航海法規(guī)英語翻譯總結(jié)

1、1、 英語法律文本的詞匯特征：1、 具有獨(dú)特法律含義的常用詞：Action： a lawsuit(either civil or criminal) 訴訟Bill：a draft law 法案Cover: to purchase goods to replace those not delivered because of a breach of contract 抵償Damages: the compensation sought for a loss 賠償金Distress: the seizure of goods as security for an obligation 扣押Draf

2、t: an order for payment of money 匯票；付款通知單Instrument: a formal legal document 法律文件Interest: a right or claim to property 權(quán)益Note: a written promise to pay for a debt 票據(jù)Paper: an instrument evidencing a financial obligation 票據(jù)Party: a litigant in a law suit 訴訟當(dāng)事人Prejudice: a detriment to legal rights 損

3、害（合法權(quán)利）Provided: upon condition 只要；但是Said: mentioned above 上述的Security: collateral 抵押品；擔(dān)保品Serve: to deliver legal papers 送達(dá)（傳票）Show: to make clear by evidence 證明Waive: to relinquish 放棄（權(quán)力、要求）2、 古英語和中世紀(jì)英語詞語：Aforementioned 前面提到過的，前述的Aforesaid 如上所述的，上面提到的Foregoing 前面的，前述的Hereafter 此后Hereby 特此Herein 于此處

4、Hereinabove 在上文Hereinafter 以下，在下文中Hereof 在本文（件）中；關(guān)于這個(gè)Hereto 至此Hereunder 在下面，在下文；據(jù)此Herewith 與此一道Notwithstanding 盡管Pursuant to 根據(jù)Said(adj.) 上述的Thence 從那里；所以；因此；之后Thereafter 因此，據(jù)此Therein 在此（文）中Thereof 關(guān)于；由是Thereto 又；及Whensoever 無論何時(shí)Whereas 然而，盡管Whereby 借此Wheresoever 無論何處3、 拉丁語單詞和短語Ad hoc: for this purp

5、ose 特別；臨時(shí)Inter alia: among others 在其他事物中Nil: nothing （什么都）沒有Prima facie: at first appearance 初步的，表面的Pro rata: in proportion 按比例計(jì)Versus: against 訴；對4、 古法語及法律法語詞語：Action: lawsuit 訴訟Lien: an encumbrance on property for the payment of debt 留置權(quán)；抵押權(quán)Petty: small, minor 小的，次要的Save: except 除.之外Suit: lawsuit

6、訴訟Tort: a wrong or injury 侵權(quán)5、 法律術(shù)語(terms of legal art)Consideration 約因Force majeure 不可抗力(指天災(zāi)和戰(zhàn)爭、罷工、暴動(dòng)、港口封鎖等人禍，即人力不能防御或無法避免之事故）Lien 留置權(quán)，抵押權(quán)Recision （法律等的）消除、廢除Tort 侵權(quán)Verdict 裁決Will 遺囑6、 法律行話(argot)Alleged 被指控、被指控的Case law 判例法Cause of action 訴由，案由Damages 賠償金Due care 應(yīng)有的謹(jǐn)慎Latent defect 隱蔽的缺陷Negotiable

7、 instrument 流通票據(jù)Process 傳票Rescind 廢除Service of process 送達(dá)傳票Superior court 上級法院Without prejudice 不使合法權(quán)利受到損害7、 贅言贅語Staff and workers 職工Rules and regulations 規(guī)章Damage or injury 損害或損傷Provisions and stipulations 法律條款Terms and conditions 條件2、 規(guī)約性情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：在法律英語中，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的使用與其在普通英語中的使用含義基本相同，僅有兩個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞在法律英語中有其特殊用法，一個(gè)

8、是shall ,另一個(gè)是may，其中尤以shall 用得最為廣泛。1. shall 在法律文件中通常表示義務(wù)，shall not 表示禁止，may表示權(quán)利。2. 在法律英語中，如表示當(dāng)事人在特定的情況下要承擔(dān)的權(quán)利或義務(wù)時(shí)， “應(yīng)當(dāng)”一詞為"shall", 而在一般的英語中，常用"should" 或"must"。我們在翻譯法律文件時(shí)要十分注意這一用法。3. 漢語法律文本中的 “應(yīng)”在英語中譯為 “shall"。 Shall 的否定形式表示“不得”、“禁止”。4. 通過"may"提出的要求不帶強(qiáng)制性。may

