畢業(yè)論文塑料底座注射模設(shè)計(jì)

1、 鄭州理工職業(yè)學(xué)院 塑料底座注射模設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 系 部： 機(jī)械工程系 姓 名： 學(xué) 號(hào)： 專 業(yè)： 模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造 指導(dǎo)老師： 摘 要 對(duì)塑料底座注射模結(jié)構(gòu)采用中心澆口進(jìn)料，采用一模一腔的模具結(jié)構(gòu)， 材料采用流動(dòng)性能差的PC塑料，通過對(duì)塑件的分析，注射機(jī)的選定，澆注系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)，成型零件的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算，脫模推出機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)，以及冷卻系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)和導(dǎo)向地位機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)，給出了生產(chǎn)底座的一個(gè)實(shí)際參考設(shè)計(jì)生產(chǎn)流程。通過本設(shè)計(jì)，可以對(duì)注塑模具有一個(gè)初步的認(rèn)識(shí)，注意到設(shè)計(jì)中的某些細(xì)節(jié)問題，了解模具結(jié)構(gòu)及其工作原理；為以后從事本行業(yè)打下了良好的理論基礎(chǔ)。此次設(shè)計(jì)的過程中查閱了大量的模具設(shè)計(jì)資料，通過模具的設(shè)計(jì)與應(yīng)用，

2、同原有的設(shè)計(jì)方法相比，模具的應(yīng)用提升了產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量，模具整體設(shè)計(jì)的思路和要求符合現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)潮流和未來的發(fā)展方向。關(guān)鍵詞: PC；一模一腔；中心澆口；模具設(shè)計(jì) ABSTRACT base injection mould structure adopts center gate; Selected a mould for four cavity die structure, and selected the medium flow not well PC plastic for filling mold, improve the design compact and practical efficie

3、ncy; PC Based on the analysis of the plastic parts, injection machine selection of the design of the shunt way, Lord, molding parts design calculation of mechanism design, stripping out, and the cooling system design and guide mechanism design, status are given a production of plastics base actual r

4、eference design of the production process.The mould designprocess .Through the design and application of the mold ,the processing technology ，compared with previous technology ,which increase the quality of the product. The overall design mentalityand request conform to the modern design tidal and d

5、evelopment direction of the future.Keywords: pc; plastics base; center gate; mold design. 目 錄一、塑件成型工藝性分析5 1.塑件的分析5 2.注射成型過程6二、擬定模具的結(jié)構(gòu)形式和初選注射機(jī)7 1.分型面位置的確定7 2.注射量的計(jì)算7 3.選擇注射機(jī)8三、澆注系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)9 1.澆注系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)原則9 2.分流道的設(shè)計(jì)10 3.冷料穴的設(shè)計(jì)10四、成型零件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及計(jì)算11 1.成型零件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)11 2.成型零件鋼材的選用12 3.凹模深度尺寸的計(jì)算12五、脫模推出機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)13 1.脫模力的計(jì)算13

6、 2.推出方式的確定13六、排氣槽的設(shè)計(jì)15七、導(dǎo)向與定位機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)16 1.導(dǎo)柱導(dǎo)向機(jī)構(gòu)16八、零件的加工工藝過程17 1.小型芯制造工藝過程：17 2.型腔制造工藝過程17九、設(shè)計(jì)小結(jié)20參考文獻(xiàn)21致謝22 一、 塑件成型工藝性分析 1.塑件的分析 （1）外形尺寸 該塑件壁厚較厚，平均壁厚約為30mm，結(jié)構(gòu)較簡(jiǎn)單，對(duì)稱度好，只需做幾個(gè)型芯即可，塑件為熱塑性塑料，流動(dòng)性差，適于螺桿式注射機(jī)注射成型。(2) 精度等級(jí) 該塑件重要尺寸和次重要尺寸精度等級(jí)均為MT4，由以上分析可見該零件的尺寸精度中等，對(duì)應(yīng)的模具相關(guān)零件的尺寸加工可以保證。(3) 脫模斜度 pc的成型性能良好，成型收縮率較小，其

