托福閱讀長句解析(帶翻譯)

1、1.Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than atthe Earth s surface，the deep ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in someways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space(定語后置 in some ways )由于完全沒有光， 而且承受著比在地球表面大數(shù)百倍的極大壓力，深海底部對人類而言是一個充滿敵意的環(huán)

2、境，在某些方面就像外層空間一樣險惡和遙遠。Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth s surface原因狀語the deep ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans主句in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space后置定語，修飾 a hostileenvironment to humans整個句子結(jié)

3、構(gòu)是：原因狀語 + 主句 + 后置定語這是一個主句前后分別有狀語和定語的修飾成分， 但是不是復合句。 句子的核心意思是深海對于人類而言是一個充滿敵意的環(huán)境。2.Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is thecountry's impressive population growth(倒裝結(jié)構(gòu) Basic to any understanding is )要理解二戰(zhàn)之后20 年中的加拿大，就必須了解該國驚人的人口增長。該句的正常語序是The country'

4、;s impressive population growth is basic to anyunderstanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War本句是一個簡單句，只不過使用了倒裝，謂語動詞是is.3.As a result ， claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have beco

5、me widelypublicized and form the basis for folklore(同位語從句claims that)本句的主句結(jié)構(gòu)是claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore.那些觀點廣為人知，并成為一些民間說法的基礎。同位語從句是that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents orcures disease or provides other benefits to healt

6、h：只食用綠色食品就能防治疾病或增進健康本句的機構(gòu)是主句內(nèi)部嵌套一個同位語從句，結(jié)果，那些認為只食用綠色食品就能防治疾病或增進健康的觀點廣為人知， 并成為一些民間說法的基礎。14.There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior tosynthetic ones ， that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs， thatuntreated grains are better than fumiga

7、ted grains and the like(并列同位語從句 reports that，that ，that )關于天然維生素優(yōu)于人造維生素， 受精蛋比未受精蛋的營養(yǎng)價值更高， 未經(jīng)熏蒸消毒處理的谷物比經(jīng)過處理的好等等報道屢見不鮮，但都沒有得到證實。5·The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North ， though less spectacularly (同位語從句 fact that )南方極為嚴重

8、的困境使北方同樣需要開始重建( 盡管不像南方那么引人注目)這一事實顯得不太重要。6·The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparkedan explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl(賓語從句 what we now know as)現(xiàn)在可以獲得這些環(huán)繞幾乎每個大城市邊緣地區(qū)的土地，這一可能性激發(fā)了一場房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)的熱潮并造成了我們現(xiàn)在稱為城區(qū)無計劃擴

9、展的現(xiàn)象。7.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth (Of 結(jié)構(gòu)作定語： of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs )但這些因素并不能解釋這個有趣的問

10、題： 為何在一個特定的地點會如此集中地出現(xiàn)即將臨產(chǎn)的懷孕魚龍群。8.Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknownregion and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles inextent ， the two captains set out(同位語從句 rumors that)當時有一些傳言， 說有史前的猛犸在這一陌生的區(qū)域活動， 而且在這一區(qū)域的某個地方有一座巨大的鹽石山，其面積

11、達 80 英里長 50 英里寬。就在這些傳言中，兩位上尉出發(fā)了。9. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord， and the harpsichord became thechief instruments of the keyboard group， a supremacy they maintained until the pianosupplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century(同位語 a supremacy)17 世紀時風琴、敲弦琴和撥弦琴成為鍵盤樂器類的主要成員

12、，這種至高無上的地位一直由它們保持，直到 18 世紀末被鋼琴所取代。10 A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century,2including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of ametal frame and steel wire of the finest quality，finally produced an instrument capable ofmyr

13、iad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness ofsound ， from a liquid， singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance(介詞結(jié)構(gòu) from to 作定語 )持續(xù)到 19 世紀的一系列機械上的改進，包括引入踏板以維持音調(diào)或使其柔和，改善金屬框架，以及使用最佳牲能的鋼絲，最終產(chǎn)生了一種具備無數(shù)音調(diào)效果的樂器這些效果涵蓋了從最精致的和聲到幾乎全部的管弦樂音響， 從明快流暢的吟唱音調(diào)到尖銳的打擊樂器的恢弘氣氛。1

