直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)用法講解

1、直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)用法講解一、概述引用或轉(zhuǎn)述別人說(shuō)的話(huà)時(shí)有兩種方法：直接引述別人的原話(huà)，這叫做直接引語(yǔ)(direct speech)。用自己的話(huà)轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話(huà)，叫間接引語(yǔ)(indirect speech)。一般地講，直接引語(yǔ)前后要加引號(hào)，間接引語(yǔ)不用引號(hào)，而用賓語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表達(dá)。Mr. Black said, “I'm busy.”布菜克先生說(shuō)：“我很忙”。（直接引語(yǔ)）Mr. Black said that he was busy.布菜克先生說(shuō)他很忙。（賓語(yǔ)從句是間接引語(yǔ)）從上例看來(lái)，直接引語(yǔ)改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),除將直接引語(yǔ)改為賓語(yǔ)從句之外，還須對(duì)直接引語(yǔ)中的人稱(chēng)和時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的變化，如上例直接

2、引語(yǔ)中的I改成了he, am則改成了was。現(xiàn)將由直接引語(yǔ)改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題,分述如下：二、直接引語(yǔ)是陳述句時(shí)直接引語(yǔ)如果是陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，用連詞that引導(dǎo)（that在口語(yǔ)中常省去），that從句之前用say、tell等動(dòng)詞，從句中的人稱(chēng)、時(shí)態(tài)、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等要作相應(yīng)的變化。1、   人稱(chēng)的變化直接引語(yǔ)改為間接引語(yǔ)人稱(chēng)要相應(yīng)的變化?？谠E如下：一隨主，二隨賓，第三人稱(chēng)不更新。“一隨主”即把直接引語(yǔ)中的第一人稱(chēng)(如：I，me，my，mine，we，us，our，ours)變?yōu)榕c主句的主語(yǔ)相一致的人稱(chēng)?！岸S賓”即把直接引語(yǔ)中的第二人稱(chēng)(you，

3、your，yours)變?yōu)楹椭骶涞拈g接賓語(yǔ)(即聽(tīng)話(huà)人，如無(wú)聽(tīng)話(huà)人，可根據(jù)上下文的體會(huì)人為確定一個(gè)人稱(chēng))相一致的人稱(chēng)?！暗谌朔Q(chēng)不更新”即直接引語(yǔ)中的第三人稱(chēng)(he，him，his，she，her，hers,it，its,they,their，theirs，them)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，人稱(chēng)不變。一隨主： He said , “I like it very much.” 他說(shuō)：“我非常喜歡它”。He said that he liked it very much. 他說(shuō)他非常喜歡它。(I改為he, it不變)They said ,”our parents often go shopping with

4、 us.”They said their parents often go shopping with them.二隨賓: He said, “You told me this story.”他說(shuō)：“你給我講過(guò)這個(gè)故事?！?#160;He said that I had told him that story.他說(shuō)我給他講過(guò)那個(gè)故事。(You改為I, me改為him, told改為had told)She said to Mary ,”How is your brother now?”She asked Mary how her brother was then.第三人稱(chēng)不更新:He said

5、 to me, “Shes left her book in your room”.他對(duì)我說(shuō)：“她把書(shū)放在你的房間里去了。”直接引語(yǔ)間接引語(yǔ)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)(不變)一般將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)一般將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)一般將來(lái)完成時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)He told me that she had left her book in my room. 他對(duì)我說(shuō)她把書(shū)放在我的房間里去了。（Shesshe had， her不變，yourmy）Mr White said,”Hand is a good worker.”Mr Whi

6、te said Hand was a good worker.2、   時(shí)態(tài)的變化直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的時(shí)態(tài)要作出相應(yīng)的變化，當(dāng)主句為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句可以是任何時(shí)態(tài)；當(dāng)主句為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句必須為過(guò)去時(shí)的某個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。即“主過(guò)從過(guò)，主現(xiàn)從任”。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞也要變成相應(yīng)的過(guò)去式：Cancould；may might；must must/had to（1）主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)如主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)方面要作相應(yīng)的變化。直接引語(yǔ)改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)相應(yīng)變化表：He said, “I usually watch TV on