7、脫模斜度根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)1中表2-19可知型腔的脫模斜度在，型芯的在，pc的流動(dòng)性差，為使注射充型流暢，選擇塑件上型芯和凹模的統(tǒng)一脫模斜度為。 圖1 塑件圖 2.注射成型過程 （1）成型前準(zhǔn)備。對(duì)PC的色澤、粒度和均勻度等進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)，成型前必須預(yù)干燥，水分含量應(yīng)低于0.02%，微量水份在高溫下加工會(huì)使制品產(chǎn)生白濁色澤，銀絲和氣泡。常用方法是循環(huán)鼓風(fēng)干燥，溫度控制是120，時(shí)間812h以上。 （2）注射過程。塑料在注射機(jī)料筒內(nèi)經(jīng)過加熱、塑化達(dá)到流動(dòng)狀態(tài)后，由模具的澆注系統(tǒng)進(jìn)入模具的型腔成型，其過程分為充模、壓實(shí)、保壓、倒流和冷卻五個(gè)階段。 （3）塑件的后處理（退火）。退火處理的方法為紅外線燈、烘箱，處

8、理溫度為100130，處理時(shí)間為2h8h。 二、擬定模具的結(jié)構(gòu)形式和初選注射機(jī) 1.分型面位置的確定 通過對(duì)塑件結(jié)構(gòu)形式的分析，分型面應(yīng)選在塑件截面積最大，且有利 開 模，其位置如圖2所示。圖2 分型面的選擇 2.注射量的計(jì)算通過Pro/E建模分析得塑件質(zhì)量屬性如圖3所示。圖3 塑件質(zhì)量屬性 塑件體積： 塑件質(zhì)量：=1.21745.4=2094.4g 式中，可根據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)3表9-6取為1.20。 3.選擇注射機(jī) 根據(jù)以上計(jì)算得出在一次注射過程中，注入模具型腔的塑料的總體積為=57.6，由參考文獻(xiàn)2式4-18，=/0.8=2269/0.8=2836。根據(jù)以上的計(jì)算，查參考文獻(xiàn)3中表13-1，初步

9、選定公稱注射量為3000，注射機(jī)型號(hào)為XZY-3000的螺桿式注射機(jī)，其主要技術(shù)參數(shù)見表2。技術(shù)指標(biāo)參數(shù)技術(shù)指標(biāo)參數(shù)理論注射量螺桿柱塞直徑/mm注射壓力注射時(shí)間s塑化能力鎖模力/KN噴嘴口直徑/mm3000g/cm31201153.8806308拉桿內(nèi)向距/mm 移模行程/mm最大模具厚度/mm最小模具厚度/mm鎖模形式模具定位孔直徑/mm噴嘴球半徑/mm9008001120680400充壓式25025表2注射機(jī)主要技術(shù)參數(shù) 模具型腔內(nèi)的脹型力，則 =268.540=1074.1kN 式中，是型腔的平均計(jì)算壓力值。是模具型腔內(nèi)的壓力，通常取注射壓力的20%50%，大致范圍在25MPa40MPa

10、。對(duì)于黏度較大的精度較高的塑件制品應(yīng)取較大值。ABS屬于中等黏度塑料切精度要求不高，故將取為40MPa。由表1 可知注射機(jī)的公稱鎖模力是=630kN，鎖模力安全系數(shù)=1.11.2這里取=1.2，則取=1.2=1.21074.1=1289kN所以注射機(jī)鎖模力滿足要求。對(duì)于其它安裝尺寸的校核要等到模架選定，結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸確定后方可進(jìn)行。 三、澆注系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì) 1.澆注系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)原則 所謂注射模的澆注系統(tǒng)，是塑料熔體從注射機(jī)噴嘴射出后達(dá)到型腔之前在模具內(nèi)流經(jīng)的通道。其主要作用是使塑料熔體平穩(wěn)而有序地充填到型腔中，以獲得組織致密、外形輪廓清晰的塑件。它分為普通流道澆注系統(tǒng)和熱流道澆注系統(tǒng)。澆注系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)原則為：