14、1 The largest 。 later named Pueblo Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish, rose in five terraced stories ，contained more than 800 rooms ，and could have housed a population of 1， 000 or more (虛擬語氣 )最大的一座后來被西班牙人稱為Pueblo Bonito(美麗的城鎮(zhèn) )，是一個五層梯式樓，有800多問房子，能夠容納1 000 人以上。12 Accustomed though we are to speaking

15、of the films made before 1927 as， the “ silent”film has never been， in the full sense of the word, silent(倒裝 accustomed though we are =though we are accustomed)雖然我們習慣于將 1927 年以前的電影叫做 “無聲電影 ”，但是就 “無聲 這個詞的完整意義上說，電影從未真正的無聲過。13.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested en

16、tirely inthe hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra， and very often the principalqualification far holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership ofa large personal library of musical pieces(特殊結(jié)構(gòu) not SO much as與其說 不如說 )在好些年內(nèi)， 為各部影片選擇配樂的權力完全掌握在樂隊指揮或隊長手中，而通常擔任這種職位的資

17、格與其說是技巧或鑒賞品位，不如說是個人擁有音樂作品的豐富收藏。14·Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been agrowing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity，the number of species in aparticular ecosystem ，to the health of the Earth and human well-being(倒裝 coincident w

18、ith concerns has been = has been coincident with concerns)在對物種和動物棲息地加速消失表示關注的同時，人們也越來越認識到生物多樣化，即一個特定生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中物種的數(shù)量對地球的健康以及人類幸福的重要性。15.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forestsdoes not seem surprising ，considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise

19、 the bulk of the species (同位語從句 fact that；定語從句 that comprise the bulk)考慮到組成大部分物種的昆蟲的巨大數(shù)量， 認為半數(shù)的已知物種棲息在世界的雨林中這一事實看起來并不令人吃驚。316.To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea， it helps to thinksmall (特殊結(jié)構(gòu) it helps to做有幫助 )要充分認識海洋生命的多樣性和豐富性，從小的角度思考有幫助。1 7.Science is built with facts

20、 just as a house is built with bricks， but a collection of factscannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house(特殊結(jié)構(gòu) not any more than像 一樣不 )科學建立在事實上，就像房子用磚砌成一樣。但收集的事實不能被叫做科學，就像一堆磚不能被稱為房子一樣。18.The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body i

21、s usedto perform specific activities(從句 which side is used作corresponds to的賓語兩個半球之間的不同與身體的哪一部分用于進行特定的活動是對應的。19.In a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition byauthors such as John Barth ，Donald Barthelme ，and Thomas Pynchon, Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times d

22、eterminedly old-fashioned in her insistence OD the essentiallymimetic quality of her fiction (特殊結(jié)構(gòu) characterized by以為特征 )盡管處于一個以拋棄大量現(xiàn)實主義傳統(tǒng)(以作家約翰 ·巴思、 唐納德 ·巴塞爾姆和托馬斯品欽為代表 )為特征的時代， 喬伊斯 ·卡羅爾 ·歐茨因為堅持自己小說本質(zhì)上模仿的特點， 有時候看起來是一個堅定的守舊派。20 If it were not for this faculty， they would devour al

23、l the food available in short timeand would probably starve themselves out of existence(虛擬語氣 )如果不是具有這種能力， 它們就會在短時間內(nèi)吞掉所有能得到的食物，而且很可能會因餓死而滅絕。21 Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures， as are social classes (倒裝 as are social classes)個人主義和社會階層在民間文化群體中的發(fā)展十分薄弱。22 People in the United States in

24、 the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospectthat unprecedented change in the nation's economy would bring social chaos(同位語從句 prospect that)19 世紀的美國人因為害怕國家經(jīng)濟中史無前例的變化會帶來社會混亂這一前景而提心吊膽。23 Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing economic diversification and a

25、 gradual shift in the nation's labor force from agriculture to4manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits(倒裝 Accompanying that growth was a structural change that =A structuralchange was accompanying that growth)伴隨著這一增長的是一個結(jié)構(gòu)變化， 它以經(jīng)濟的不斷多樣化和國家勞動力從農(nóng)業(yè)到制造業(yè)和其他非農(nóng)業(yè)職業(yè)的逐漸轉(zhuǎn)化為特征。24 As the roles men a