7、Sunday.”他說(shuō)：“我常在星期天看電視”。He said that he usually watched TV on Sunday.他說(shuō)他常在星期天看電視。He said, “I'm using the knife.”他說(shuō)：“我正在用小刀?！盚e said that he was using the knife.他說(shuō)他正在用小刀。She said, “I have not heard from him since May.”她說(shuō)：“自從五月份來(lái)我就沒(méi)有收到他的來(lái)信?！盨he said that she had not heard from him since May. 她說(shuō)自從五月

8、份以來(lái)她就沒(méi)收到他的來(lái)信。He said，“I came to help you.”他說(shuō)：“我來(lái)幫助你。”He said that he had come to help me.他說(shuō)他來(lái)幫助我。He said, “I had finished my homework before supper.”他說(shuō)：“晚飯前我己做完了作業(yè)?！盚e said that he had finished his homework before supper.他說(shuō)晚飯前他己做完了作業(yè)。Zhou Lan said, “I'll do it after class.”周蘭說(shuō)：“下課后我就去做。”Zhou Lan

9、 said that she would do it after class.周蘭說(shuō)下課后她就去做。He said,“I shall be doing my homework then.”他說(shuō)：“那時(shí)我將正在做作業(yè)?！盚e said that he should be doing his homework then.他說(shuō)那時(shí)他將正在做作業(yè)。He said, “We shall have finished the work by that time.”他說(shuō)：“我們將在那時(shí)以前完成工作?！盚e said that they should have finished the work by that

10、 time.他說(shuō)他們將在那時(shí)以前完成工作。注意：直接引語(yǔ)如果是客觀真理、名人名言、與一個(gè)具體的過(guò)去時(shí)間連用說(shuō)明客觀事實(shí)時(shí)，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。The teacher said, “The earth is round. ”老師說(shuō)：“地球是圓的?！盩he teacher said that the earth is  round.老師說(shuō)地球是圓的。He said, “I was born in Shangdong in 1965.” 他說(shuō): “我1965年生于山東。”He said that he was born in Shangdong in 1965. 他說(shuō)他19

11、65年生于山東。He said, “Columbus discovered America in 1492.”他說(shuō)：“哥倫布在1492年發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲。”He said Columbus discovered America in 1492.他說(shuō)哥倫布在1492年發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲。（2）主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)，直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)一律不變He says, “I finished the work.”他說(shuō)：“我做完工作了?！盚e says that he finished the work. 他說(shuō)他做完工作了。He will say, “I have wa

12、tered the flowers.” 他會(huì)說(shuō)：“我己經(jīng)澆花了?！盚e will say he has watered the flowers. 他會(huì)說(shuō)他己經(jīng)澆花了。3、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的相應(yīng)變化 見(jiàn)下表： 直接引語(yǔ)間接引語(yǔ)指示代詞this/thesethat/those時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)nowthentodaythat daytonightthat nightthis week (month)that week (month)yesterdaythe day beforelast week (month)the week (month)beforetwo weeks (

13、month)agotwo weeks (months)beforetomorrowthe next daynext week (month)the next week (month)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)herethere動(dòng)    詞comegobringtakeHe said, “I met Mr. Smith this morning.”他說(shuō)“我今天早晨見(jiàn)到史密斯了?！盚e said that he had met Mr. Smith that morning. 他說(shuō)他那天早晨見(jiàn)到史密斯了。He said, “We went to the cinema yesterday.