11、 （1）重點(diǎn)考慮型腔布局。 （2）熱量及壓力損失要小，為此澆注系統(tǒng)流程應(yīng)盡可能短，截面尺寸應(yīng)盡可能彎折盡量少，表面粗糙度要低。 （3）均衡進(jìn)料，即分流道盡可能采用平衡式布置。 （4）塑料耗量要少，滿足各型腔充滿的前提下，澆注系統(tǒng)容積盡量小，以減少塑料耗量。 （5）消除冷料，澆注系統(tǒng)應(yīng)能收集溫度較低的“冷料”。 （6）排氣良好。 （7）防止塑件出現(xiàn)缺陷，避免熔體出現(xiàn)充填不足或塑件出現(xiàn)氣孔、縮孔、殘余應(yīng)力。 （8）保證塑件外觀質(zhì)量。 （9）較高的生產(chǎn)效率。 該底座的注塑模具采用普通流道澆注系統(tǒng)，它包括：主流道、分流道、冷料井、澆口。為了滿足塑件外觀質(zhì)量要求, 進(jìn)料澆口開設(shè)在塑件的中間孔的圓環(huán)里。為

12、了降低塑料熔體的壓力和減少熱量損失,流道應(yīng)盡量短,同時(shí)為方便塑件的脫模, 應(yīng)使開模時(shí)塑件滯留于動(dòng)模一側(cè), 然后借助開模力驅(qū)動(dòng)頂出裝置將塑件推出。因?yàn)樗芗捏w積較大，對(duì)稱度高，且中間帶有比主流道直徑大的孔，故該模具可以采用輪輻式澆口。 2.分流道的設(shè)計(jì)為盡量減少在流道內(nèi)的壓力損失和盡可能避免熔體溫度降低，同時(shí)還要考慮減少分流道的容積和壓力平衡，因此采用平衡式分流道。 。3.冷料穴的設(shè)計(jì) 冷料穴位于主流道正對(duì)面的大型芯上，其主要作用是收集熔體前鋒的冷料，防止冷料進(jìn)入模具型腔而影響制品的表面質(zhì)量。本設(shè)計(jì)主流道冷料穴，冷料穴的直徑宜稍大于主流道大端直徑，深度約為直徑的11.5倍。 四、成型零件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)

13、計(jì)及計(jì)算 1.成型零件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) (1)凹模的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)： 凹模是成型制品的外表面的成型零件。按凹模結(jié)構(gòu)的不同可將其分為整體式、整體嵌入式、組合式、和鑲拼式四種。根據(jù)塑件的結(jié)構(gòu)，選用的是整體式凹模，它是由一整塊金屬材料（也稱定模板或凹模板）直接加工而成。其特點(diǎn)是為非穿通式模體，強(qiáng)度好，不易變形。但由于加工困難，故只適用于小型且形狀簡(jiǎn)單的塑件成型。此時(shí)可省去定模座板根據(jù)歲塑件的結(jié)構(gòu)分析，本設(shè)計(jì)采用整體嵌入式凹模，如圖4所示。圖4 整體嵌入式凹模 (2)動(dòng)模凸凹模的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)： 凸凹模通?？梢苑譃檎w式和組合式兩種類型。通過對(duì)塑件的結(jié)構(gòu)分析可知，該塑件的型芯有多個(gè)：一個(gè)是成型塑件的內(nèi)表面的大型芯，因包

14、緊力大所以設(shè)在動(dòng)模部分，另外四個(gè)小型芯設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)也將其放在動(dòng)模部分，如圖5所示；所以總體來說，該動(dòng)模凸凹模的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)屬于組合式。圖5 動(dòng)模凸凹模 2.成型零件鋼材的選用 根據(jù)對(duì)成型塑件的綜合分析，該塑件的成型零件要有足夠的剛度、強(qiáng)度、耐磨性及良好的抗疲勞性能，同時(shí)考慮它的機(jī)械加工性能和拋旋旋旋光性能。又因?yàn)樵撍芗榇笈可a(chǎn)，所以構(gòu)成型腔的凹模鋼材選用45鋼。對(duì)于成型塑件內(nèi)表面的大、小型芯來說，由于脫模時(shí)與塑件的磨損嚴(yán)重，因此鋼材選用40Cr。 3.凹模深度尺寸的計(jì)算 塑件高度方向尺寸的轉(zhuǎn)換： 型腔的最大深度mm，相應(yīng)的制作公差mm，磨損后塑件尺寸變大的尺寸計(jì)算 mm 五、脫模推出機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì) 在注射