9、 not 表示“不得”語氣較shall not 弱，也沒有shall not用得廣泛。EX:This Convention shall not affect, or be incompatible with, the application of any international convention or national law relating to the regulation and control of transport operations.本公約不得影響任何有關(guān)運(yùn)輸業(yè)務(wù)管理的國基公約或國家法律的適用。A contract may be modified or termina

10、ted by the mere agrement of the parties.只要當(dāng)事人達(dá)成協(xié)議，合同可以予以更改或終止。3、 長句的翻譯： 正式的法律條規(guī)和文本由于對中心詞的限定過多，對某一法律概念成立的條件限定很多，所以法律英語長句多，短句少。完整的長句的使用可以準(zhǔn)確界定法律文件所涉及各方的權(quán)利和義務(wù)關(guān)系，排除被曲解或誤解的可能性。這些長句往往是含有許多分句或定語、狀語等附加成分的簡單句或復(fù)合句。這些長句中的定語對各種詞性的術(shù)語的內(nèi)涵和外延進(jìn)行精確的界定，而狀語界定了履行權(quán)利和義務(wù)的條件、方式、地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間等。 If the bill of lading contains particul

11、ars concerning the general nature, leading marks, number of packages or pieces, weight or quantity of the goods which the carrier or other person issuing the bill of lading on his behalf knows or has reasonable grounds to suspect do not accurately represent the goods actually taken over or, where a

12、"shipped" bill of lading is, issued, loaded, or if he had no reasonable means of checking such particulars, the carrier or such other person must insert in the bill of lading a reservation specifying these inaccuracies, grounds of suspicion or the absence of reasonable means of checking. 原

13、句選自聯(lián)合國1978年海上貨物運(yùn)輸公約中有關(guān)提單的條款，有104個(gè)英語詞匯。該句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，修飾語很多，給人一種連綿不斷和盤根錯(cuò)節(jié)的感覺。這種長句子在法律英語文體中隨處可見，造成法律英語在句子結(jié)構(gòu)上連綿不斷和盤根錯(cuò)節(jié)的長句結(jié)構(gòu)的主要原因是句中各種修飾語位置靈活，層層疊加，使用頻繁。使用這些修飾語就是要步步為營，層層設(shè)防，從而達(dá)到表述嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，語義嚴(yán)密的效果，達(dá)到準(zhǔn)確、嚴(yán)密和不產(chǎn)生歧義之目的。如果承運(yùn)人或代其簽發(fā)提單的其他人確知或者有合理的根據(jù)懷疑提單所載有關(guān)貨物的品類、主要標(biāo)志、包數(shù)或件數(shù)、重量或數(shù)量等項(xiàng)目沒有準(zhǔn)確地表示實(shí)際接管的貨物，或在簽發(fā)“已裝船”提單的情況下，沒有準(zhǔn)確地表示實(shí)際裝船的貨

14、物，或者他無適當(dāng)?shù)姆椒▉砗藢@些項(xiàng)目，則承運(yùn)人或該其他人必須在提單上做出保留，說明不符之處、懷疑根據(jù)或無適當(dāng)?shù)暮藢Ψ椒?。四、八種具有獨(dú)特法律含義的句式：1. 含有subject to的句式：句式中的subject to 在法律英語中一般都跟agreement, section, contract 等法律文件或文件中特定條款名配合使用。其含義是：“以為條件”、“根據(jù)規(guī)定”、“在符合的條件下”、“除另有規(guī)定外”以及 “在不抵觸下”等。1) The place will, subject to its law, comply with a future request by Hong Kong to

15、 the place該地方在不抵觸其法律的情況下會(huì)順應(yīng)將來由香港向該地方提出的請求.2) Subject to subsection (2), there shall be payable and recoverable by way of rent of premises to which this Part applies such amount as may be agreed between the landlord and tenant在符合第(2)款的規(guī)定下，本部分使用的處所的應(yīng)繳費(fèi)與可追收的租金，須為業(yè)主與租客雙方所能議定的款額3) Subject to the provisio

