高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)大全之動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)

1、高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)大全之動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法 1) 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)高考資源網(wǎng)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： every, sometimes,at, on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3) 表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall.驕者必?cái)　Ｗ⒁猓捍擞梅ㄈ绻霈F(xiàn)在賓語(yǔ)從句中，即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)也要用一般現(xiàn)

2、在時(shí)。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.4) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。I don't want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說(shuō)明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第

3、二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法 1）在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。Where did you go just now?2）表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。When I was a child, I often played football in the street.Whenever the Browns went during

4、their visit, they were given a warm welcome.3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth"到時(shí)間了""該了"It is time sb. did sth. "時(shí)間已遲了""早該了"It is time for you to go to bed.你該睡覺(jué)了。It is time you went to bed.你早該睡覺(jué)了。would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示'寧愿某人做某事'I'd rather

5、you came tomorrow.4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過(guò)去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求、建議等。I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。比較：一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過(guò)去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。Christine was an invalid all her life.(含義：她已不在人間。)Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著)Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住

6、在肯塔基州。)Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.( 含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去) 注意： 用過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語(yǔ)氣。1）動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。Did you want anything else?I wondered if you could help me.2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would.Could you lend me your bike? w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m used to/be used to used to + do：

7、"過(guò)去常常"表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。Mother used not to be so forgetful. Scarf used to take a walk.(過(guò)去常常散步)be used to + doing： 對(duì)已感到習(xí)慣，或"習(xí)慣于"，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk.(現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于散步)典型例題- Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it.- It'

8、s 69568442. A. didn'tB. couldn'tC. don'tD. can't答案A. 本句雖沒(méi)有明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但從語(yǔ)意上看 出，在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候沒(méi)有聽(tīng)懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，因此應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。 w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 一般將來(lái)時(shí) 1)shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在爭(zhēng)求意見(jiàn)時(shí)常用于第二人稱。Which paragraph shall I read first.Will you be at home at seven this evening?2)be going to +不定式，表示將來(lái)

9、。a. 主語(yǔ)的意圖，即將做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow?b. 計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month。c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3)be +不定式表將來(lái)，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday.4)be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。He is about to leave for Be

10、ijing.注意：be about to 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m be going to/will 用于條件句時(shí)， be going to表將來(lái)will表意愿If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front

11、of the mirror. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m be to和be going to be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。 be going to 表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客觀安排)I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主觀安排) w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái) 1）下列動(dòng)詞：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。這主要用

12、來(lái)表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.2）倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，如：Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.3）在時(shí)間或條件句中。When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.I'll write to you as soo

13、n as I arrive there.4）在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等后。I hope they have a nice time next week.Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái) 意為："意圖"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用詞為 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。I'

14、;m leaving tomorrow.Are you staying here till next week? w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成： have (has) +過(guò)去分詞。 w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 比較過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1）過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。 2）過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

15、通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)

16、在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。舉例：I saw this film yesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了。）I have seen this film. （強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。）Why did you get up so early?（強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了。）Who hasn't handed in his paper?（強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子

17、，可能為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。）She has returned from Paris. 她已從巴黎回來(lái)了。She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回來(lái)了。He has been in the League for three years.(在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))He has been a League member for three years.(是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))He joined the League three years ago.( 三年前入團(tuán)，joined為短暫行為。)I have finished my homework now.-Will somebody go and

18、 get Dr. White?-He's already been sent for.句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。（錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（對(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型 1）It is the first / second time. that結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。I

19、t is the first time that I have visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is the that結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.這是我第一次聽(tīng)他唱歌。典型例題(1) -Do you know our town at all?-No

20、, this is the first time I _ here.A. wasB. have beenC. cameD. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。(2) -Have you _ been to our town before?-No, it's the first time I _ here.A. even, comeB. even, have comeC. ever, comeD. ever, have come答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無(wú)論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。 Th

21、is is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時(shí)。注意：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。（錯(cuò)）I have received his letter for a month.（對(duì)）I haven't received his letter for almost a month. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 比較since和for Since 用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間

22、長(zhǎng)度。I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born.My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976. I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.I have not heard from

23、 my uncle for a long time.注意：并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。) I have worked here for many years.(現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。)小竅門：當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)+一段時(shí)間，這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，我們用下面的公式轉(zhuǎn)化，很容易就能排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中的誤使。1)(對(duì)) Tom has studied Russian for three years.= Tom began to study Russian three years ago

24、, and is still studying it now.2)(錯(cuò)) Harry has got married for six years.= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.顯然，第二句不對(duì)，它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m since的四種用法 1) since +過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1

25、980, last month, half past six)。I have been here since 1989.2) since +一段時(shí)間+ agoI have been here since five months ago.3) since +從句Great changes have taken place since you left.Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here. 4) It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句It is two years since I became a postgraduate

26、student. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞 1) 用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié) 果，不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 He has completed the work.他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。 (表結(jié)果) I've known him since then. 我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。(表經(jīng)歷)2)用于till / until從句的差異 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示"做直到" 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示"到，才" He didn't come back until ten o'c