15、成型的每一循環(huán)中，都必須使塑件從模具型腔中或型芯上脫出，模具中的這種脫出塑件的機(jī)構(gòu)稱為脫模機(jī)構(gòu)。模具脫模方式按推出零件分：推桿脫模、推管脫模、推件板脫模、推塊脫模、成型零件脫模和多元聯(lián)合式脫模六種。本塑件結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，根據(jù)塑件的結(jié)構(gòu)工藝性可采用推件板推出、推桿推出、或推件板加推桿推出的綜合推出方式，根據(jù)脫模力計(jì)算來確定。1. 脫模力的計(jì)算 （1）32小型芯脫模力因?yàn)?r/t=16/16=110，所以此處視為厚壁圓筒塑件， =1877.1N 式中=0.667 因?yàn)橛兴膫€(gè)小型芯，所以脫模力為1877.14=7508.4 N (2) 總脫模力的大小 F=12834.4+7508.4+4458.3=248

16、01N. 另外考慮肋板收縮等因數(shù)的影響，可以按計(jì)算脫模力乘以一個(gè)不太大的系數(shù)，此處考慮為1.2 ， 所以推出應(yīng)力：=1.2F=29761N 2.推出方式的確定 5.1 推桿材料 推桿的常用材料有鋼、或碳素工具鋼，推桿頭部需淬火處理，硬度在50HRC以上，表面粗糙度在Ra1.6m。 5.2 校核推出應(yīng)力1）推出面積 設(shè)14mm的圓推桿設(shè)置8根，那么推出面積為 =1230.9mm2 ； 2） 推出應(yīng)力 MPa 所以推桿能夠安全推出，不會(huì)出現(xiàn)頂白頂破的可能。上式查文獻(xiàn)3表2-12得=26MPa 為推桿作用在塑件表面上的接觸許用應(yīng)力，大致是該種塑料常溫下拉伸屈服應(yīng)力的1/2。 圖6 推桿六、排氣槽的設(shè)

17、計(jì)在注射成型過程中，模具內(nèi)除了型腔和澆注系統(tǒng)中原有的空氣外，還有塑料受熱或凝固產(chǎn)生的低分子揮發(fā)氣體，這些氣體若不能順利排出，則可能因充填時(shí)氣體被壓縮而產(chǎn)生高溫，引起塑件局部炭化燒焦，或使塑料熔接不良而引起缺陷。注射的排氣方式，大多數(shù)情況下是利用模具分型面或配合間隙自然排氣，只在特殊情況下采用開設(shè)排氣槽的方式。該塑件由于采用中心澆口進(jìn)料熔體經(jīng)塑件由上往下充滿型腔，動(dòng)模凸凹模上有八根推桿，其配合間隙可作為氣體排出方式，不會(huì)在底部產(chǎn)生憋氣現(xiàn)象。同時(shí)，氣體會(huì)沿這分型、型芯和推件板之間的間隙向外排出。 七、導(dǎo)向與定位機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)注射模的導(dǎo)向機(jī)構(gòu)用于動(dòng)模、定模之間的開合模導(dǎo)向和脫模機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)導(dǎo)向。按作用分為

18、模外定位和模內(nèi)定位。模外定位是通過定位圈與注射機(jī)相配合，是模具的澆口套能與注射機(jī)噴嘴精確定位；而模內(nèi)定位機(jī)構(gòu)則通過導(dǎo)柱導(dǎo)套進(jìn)行合模定位。錐面定位則用于動(dòng)、定模之間的精密定位。本模具所成型的塑件比較簡(jiǎn)單，模具定位精度要求不是很高，因此可采用木架本身所自帶的定位機(jī)構(gòu)。 1. 導(dǎo)柱導(dǎo)向機(jī)構(gòu) 模具導(dǎo)柱導(dǎo)向的導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套結(jié)構(gòu)，適用于精度要求高、生產(chǎn)批量大的模具。同時(shí)在設(shè)計(jì)導(dǎo)柱和導(dǎo)套時(shí)還應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)： (1) 導(dǎo)柱應(yīng)合理的均布在模具分型面的四周，導(dǎo)柱中心至模具外緣應(yīng)有足夠的距離，以保證模具的強(qiáng)度。 (2) 導(dǎo)柱的長(zhǎng)度應(yīng)比型芯端面高出68mm，以免型芯進(jìn)入凹模時(shí)與凹模相碰而損壞。 (3) 導(dǎo)柱和導(dǎo)套應(yīng)有足夠