16、ns of section 25(2), any counsel or solicitor may at any time request the Director to remove his name from the panel除第25(2)條另有規(guī)定外，任何大律師或者律師均可隨時(shí)要求署長在名冊內(nèi)將其姓名注銷2. 含有provided that/providedthat的句式 在法律文書，尤其是在合約條款中廣泛使用該句式，該連詞引導(dǎo)一個(gè)條件分句，用于限定主句情況出現(xiàn)的條件時(shí)，可以譯成“在前提下”；但如果該連詞引導(dǎo)的條件分句表示的是一個(gè)與主句陳述相反的情況，就要譯成“但”、“但是”、或“倘若

17、”，法律界通常稱這類句子為“但書”(proviso),這種“但書”句更加常見。例如：1) You will be allowed to make telephone calls provided that no reasonable delay or hindrance is caused to the processes of investigation or the administration of justice. 在不會(huì)對調(diào)查的進(jìn)行或執(zhí)法構(gòu)成阻礙的前提下，你可以打電話給他人。2) This Convention does not prevail over any internatio

18、nal agreement which has already been or may be entered into and which contains provisions concerning the matters governed by this Convention, provided that the parties have their business in States parties, to such agreement. 本公約不優(yōu)于業(yè)已締結(jié)或可能締結(jié)并載有與屬于本公約范圍內(nèi)事項(xiàng)有關(guān)的條款的任何國際協(xié)定，但以雙方當(dāng)事人的營業(yè)地均在這種協(xié)定的締約國內(nèi)為限。3) The

19、absence from the multimodal document of one or more of the particulars referred to in paragraph 1 0f this article shall not affect the legal character of the document as a multimodal transport document provide that it nevertheless meets the requirements set out in paragraph 4 of article 1. 多式聯(lián)運(yùn)單據(jù)缺少本

20、條第1款所指事項(xiàng)中的一項(xiàng)或數(shù)項(xiàng)，并不影響該單據(jù)作為多式聯(lián)運(yùn)單據(jù)的法律性質(zhì)，但該單據(jù)必須符合第一條第4款所規(guī)定的的要求。4) The Licensee shall not be entitled to take any proceedings or call on the Licensor to take any proceedings in any of the foresaid matters, provided, however, that the Licensor may, as its own discretion and coast, prosecute or otherwise s

21、top or prevent such actual or threatened infringement in the name of both the Licenser and the Licensee or either of them, and in each case the Licensee shall render all reasonable assistance required by the Licensor.被許可方無權(quán)就上述任何行為起訴或要求許可方起訴，但許可方可自行決定并自負(fù)費(fèi)用，以許可方或被許可方雙方名義或任何一方名義，對實(shí)際發(fā)生或擬將發(fā)生的商標(biāo)侵權(quán)行為提出訴訟，或

22、以其他方式阻止或防止該等侵權(quán)行為。無論哪種情況，被許可方須對許可方之請求，提供一切合理的協(xié)助。1. 含有where的句式在普通英語中，用where 引導(dǎo)的從句為地點(diǎn)狀語從句，但在英語法律文本中，where引導(dǎo)的是法律條款中的條件轉(zhuǎn)語從句，相當(dāng)于in the case where。通?？梢杂弥形谋磉_(dá)為“凡”或“如果”。1) Where a defendant is fined and the same is not forthwith paid, the magistrate may order the defendant to be searched. 凡被告人被判處罰款，但沒有隨即交付罰款，

23、裁判官可命令搜查被告人。2) Where the Intending Transferor is either Party B or Party C, and Party A cannot increase its Equity Ration in the registered capital of the JV Company due to the restriction imposed by Chinese law, Party A shall have the tight to assign its preemptive right of purchase to a third part

24、y approved by Party A.如果擬轉(zhuǎn)讓方是乙方或丙方，而甲方因受中國法律限制不能增加其在合資公司注冊資本中的股份比例，則甲方有權(quán)將其優(yōu)先購買權(quán)讓與其認(rèn)可的第三方。2. 含有for the purpose(s) of的句式含有for the purpose(s) of的句式也是法律英語文本中常見的一個(gè)句式，其中的purpose可以是復(fù)數(shù)，也可以是單數(shù)。人們一般都會(huì)將其理解為“為了目的”，但在法律英語中，其含義并不完全如此。例如：1) For the purpose of any repossession pursuant to Clause 7 Party A or its ag