26、nd women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did theroles they played in the home(倒裝 so did)隨著男人和女人在社會中扮演的角色被限定得更加嚴格，他們在家中的角色也是如此。25.Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals， sometimes easilyrecognizable as such，often distorted into gorgeous，weird ，but always functional

27、 shapes(倒裝 Surrounding the column are)圍繞著蕊柱的是三個萼片和三個花瓣，有時很容易辨認出來，但經(jīng)常被扭成華麗、奇特但總是有用的形狀。26 With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it ， young people married and established households earlier andbegan to raise larger families than had their pre

28、decessorsduring the Depression(倒裝 than had their predecessors比較結(jié)構(gòu)的第二部分 )隨著二戰(zhàn)帶來的持續(xù)繁榮以及隨之而來的經(jīng)濟增長，年輕人比大蕭條中的同齡人結(jié)婚成家更早，而且養(yǎng)育的家庭比他們的前輩更大。27The railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature；furthermore，in its manifestationof speed and noise ， it might be a despoiler of human nature as well(關聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu) could be a

29、nd was)鐵路可以， 事實上也是自然的掠奪者；而且， 在其速度和噪音的表現(xiàn)上也可能是人性的掠奪者。28 In the railroads' prime years，between 1 890 and 1920，there were a few individualsin the United States， most of them with solid railroading experience behind them， whomade a profession of writing about railroading-works offering the ambience o

30、f stations，yards ， and locomotive cabs(同位語 most of them ；定語從句 who made a profession of writing)在 1890 年到 1920 年間鐵路的黃金時期，美國有幾個人(他們大多有豐富的鐵路經(jīng)驗)以寫鐵路題材為職業(yè)作品圍繞車站、停車場和機車。29 On the other hand ， when it comes to substantive-particularly behavioral-information ，crows are less well known than many comparably c

31、ommonspecies and ，for that matter，not a few quite uncommon ones：the endangered Californiacondor ， to cite one obvious example(特殊結(jié)構(gòu) for that matter)另一方面， 當涉及實質(zhì)性的， 特別是行為方面的信息時， 烏鴉就不如許多比較而言很普通的鳥類那樣為人所知； 而且，也不如許多很不尋常的鳥類， 舉一個明顯的例子，如像瀕危的加5利福尼亞大禿鷲那樣為人所知。30 Keen observers and quick learners， they are astute

32、 about the intentions of othercreatures ， including researchers， and adept at avoiding them(并列同位語 keen observers and quick learners)烏鴉是敏銳的觀察家和快捷的學習者，它們對其他生物(包括研究人員 ) 的意圖感覺非常敏銳，并且善于躲開它們。31 These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable toolnot only of science but also

33、of history， providing flesh insights into the daily lives ofordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented(賓語從句 demonstrate that；特殊結(jié)構(gòu) otherwise)這些研究人員已經(jīng)力圖證實他們的工作不僅可以成為科學而且還是歷史的寶貴工具，為了解普通人的日常生活提供嶄新的觀點，否則這些普通人的生存狀態(tài)不可能被記載得這么好。32 Legend has it that sometime toward the end of

34、the Civil War(1861-1865)agovernment train carrying oxen traveling through the northern plains of easternWyoming was caught in a snowstorm and had to be abandoned(特殊結(jié)構(gòu) Legend has it that =There is a legend that)傳說在內(nèi)戰(zhàn) (1861-1865) 快結(jié)束的某個時候，一列載著牛群的政府的火車在穿過懷俄明州東部的北部平原時遇到了暴風雪，因此不得不被遺棄。33 It is a lifelong

35、process ， a process that starts long before the start of school and onethat should be an integral part of one's entire life(并列同位語 a process that，and one that)教育是一個終生的過程， 早在人們上學之前就開始了。 它應成為人的一生中不可缺少的一部分。34 Life's transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an evolutionary chall

36、enge as was the genesis of life (特殊結(jié)構(gòu) as much as；倒裝 as was the genesis of life)生命從海洋到陸地的過渡可能是一個像生命起源那樣的進化挑戰(zhàn)。35 In agriculture， the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grainelevators ，the cotton presses，the warehouses ，and the commodity exchanges that seemedto so many of the nation'