19、的耐磨度和強(qiáng)度，導(dǎo)柱常采用20#低碳鋼經(jīng)滲碳0.50.8 mm,淬火4855HRC,也可用T8A、T10A碳素工具鋼,經(jīng)淬火處理，硬度達(dá)到5055HRC。導(dǎo)套一般采用T10A或者經(jīng)過滲碳處理20鋼，熱處理5055HRC，公差采用6級(jí)。 (4) 除了動(dòng)模、定模之間設(shè)導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套外，一般還在動(dòng)模座板與推反之間設(shè)置導(dǎo)柱和導(dǎo)套，以保證推出機(jī)構(gòu)的下常運(yùn)動(dòng)。 (5) 導(dǎo)柱的直徑應(yīng)根據(jù)模具大小而決定，可參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模架數(shù)據(jù)選取。 八、零件的加工工藝過程1.小型芯制造工藝過程：小型芯如下圖所示： 圖7小型芯工藝過程如下：1、備料：40Cr dL 45200mm圓鋼2、粗車：以左端面為基準(zhǔn)面，用夾心軸和尾針固定圓鋼，

20、先車至dL 42200mm,留余量1至2mm，于離基準(zhǔn)面20毫米處，向右車至dL32.4180mm，留加工余量12毫米，于左端面167.31毫米處， 向右車至dL為1628.38MM，車斷。3、熱處理：退火處理，消除應(yīng)力。4、半精車：車削外圓直徑至實(shí)際尺寸。5、磨削：用心軸裝夾，粗、精磨各外圓至圖紙要求。6、熱處理：進(jìn)行滲碳處理，淬火后硬度為54-58HRC7、拋光。2.型腔制造工藝過程型腔如下圖所示： 圖8凹模工藝過程如下：1.備料： LBh 275275120mm 45號(hào)鋼。2.粗磨：磨外平面至LBh 273273118mm，留余量，保證上下端面不超過0.05。3.劃線:確定下平面距邊緣長(zhǎng)

21、和寬為35.9mm四個(gè)交匯點(diǎn)，并連接相鄰的兩點(diǎn)，在直角處劃出半徑為31mm的圓角。劃出各處投影在平面圓的圓心所在的直線，交點(diǎn)即為圓心。劃出上平面的中心線。4.粗銑：在其中一個(gè)交匯點(diǎn)沿著劃線銑出深度為80mm的型腔，留余量。5.鉆孔：除左端面外在各個(gè)端面圓心先銑出直徑為12mm、深度為13mm的大孔，在距離A平面為90mm和180mm的圓心處鉆直徑為10mm，深度為28mm的盲孔，在上平面中心線的交匯處鉆直徑為30mm的通孔。6.熱處理：淬火，硬度為43-48 HRC7.磨：磨外平面至圖紙實(shí)際要求，并保證A平面與B平面的垂直度。8.精銑：銑內(nèi)型腔，使其粗糙度達(dá)到0.8。9.精鉸：使直徑為30mm