25、ent shall be entitled to enter upon any relevant land or buildings with such transport as may be necessary.就根據(jù)第7條進(jìn)行的任何重新占有而言，甲方或其代理有權(quán)藉所需要交通工具進(jìn)入相關(guān)土地或建筑物。2) For the purpose of this Clause 5 “the VAT legislation” means the Value Added Tax Act 1994 and all regulations made or imposed under it and any ot

26、her statutes or other provisions relating to VAT.用在本第5條中，“增值稅法”指1994年增值稅法以及據(jù)其規(guī)定或訂明的所有法規(guī)和關(guān)于增值稅的任何其他規(guī)章或其他規(guī)定。3) For the purpose of these presents any act of default or omission of the agents, servants, workmen or licensees of the Tenant shall be deemed to be the act of default of omission of the Tenant

27、.基于這些文件，租戶的代理人、傭人、工人或所許可者的任何違約或疏忽行為，應(yīng)被認(rèn)為是租戶的違約或疏忽行為。3. 含有notwithstanding的句式介詞notwithstanding在普通英語中已不多見，屬于古舊廢詞之列，但在英語法律文本中該詞常常被使用，其作用和although/though/even if 等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句基本相同，意思是“盡管”、“即使”，表示一種讓步。但該詞引導(dǎo)的并非是一個(gè)讓步狀語從句，因?yàn)樵撛~后面不跟從句，而是跟一個(gè)名詞性短語。例如：1) Notwithstanding any other agreements, the Parties shall enter in

28、to a new contract with respect to the subject matter. 盡管有任何其他協(xié)議，雙方仍應(yīng)就標(biāo)的物簽訂新合同。2) Notwithstanding the foregoing, a Party hereby waives its preemptive right in the case of any assignment of all or part of the other Partys registered capital to an affiliate of the other Party.盡管有上述規(guī)定，如果一方將其全部或部分注冊資本轉(zhuǎn)讓給

29、一家關(guān)聯(lián)公司，另一方則在此放棄其優(yōu)先購買權(quán)。4. 含有without prejudice to的句式含有without prejudice to的句式常出現(xiàn)在英語法律文本中，其意思是“在不損害的原則下”、“在不影響的情況下”、“不妨礙”以及“不規(guī)限”等等。例如：1) If the Seller fails to deliver all of the Goods in accordance with the contract on the Delivery Date then without prejudice to the Buyers rights for breach of contrac

30、t the Buyer may terminate the contract.如果賣方未能按照本合同的規(guī)定在交付日期交付全部有關(guān)貨物，則買方可以在不損害買方就違約所擁有的權(quán)利原則下終止本合同。2) Without prejudice to your powers and discretions, we hereby authorize you or your agents to take any action including but not limited to the following:不使貴行權(quán)力和任意決定權(quán)受到損害，本公司茲授權(quán)貴行或貴行代理采取包括但不限于下列的任何行動(dòng):3) I

31、n this event without prejudice to the Buyers other remedies the Seller shall promptly collect any gods which have been delivered. 在此情況下及在不影響買方其他補(bǔ)救的原則下，賣方應(yīng)迅速收集已交付的任何有關(guān)貨物。5. 含有to the extent that的句式含有to the extent that的句式表達(dá)的含義是“在范圍內(nèi)”、“只要”、“如果”等。例如：1) Party A shall agree that to the extent that Party B

32、fails to perform any obligations hereunder, Party A is not released from the performance of this contract. 甲方應(yīng)同意，只要乙方未履行在本合同項(xiàng)下的任何義務(wù)，甲方不被免除履行本合同的義務(wù)。2) To the extent that any provision of this agreement conflicts with any provision in any schedule to this agreement, this agreement shall prevail in all

33、 circumstances. 如果本協(xié)議的任何規(guī)定與本協(xié)議附件的任何規(guī)定有抵觸，應(yīng)在所有情況下以本協(xié)議為準(zhǔn)。6. 含有save/except (for)的句式在普通英語中，save通常作動(dòng)詞，但在法律英語中，save 和except(for)都作介詞，意思是“除以外”。save 和except(for)既可以后接一個(gè)從句，也可以后接一個(gè)名詞性短語。請看一下實(shí)例：1) Save as is provided in this section, nothing in this Ordinance shall require the disclosure by a legal advisor of