14、” 他說(shuō)：“我們昨天去電影院了。”He said they had gone to the cinema the day before. 他說(shuō)前一天他們?nèi)ル娪霸毫?。Lily said, “I will come back next month.” 莉莉說(shuō)：“我下個(gè)月回來(lái)?！盠ily said that she would go back the next month. 莉莉說(shuō)她下一個(gè)月就回去。He said, “It is nine o'clock now.”他說(shuō)：“現(xiàn)在九點(diǎn)了。”He said that it was nine o'clock then.他說(shuō)那時(shí)九點(diǎn)了。He

15、said, “I haven't seen her today.”他說(shuō)：“今天我沒(méi)見(jiàn)到她?！盚e said that he hadn't seen her that day .他說(shuō)那天他沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到她。She said, “I went there yesterday.”她說(shuō)：“昨天我去了那兒?！盨he said that she had gone there the day before.她說(shuō)前一天她去了那兒。She said, “I'll go there tomorrow.”她說(shuō)：“明天我將去那兒?！盨he said that she would go there t

16、he next day.她說(shuō)第二天她將去那兒。He said, “My sister was here three days ago.”他說(shuō)：“三天前我妹妹在這兒?！盚e said that his sister had been there three days before.他說(shuō)三天前他妹妹在那兒。(herethere; agobefore)She said, “I will come here this evening.”她說(shuō)：“今晚我將來(lái)這兒?！盨he said that she would go there that evening.她說(shuō)那晚她將去那兒。（comego；herethe

17、re；thisthat）以上這些變化,要根據(jù)說(shuō)話(huà)的具體時(shí)間和具體地點(diǎn)的情況而定，不可機(jī)械照搬。如果就在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述，here就不必改為there, come也不必改為go,如果就在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述，yesterday或tomorrow等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)也不必改變。直接引語(yǔ)中的一般過(guò)去時(shí)如與一個(gè)具體的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，間接引語(yǔ)的一般過(guò)去時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)不變。Father said,“I am free this afternoon ”父親說(shuō)：“我今天下午有空。”Father said that he was free this afternoon. 父親說(shuō)他今天下午有空。He said, “I am going there

18、tomorrow.”他說(shuō)“我明天去那里?！盚e said that he was going there tomorrow. 他說(shuō)他明天去那里。巧記: 當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)為陳述句，主句為過(guò)去時(shí)，變成間接引語(yǔ)的“順口溜”是：去掉引號(hào)加that，人稱(chēng)變化要靈活，時(shí)態(tài)向后退一步，狀語(yǔ)變化按規(guī)定。She said ,”My brother doesnd want to go there.”She said that her brother didnt want to come here.三、直接引語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)句時(shí)直接引語(yǔ)如為疑問(wèn)句，改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，須將疑問(wèn)句的語(yǔ)序改為陳述句的語(yǔ)序。其人稱(chēng)、時(shí)態(tài)等相應(yīng)的變化同上。巧

19、記：if(或whether)替引號(hào)，陳述語(yǔ)序要記牢。時(shí)態(tài)、人稱(chēng)和狀語(yǔ)要變化，千萬(wàn)別把它忘掉。1、直接引語(yǔ)是一般問(wèn)句變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，須用連接詞whether或if將其引出，使其成為間接引語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如果主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為said，則將其改為asked。如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后沒(méi)有間接賓語(yǔ)，可以加上一個(gè)間接賓語(yǔ)me, him, her, them, us等。She said, “Is your father an engineer?” 她說(shuō)：“你父親是工程師嗎?”She asked me whether my father was an engineer.她問(wèn)我說(shuō)我父親是否是工程師。The te

20、acher said to Li Ming, “Have you finished your homework?”老師對(duì)李明說(shuō)：“你做完作業(yè)了嗎?” The teacher asked Li Ming whether he had finished his homework.老師問(wèn)李明是否已做完作業(yè)了。2、直接引語(yǔ)是特殊問(wèn)句如果直接引語(yǔ)為特殊疑問(wèn)句, 改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，仍用特殊疑問(wèn)句中的疑問(wèn)詞what, where, when, who, how many作為連接詞將其引出，構(gòu)成間接引語(yǔ)中的賓語(yǔ)從句，但須將疑問(wèn)式的動(dòng)詞改為陳述式。如果主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為said，則將其改為asked。巧記：直接去