22、的內(nèi)型腔達(dá)到所需精度要求。10、拋光。11.設(shè)計(jì)小結(jié) 通過這次系統(tǒng)的注射模的設(shè)計(jì)，使我對(duì)模具設(shè)計(jì)工作有了更深層次的認(rèn)識(shí)，即：模具不是只為設(shè)計(jì)而設(shè)計(jì)，要統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃，全盤考慮。這次設(shè)計(jì)使我能夠理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際，多方面、多角度地去感知、體會(huì)書本上比較抽象的理論知識(shí)。在指導(dǎo)老師及關(guān)心與幫助下，我的做事效率得到了一定的提高，獨(dú)立思考并解決問題的能力得到了加強(qiáng)，培養(yǎng)了實(shí)際動(dòng)手能力。我更進(jìn)一步的了解了注射模的結(jié)構(gòu)及各工作零部件的設(shè)計(jì)原則和設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)，了解了注射模具設(shè)計(jì)的一般程序。進(jìn)行塑料產(chǎn)品的模具設(shè)計(jì)首先要對(duì)成型制品進(jìn)行分析，再考慮澆注系統(tǒng)、型腔的分布、導(dǎo)向推出機(jī)構(gòu)等后續(xù)工作。通過制品的零件圖就可以了解制品的設(shè)計(jì)要

23、求。對(duì)形態(tài)復(fù)雜和精度要求較高的制品，有必要了解制品的使用目的、外觀及裝配要求，以便從塑料品種的流動(dòng)性、收縮率，透明性和制品的機(jī)械強(qiáng)度、尺寸公差、表面粗糙度、嵌件形式等各方面考慮注射成型工藝的可行性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性。模具的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)要求經(jīng)濟(jì)合理，認(rèn)真掌握各種注射模具的設(shè)計(jì)的普遍的規(guī)律，可以縮短模具設(shè)計(jì)周期，提高模具設(shè)計(jì)的水平。收獲大概可概括為以下幾點(diǎn)：1、 培養(yǎng)了分析問題和解決問題的能力從設(shè)計(jì)的開始，就有意識(shí)地培養(yǎng)自己獨(dú)立思考問題、發(fā)現(xiàn)問題并解決問題的能力。大到模具的整體布局，小到排氣槽的設(shè)置、冷料穴的長(zhǎng)短，都要經(jīng)過認(rèn)真思考，才能拿出相對(duì)比較成熟的方案。2、 鍛煉了實(shí)際動(dòng)手能力在整個(gè)的設(shè)計(jì)過程中，翻閱了大

24、量的文獻(xiàn)資料，參考了大量的書籍，除了獲得設(shè)計(jì)所需的數(shù)據(jù)外，還學(xué)到了其它許多的知識(shí)。更重要的是鍛煉了自己的動(dòng)手能力和借助工具書解決實(shí)際問題的能力。授人以魚，不如授人以漁，我相信這些能力在我今后的工作和生活能定能讓我受益匪淺。3、 繪圖水平得到了提高通過做設(shè)計(jì)這一期間的實(shí)際操作及練習(xí)，學(xué)到了很多具體的繪圖細(xì)節(jié)。譬如：虛線、點(diǎn)畫線的畫法及線條的粗細(xì)；剖線、剖面線的畫法及線條粗細(xì)；標(biāo)題欄的畫法及明細(xì)表的編排、技術(shù)要求等。此外，繪圖的速度也得到了進(jìn)一步的提高，各種快捷鍵的操作也越來越熟練。 參考文獻(xiàn)1 高軍，李熹平，高玉田，褚興榮. 注塑成型工藝分析及模具設(shè)計(jì)M. 北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社. 2009.2

25、葉久新，王群. 塑料成型工藝及模具設(shè)計(jì)M. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社. 2007.3 伍先明，張蓉. 塑料模具設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)M. 北京：國(guó)防工業(yè)出版社. 2006.4 馮炳堯，韓泰榮，蔣文森 . 模具設(shè)計(jì)及制造簡(jiǎn)明手冊(cè)M. 第二版.上海：上?？茖W(xué)技術(shù)出版社. 2002.5 塑料模具設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)編寫組. 塑料模設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)M. 第二版. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社. 1999.6 唐志玉，李德群，徐佩弦. 塑料模具設(shè)計(jì)師指南M. 北京：國(guó)防工業(yè)出版社.1999.7 陳錫棟，周小玉. 實(shí)用模具技術(shù)手冊(cè)M. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社. 2003.8 詹友剛. ProE/ENGINEER 中文野火版5.0模具設(shè)計(jì)教程M. 第二版