34、any privileged information, communication, book, document or other article.除本條另有規(guī)定外，本條例并不規(guī)定法律顧問須披露任何特許保密的數(shù)據(jù)、通訊、簿冊、文件或其他物品。2) Save as described hereunder, the Sponsor does not have any duty to monitor or otherwise to ensure that the Company is in continuous compliance with the GEM Listing Rules and o

35、ther relevant laws and regulations applicable to the Company. 除下文所述事項(xiàng)外，保薦人無責(zé)任監(jiān)督或確保公司持續(xù)遵守創(chuàng)業(yè)板上市規(guī)則和適用于公司的其他有關(guān)法律和法規(guī)。五、翻譯實(shí)務(wù)5.1 劃線詞語的含義與其在普通英語中含義的差異：1. These rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected therewith navigable by seagoing vessels. 本規(guī)則各條適用于在公海和連接于公海而可供海船航行的一切

36、水域中的一切船舶。2. The date of the receipt issued by transportation department concerned shall be regarded as the date of delivery of the goods.由承運(yùn)的運(yùn)輸機(jī)構(gòu)所開具的收據(jù)的日期即被視為交貨日期。5.2 準(zhǔn)確性與精確性原則1. Contractor shall assume full responsibility for the entire project work until its acceptance.原譯：在項(xiàng)目接收之前，承包方應(yīng)對工程承擔(dān)全部責(zé)任。改譯：

37、在項(xiàng)目驗(yàn)收之前，承包方應(yīng)對工程承擔(dān)全部責(zé)任。2. Damages for breach of contract by one party consist of a sum equal to the loss, including loss of profit, suffered by the other party as a consequence of the breach.原譯：一方違約所導(dǎo)致的損害包括其因違約而使另一方遭受損失的金額，含利潤損失。改譯：一方違約所導(dǎo)致的損害賠償金包括其因違約而使另一方遭受損失的金額，含利潤損失。3. The balance shall be settled

38、 upon the arrival of the goods at the port of destination.原譯：貨到目的港后付清余款。改譯：貨到目的港后即行付清余款。4. In the event of collision or any incident of navigation concerning a sea-going ship and involving the penal or disciplinary responsibility of the master or of any other person in the service of the ship, crimi

39、nal or disciplinary proceedings may be instituted only before the judicial or administrative authorities of the State of which the ship was flying the flag at the time of the collision or other incident of navigation.原譯：在發(fā)生碰撞或任何有關(guān)海船的其他航行事故并涉及船長或?yàn)榇胺?wù)的任何其他人員的刑事或紀(jì)律責(zé)任時(shí)，刑事或紀(jì)律的訴訟，只能向發(fā)生碰撞或其他航行事故時(shí)船舶所懸旗幟國家的

40、司法或行政當(dāng)局提起。改譯：如海船發(fā)生了碰撞或任何其他航行事故，需追究船長或船上任何其他船員的刑事或紀(jì)律責(zé)任時(shí)，只能向事發(fā)時(shí)船旗國的司法或行政當(dāng)局提出請求。5. In all cases, when it is proved that the consent of one of the parties is vitiated by fraud or concealment, or when the remuneration is, in proportion to the services rendered, in an excessive degree too large or too sma

41、ll, the agreement may be annulled or modified by the court at the request of the party affected.原譯：在任何情況下，如經(jīng)證明，當(dāng)事一方同意的事項(xiàng)因欺詐或隱瞞而無效，或報(bào)酬與所提供的服務(wù)相比，高的過分或低的過分，經(jīng)受影響的一方請求，法院可以宣告協(xié)議無效，或予以變更。改譯：任何情況下，如經(jīng)證明，在訂立救助協(xié)議時(shí)，由于一方的欺詐或隱瞞行為而使對方同意救助，從而使對方的利益受損；或與所提供的服務(wù)相比，救助報(bào)酬過高或過低，經(jīng)受害方請求，法院可以宣告協(xié)議無效，或予以變更。5.3 使用簡明的句式：1) No Bi

42、ll of Lading to be signed for any blockaded port, and if the port of destination be declared blockaded after Bill of Lading has been signed, Owners shall discharge the cargo either at the port of loading, against payment of the expenses of discharge, if the ship has not sailed thence, or, if sailed at any safe port on the way as ordered by Shippers or if no order is give