21、引號(hào)，陳述語(yǔ)序莫忘掉。助動(dòng)do(does)、did，要去掉?！癢hat do you do every Sunday morning?”my friend said to me.我的朋友問(wèn)我說(shuō)，每星期天上午你做什么? My friend asked me what I did every Sunday morning. 我的朋友問(wèn)我每星期天上午我做什么。“Where have you been, Li Ming?”the teacher asked. 老師問(wèn)道：“你上哪里去了，李明?” The teacher asked Li Ming where he had been. 老師問(wèn)李明曾去過(guò)哪

22、兒。I asked her, “How many English books will you read next term?” 我問(wèn)她說(shuō)：“下學(xué)期你將讀多少本英語(yǔ)書(shū)? ” I asked her how many English books she would read the next term.我問(wèn)她下學(xué)期將讀多少本英文書(shū)?！癢hen did you get up this morning?”asked my father.我父親問(wèn)道：“今天早晨你什么時(shí)候起床的?” My father asked me when I had got up that morning. 我父親問(wèn)我那天早晨我

23、是什么時(shí)候起床的。注意： 直接引語(yǔ)里是：What's wrong with?/What's the matter? /What's the trouble?/What has happened?/等特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí),間接引語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)序不變。He said to her“Whats the matter with you?”他問(wèn)她“你怎么了？”He asked her what was the matter with her. 他問(wèn)她怎么了。四、直接引語(yǔ)是祈使句當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)是祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)要用”tell sb. (not) to do sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)。The teacher

24、said to her mother ,”P(pán)lease give me the book.”The teacher told her mother to give her the book.巧記：去掉引號(hào)要加to；ask，order須記住，直引若是否定式，not加在to前部。轉(zhuǎn)述祈使句時(shí)，要使祈使句的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閹o的不定式，并在不定式的前面根據(jù)句子的意思加上tell、ask、order等動(dòng)詞，如果祈使句為否定式，在不定式的前面加not。如果祈使句中有please一詞,改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，就將please去掉。成為：told (asked, ordered, warned)someone (no

25、t) to do something結(jié)構(gòu)。He said,“Sit down, please.” 他說(shuō)：“請(qǐng)坐。”He asked me to sit down. 他讓我坐下。The teacher said, “Dont talk in class! ” 老師說(shuō)：“上課不要講話(huà)! ” The teacher told us not to talk in class!老師要我們上課不要講話(huà)。The captain  said to his men,“Fire! ”上尉對(duì)他的士兵們說(shuō)“開(kāi)火！”The captain ordered his men to fire. 上尉命令他的士兵們開(kāi)

26、火！The policeman said to the children,“Don't play football in the middle of the street.”警察對(duì)孩子們說(shuō)：“別在馬路中間踢足球。”The policeman warned the children not to play football in the middle of the street.警察警告孩子們不要在馬路中間踢足球。五、點(diǎn)擊考點(diǎn)I.改錯(cuò)：1.He said that he is going to London.2.Tom said they had finished the job yes

27、terday.3.She asked me dont smoke in the room.4.They asked that he was there.5.I asked you where was he going.6.The teacher told us not talk any more.7.The doctor said to his wife, Not wait for me.8.He asked me who I am.9.Mary said that she would see you tomorrow.10.Mother asked what the matter

28、was.II.將下列句子改為間接引語(yǔ)1. “Where will you go tomorrow?”, Mother asked me.2.The old woman said to me, “Please lock the door for me.”3.The boy told his teacher, “We went to an exhibition yesterday.”4.He said, “I'll go to the station to see off a friend of mine this afternoon.”5. “Hello,how are you?”, he said to me.6.Tom said to me angrily, “Why dont you tell me you have been here for two weeks?”7.John said to Mary,“Do you remember I borrowed a diamond necklace from you?”8.The teacher said to Li Ming,“Dont make the same mistake again.”9. “Are you