26、. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社. 2010.9 馮炳虎，韓泰榮，殷振海，蔣文森.模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造簡(jiǎn)明手冊(cè)M. 上海：上?？茖W(xué)技術(shù)出版社.1991.10 王衛(wèi)衛(wèi). 材料成型設(shè)備M. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社. 2010.致 謝首先要感謝母校多年來對(duì)我的培養(yǎng)和教育，讓我在這幾年的大學(xué)生活里，不僅學(xué)習(xí)了科學(xué)文化知識(shí)，還學(xué)會(huì)了許多為人處世的道理，提高了自己分析問題和解決問題的能力。其次要感謝老師們多年來的辛勤教誨，正是因?yàn)樗麄兊哪冻?，才有我們的今天，特別是要感謝我的指導(dǎo)老師唐田秋副教授，在他的悉心指導(dǎo)和幫助下我才能順利地完成我的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。同時(shí)也要感謝我同窗及好友多年來對(duì)我的關(guān)心和幫助！由于準(zhǔn)備的時(shí)間較為倉促，

27、資料查詢方面不盡全面，本設(shè)計(jì)之中存在許多不足之處，還望各位專家、教授不吝指教。再次謝謝你們！ 為你提供優(yōu)秀的畢業(yè)論文參考資料，請(qǐng)您刪除以下內(nèi)容，O(_)O謝謝！2 Many people have the same mixed feelings when planning a trip during Golden Week. With heaps of time, the seven-day Chinese為你提供優(yōu)秀的畢業(yè)論文設(shè)計(jì)參考資料，請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(_)O謝謝！National Day holiday could be the best occasion to enjoy a d

28、estination. However, it can also be the easiest way to ruin how you feel about a place and you may become more fatigued after the holiday, due to battling the large crowds. During peak season, a dream about a place can turn to nightmare without careful planning, especially if you travel with childre

29、n and older people. As most Chinese people will take the holiday to visit domestic tourist destinations, crowds and busy traffic are inevitable at most places. Also to be expected are increasing transport and accommodation prices, with the possibility that there will be no rooms available. It is als

30、o common that youllwait in the line for one hour to get a ticket, and another two hours at the site, to only see a tiny bit of the place due to the crowds. Last year, 428 million tourists traveled in China over the week-long holiday in October. Traveling during this period is a matter that needs tho

31、rough preparation. If you are short on time to plan the upcoming Golden Week it may not be a bad idea to avoid some of the most crowded places for now. There is always a place so fascinating that everyone yearns for. Arxan is a place like this. The beauty of Arxan is everlasting regardless of the ch

32、anging of four seasons. Bestowed by nature, its spectacular seasonal landscape and mountains are just beyond word. Arxan is a crucial destination for the recommended travelling route, China Inner Mongolia Arxan Hailar Manzhouli. It is also the joint of the four prairies across the Sino-Mongolian bor

33、der, where people gravitate towards the exotic atmosphere mixed with Chinese, Russian, and Mongolia elements. As a historic site for the Yitian Battle, Arxan still embodies the spirit of Genghis Khan. Walking into Arxan, you will be amazed by a kaleidoscope of gorgeous colors all the year round - th

34、e Spring azaleas blooming red in the snow, the Summer sea wavering blue in the breeze, the Autumn leaves painted in yellow covering volcanic traces, and the Winter woods shining white on the vast alpine snowscape. Hinggan League Arxan city is situated in the far eastern area of Inner Mongolia Autono

35、mous Region. Its full name Haren Arxan means hot holy water in the Mongolian language. Arxan is a tourism city in the northern frontier with a blend of large forest, grand prairies, vast snowfield, heaven lake cluster, thermium, as well as volcanic cluster. It is a rare and unique ecotourism base fi

36、lled with healthy sunshine, clean air and unspoiled green. Nestled close to the countrys largest virgin forest, and known for its spring and ecological environment, Arxan is marveled at by many tourists as the purest land on earth. You cannot miss out the Autumn of Arxan. It is definitely the best w

37、ith brightly-colored scenery full of emotions. Autumn in the northern part of the country comes earlier than the South. A September rain followed by the footprints of Autumn brings more colors to the once emerald green mountain and blooming grassland. Shutterbugs flock to see for themselves the marv

