīng)選項,就應(yīng)該是錯誤的并且可以被選出來了,根據(jù)這個想法我們往前看?Fivecenturieslater,about7700B.C.,anewvillageroseonthemound.Atfirsttheinhabitantss

30、tillhuntedgazelleintensively.?對應(yīng)答案BDuringwakefulness,breathingiscontrolledbytwointeractingsystems.Thefirstisanautomatic,metabolicsystemwhosecontroliscenteredinthebrainstem.Itsubconsciouslyadjustsbreathingrateanddepthinordertoregulatethelevelsofcarbondio_ide(CO2)ando_ygen(O2),andtheacid-baseratiointh

31、eblood.Thesecondsystemisthevoluntary,behavioralsystem.Itscontrolcenterisbasedintheforebrain,anditregulatesbreathingforuseinspeech,singing,sighing,andsoon.Itiscapableofignoringoroverridingtheautomatic,metabolicsystemandproducesanirregularpatternofbreathing.官方真題Official24sleep=during=breathing=2.Accor

32、dingtoparagraph2,allofthefollowingaretrueofthevoluntarybreathingsystemE_CEPT:OIthasitscontrolcenterinthebrainstem.OItcontrolsbreathingforanumberofactivitiesduringwakefulness.OItisabletobypasstheautomaticsystem.OItproducesanirregularbreathingpattern.?解析:?題干關(guān)鍵詞:thevoluntarybreathingsystem?文中定位點:Thesec

33、ondsystemisthevoluntary,behavioralsystem.?反義推理：看到second則一定有first,思考是first的內(nèi)容對應(yīng)選項則一定不符合second的內(nèi)容所以文中Thefirstisanautomatic,metabolicsystemwhosecontroliscenteredinthebrainstem.?因此正確答案為A看上去都是套路啊,不知道你們都學(xué)會了嗎?托福閱讀背景知識:瑪雅文化尤卡坦半島Yucatanpeninsula全年降雨(precipitation)量適中.植被以熱帶(tropic)草原(prairie)為主;東南部年降水量達2000毫米

34、,出現(xiàn)熱帶森林.農(nóng)業(yè)為主要經(jīng)濟部門,作物有玉米corn.甘蔗.煙草(tobacco).柑橘.棉花(cotton).咖啡(coffee).瑪雅(Maya)文明發(fā)源地，主要城市有梅里達(Merida),坎佩切(CampecheCity),貝爾莫潘(BelMoPam)半島幾乎全部由珊瑚(coral)層和多孔石灰?guī)r(Limestone)構(gòu)成在前哥倫布時代,美洲印第安人創(chuàng)造了豐富多彩的文化,其中的代表瑪雅文明.阿茲特克文明與印加文明并稱美洲三大文明.與歐亞大陸的四大文明均發(fā)源于大河不同,美洲三大文明崛起于火山高地和熱帶雨林中,有著獨特的魅力.今天我們要聊的就是其中最古老的瑪雅文明.瑪雅文明大約形成于公元

35、前2600年,并在3世紀(jì)至9世紀(jì)期間達到全盛,之后日漸衰弱.全盛時期其覆蓋范圍大致為以中美洲尤卡坦半島為中心,包括如今的墨西哥.危地馬拉.伯利茲和洪都拉斯等國的部分地區(qū).作為美洲唯一發(fā)展出文字系統(tǒng)的民族,古代瑪雅人創(chuàng)造了瑪雅象形文字,并以其科學(xué)和藝術(shù)聞名于世,有著美洲的希臘人的稱號.從第十世紀(jì)開始,瑪雅文明便慢慢衰落.最終消失了.現(xiàn)在公認最大的可能是刀耕火種導(dǎo)致的土壤肥力耗盡,經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)不足以支撐上層建筑了.阿茲特克人部分繼承了瑪雅人的文化,并創(chuàng)造了屬于自己的阿茲特克文明.然而隨著地理大發(fā)現(xiàn)的到來,西班牙人帶來了槍炮與天花.在十六世紀(jì),包括阿茲特克與更南方的印加在內(nèi),前哥倫布時代的美洲三大文明均

36、被完全摧毀.時至今日,瑪雅文明留給我們的可能只剩以玉米為代表的農(nóng)作物以及以_末日為代表的傳說了.托福閱讀真題原題+題目ThesculpturallegacythatthenewUnitedStatesinheritedfromitscolonialpredecessorswasfarfromarichone,andinfact,in_76sculptureasanartformwasstillinthehandsofartisansandcraftspeople.Stonecarversengravedtheirmotifsofskullsandcrossbonesandotherreligi

37、ousiconsofdeathintothegrayslabsthatwestillseestandingtodayinoldburialgrounds.Someskilledcraftspeoplemadeintricatelycarvedwoodenornamentationsforfurnitureorarchitecturaldecorations,whileotherscavedwoodenshopsignsandshipsfigureheads.Althoughtheyoftenachievede_pressionandformale_cellenceintheirgenerall

38、yprimitivestyle,theyremainedartisansskilledinthecraftofcarvingandconstitutedagroupdistinctfromwhatwenormallythinkofassculptorsintodaysuseoftheword.Ontherareoccasionwhenafinepieceofsculpturewasdesired,Americansturnedtoforeignsculptors,asinthe_70swhenthecitiesofNewYorkandCharleston,SouthCarolina,commi

39、ssionedtheEnglishmanJosephWiltontomakemarblestatuesofWilliamPitt.WiltonalsomadealeadequestrianimageofKingGeorgeIIIthatwascreatedinNewYorkin_70andtorndownbyzealouspatriotssi_yearslater.Afewmarblememorialswithcarvedbusts,urns,orotherdecorationswereproducedinEnglandandbroughttothecoloniestobesetin the

40、walls of churchesasinKingsChapelinBoston.Butsculptureasahighart,practicedbyartistswhoknewboththeartistictheoryoftheirRenaissance-Baroque-Rococopredecessorsandthevarioustechnicalproceduresofmodeling,casting,andcarvingrichthree-dimensionalforms,wasnotknownamongAmericansin_76.Indeed,formanyyearsthereaf

41、ter,theUnitedStateshadtwogroupsfromwhichtochooseeitherthelocalcraftspeopleortheimportedtalentofEuropeansculptors.Theeighteenthcenturywasnotoneinwhichpoweredsculpturalconceptionsweredeveloped.Addtothisthetimiditywithwhichunschooledartisansoriginallytrainedasstonemasons,carpenters,orcabinetmakersattackedthemediumfromwhichtheysculpturemadeintheUnitedStatesinthelateeighteenthcentury.1. Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?artisans.(A)