27、lock. 他到10 點(diǎn)才回來(lái)。 He slept until ten o'clock.他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。典型例題1. You don't need to describe her. I _ her several times.A. had metB. have metC. metD. meet答案B. 首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。2.-I'm sorry to keep you waiting.-Oh, not at all. I _ here only a few

28、minutes.A. have beenB. had beenC. wasD. will be答案A. 等待的動(dòng)作由過(guò)去開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 1） 概念：表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去-|-|-|->其構(gòu)成是had +過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。那時(shí)以前那時(shí)現(xiàn)在 2） 用法a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris.b. 狀語(yǔ)從句 在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 Whe

29、n the police arrived, the thieves had run away.c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本，未能" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.3)過(guò)去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。He said that he had learned some English before.By

30、 the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 典型例題The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office.A. had written, leftB，were writing, has leftC. had written, had l

31、eftD. were writing, had left答案D. "把書(shū)忘在辦公室"發(fā)生在"去取書(shū)"這一過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前，因此"忘了書(shū)"這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的過(guò)去，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。句中when表示的是時(shí)間的一點(diǎn)，表示在"同學(xué)們正忙于"這一背景下，when所引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此前一句應(yīng)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。注意：had no when還沒(méi)等 就had no sooner than剛 就He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 用一般過(guò)去

32、時(shí)代替完成時(shí) 1)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或用then，and，but 等連詞時(shí)，多用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 When she saw the mouse，she screamed. My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.2 ) 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 When I heard the news, I was very excited.3)敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，而只用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1

33、492. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 將來(lái)完成時(shí) 1) 構(gòu)成will / be going to do sth.2) 概念a. 狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。b. 動(dòng)作完成：表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來(lái)的動(dòng)作之前，已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或一獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。They will have been married for 20 years by then.You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法：a. 表示現(xiàn)在( 指說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí)) 正在發(fā)生

34、的事情。 We are waiting for you.b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。 Mr. Green is writing another novel.(說(shuō)話時(shí)并未在寫(xiě)，只處于寫(xiě)作的狀態(tài)。) She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.c. 表示漸變的動(dòng)詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。 The leaves are turning red. It's getting warmer and warmer.d. 與always, constantly, fore

35、ver 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說(shuō)話人的主觀色彩。 You are always changing your mind.典型例題My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still_ it.A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't findC. has lost, haven't foundD. is missing, haven't found. 答案D. 前句是一個(gè)仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí)，由于沒(méi)有找到，其影響仍然存

36、在，應(yīng)用完成時(shí)，瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定式時(shí)可用于完成時(shí)。 w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞 1) 事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continueI have two brothers.This house belongs to my sister.2) 心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, w

37、ant, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hateI need your help.He loves her very much.3 ) 瞬間動(dòng)詞 accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.I accept your advice.4) 系動(dòng)詞seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turnYou seem a little tired. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.

38、c.o.m 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 1） 概念：表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。2） 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。3) 常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. It was raining when they left the station. When I

39、 got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.典型例題1) Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger.A. madeB. is makingC. was makingD. makes答案C. 割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情，應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。同時(shí)，when表時(shí)間的同時(shí)性，"瑪麗在做衣服時(shí)"提供事情發(fā)生的背景，因此用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。2) As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. read； was fallingB. was reading； fellC. w

40、as reading； was fallingD. read；fell答案B.句中的as = when, while，意為"當(dāng)之時(shí)"。描述一件事發(fā)生的背景時(shí)，用過(guò)去進(jìn)行；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。句意為 "在她看報(bào)紙時(shí)，奶奶睡著了。"句中的 fell (fall的過(guò)去時(shí))，是系動(dòng)詞，后跟形容詞，如：fall sick。 w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí) 1) 概念：表示將來(lái)某時(shí)進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作，或按預(yù)測(cè)將來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)生的事情。She'll be coming soon.I'll be meeting him so

41、metime in the future.注意：將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于表示"意志"，不能說(shuō) I'll be having a talk with her.2）常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí) 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，條件句中，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)

42、時(shí)When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediatelyHe is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨媽。典型例題(1）He said he_me a present unless I_ in doin

43、g the experiment.A. had not given; had not succeededB. would not give; succeedC. will not give; succeed D. would not give; will succeed.答案B. 在時(shí)間，條件或讓步主語(yǔ)從句中一般不用將來(lái)時(shí)。本題有He said，故為過(guò)去式。主句用將來(lái)時(shí)，故選B. 此處用一般過(guò)去式代替了過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。(2) 表示現(xiàn)在已安排好的未來(lái)事項(xiàng)，行程等活動(dòng)。The museum opens at ten tomorrow.博物館明天10點(diǎn)開(kāi)門。(實(shí)際上每天如此。) w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替過(guò)去時(shí) 1 )"書(shū)上說(shuō)"，"報(bào)紙上說(shuō)"等。The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow.報(bào)紙上說(shuō)明天會(huì)很冷的。2) 敘述往事，使其生動(dòng)。Nap