38、el of splendid colors around the mountains and waters, many of whom have travel a long distance and even camp here only to capture a moment of the nature wonder. The silver birch turns golden, while the larch is still proudly green. You will find yourself drowned in the intoxicating red of the wild

39、fruits as well as the glamour of flowers in full blown. And your heart will be lingering on the woods as its time for the wild fruits to ripe. The picturesque Arxan in Autumn is indeed a fairyland only exists in a dream that satisfies all your fantasies. If itrains heavily on Saturday night, some el

40、derly Chinese will say it is because Zhinu, or the Weaving Maid, is crying on the day she met her husband Niulang, or the Cowherd, on the Milky Way. Most Chinese remember being told this romantic tragedy when they were children on Qixi, or the Seventh Night Festival, which falls on the seventh day o

41、f the seventh lunar month, which is usually in early August. This year it falls on Saturday, August 2. Folklore Story As the story goes, once there was a cowherd, Niulang, who lived with his elder brother and sister-in-law. But she disliked and abused him, and the boy was forced to leave home with o

42、nly an old cow for company. The cow, however, was a former god who had violated imperial rules and was sent to earth in bovine form. One day the cow led Niulang to a lake where fairies took a bath on earth. Among them was Zhinu, the most beautiful fairy and a skilled seamstress. The two fell in love

43、 at first sight and were soon married. They had a son and daughter and their happy life was held up as an example for hundreds of years in China. Yet in the eyes of the Jade Emperor, the Supreme Deity in Taoism, marriage between a mortal and fairy was strictly forbidden. He ordered the heaven troop

44、to catch Zhinu back. Niulang grew desperate when he discovered Zhinu had been taken back to heaven. Driven by Niulangs misery, the cow told him to turn its hide into a pair of shoes after it died. The magic shoes whisked Niulang, who carried his two children in baskets strung from a shoulder pole, o

45、ff on a chase after the empress. The pursuit enraged the empress, who took her hairpin and slashed it across the sky creating the Milky Way which separated husband from wife. But all was not lost as magpies, moved by their love and devotion, formed a bridge across the Milky Way to reunite the family

46、. Even the Jade Emperor was touched, and allowed Niulang and Zhinu to meet once a year on the seventh night of the seventh month. This is how Qixi came to be. The festival can be traced back to the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Traditionally, people would look up at the sky and find a bright star in

47、the constellation Aquila as well as the star Vega, which are identified as Niulang and Zhinu. The two stars shine on opposite sides of the Milky Way. Customs In bygone days, Qixi was not only a special day for lovers, but also for girls. It is also known as the Begging for Skills Festival or Daughte

48、rs Festival. In this day, girls will throw a sewing needle into a bowl full of water on the night of Qixi as a test of embroidery skills. If the needle floats on top of the water instead of sinking, it proves the girl is a skilled embroiders. Single women also pray for finding a good husband in the

49、future. And the newly married women pray to become pregnant quickly. Tradition transformed The love story of Niulang and Zhinu, and the Qixi Festival have been handed down for generations. Yet these ancient traditions and customs are slowly dying out. Many modern Chinese, particularly youngsters, se

50、em to know more about St Valentines Day on February 14, characterized by bouquets of roses, chocolates and romantic candlelight dinners, than they do about their home-grown day for lovers. Even Qixi is nowadays referred to as the Chinese Valentines Day. More and more young Chinese people begin to ce

51、lebrate this day in a very similar way as that in western countries. Fewer people than ever will gaze at the heavens on Saturday to pick out the two stars shining bright on either side of the Milky Way, that is, if people even know on which day Qixi falls. There are ready reminders dotted about, in

52、the form of big ads saying Sales on Chinese Valentines Day! in shops, hotels and restaurants. But few young women will mark the festival with their boyfriends, or take part in traditional activities to pray for cleverness. A large-scale of exhibition on the Silk Road opened to the public in the Nati

53、onal Museum on Thursday. The exhibition displays more than 400 treasures from Shaanxi province, Gansu province and 14 other regions. It is largest scale exhibition that shows the history of the Silk Road in recent years. AsAPECis going on in Beijing, the exhibit aims to show the world this brilliant section of history. The Silk Road is a series of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent. It connected the West and East by linking traders, merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urb