37、s farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them(特殊結(jié)構(gòu) marked by ；定語從句 that seemed the visible sign)在農(nóng)業(yè)上，這一變化的標志是谷物升降機、皮棉打包機廠、貨棧和商品交換的出現(xiàn),對全國的眾多農(nóng)民來說它們是反對農(nóng)民的大陰謀的明顯標志。36 And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presided over what were essentially

38、 handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single building (where 引導定語從句； what 引導的從句作 presided over的賓語 )6仍然有像金屬制造廠一類的工廠， 在那里個體承包商管理在同一幢樓里的本質(zhì)上是手工藝品所有人的工場。37 But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to4.5 million in 1900 to 8 4 million in 1920 the numbe

39、r of huge plants like the BaldwinLocomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned， as did the size of the average plant(倒裝結(jié)構(gòu) as did)但隨著制造業(yè)中掙工資的人數(shù)從1880 年的 270 萬上升到 1900 年的 450 萬到 1920 年的 840萬，像費城的包德溫機車工廠這樣的大型工廠的數(shù)量也大幅增加，同時普通工廠的規(guī)模也劇增。38 What we today call American folk art was， indeed, art of, by, and for or

40、dinary,everyday “ folks ” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds and especially for portraits (what引導的從句作主語；介詞結(jié)構(gòu) (art)of ，by ，and for所有、所創(chuàng)和所享的 (藝術 )我們今天所稱的美國民間藝術確實是被普通民眾所有、 所創(chuàng)和所享的藝術。 隨著日漸繁榮和不斷增加的空閑，這些民眾為各種藝術，尤其是肖像藝術創(chuàng)造了一個市場。39 But in the heyday of portrait

41、painting-from the late eighteenth century until the 1850 sanyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner as such a portraitist was called.(as 引導方式狀語從句 )但是在肖像畫的全盛期從 18 世紀晚期一直到19 世紀 50 年代 任何一個稍有藝術能力的人都能夠成為一個繪畫者(人們當時就是這樣稱呼一個肖像畫家的) 。40 The sculptural legacy that the new United States in

42、herited from its colonialpredecessors was far from a rich one，and in fact ，in 1776 sculpture as an art form was stillin the hands of artisans and craftspeople(并列句；特殊結(jié)構(gòu)far from)新生的美國從其殖民地時期的先輩那里繼承的雕塑遺產(chǎn)遠遠談不上豐富，而且，實際上在1776 年雕塑作為 種藝術形式仍然掌握在手藝人和工匠的手里。41 0n the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture

43、 was desired，Americans turned toforeign sculptors ， as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina ， commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues ofWilliam Pitt(句子主干是 Americans turned to foreign sculptors；兩個 when 都引導定語從句：occasionwhen ，1770's w

44、hen ；as(in the 1770's)的意思是 “正如 ”)在少數(shù)情況下，當需要一件精美的雕刻品時，就像1770 年紐約與南卡羅來納的查爾斯頓城委托英國人約瑟夫·威爾頓制造威廉·皮特的大理石雕像一樣，美國人求助于外國人。42 Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisansoriginally trained asstonemasons ，carpenters ，or cabinetmakers-attacked the medium from which they were to make the

45、ir images ， and one understands more fully the development of sculpture7made in the United States in the late eighteenth century(add to this the timidity =add the timidity為祈to使this句，相當于一個條件句：if oneadds to this the timidity)這個再加上沒有受過學校教育的藝人他們最初是被訓練為石匠、木匠或家具木工的對待他們要制作成雕像的媒介物的膽怯，使人更充分地了解 18 世紀晚期美國雕刻藝術的

46、發(fā)展。43 Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, whichwould involve the expenditure of water and energy， desert mammals allow theirtemperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height，and temperatures as high as46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant'

47、s gazelles(what引導的從句作 rise to 的賓語 )沙漠哺乳動物并不試圖將體溫控制得很低，因為這么做將會涉及水和能量的消耗，而是允許體溫上升到平常是高燒的溫度有人在格蘭特羚羊身上曾測到高達46 攝氏度的體溫。44 Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent.(whereby=by which，引導定語從句，表示手段 )租金管制是政府借以告訴房主他們可以收取多少租金的系統(tǒng)。4

48、5 They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's， which ， combined with California'srapid population growth， pushed housing prices，as well as rents, to record levels(which引導非限定性定語從句 )它們受到了 20 世紀 70 年代通貨膨脹的刺激，這次通貨膨脹與加利福尼亞人口的迅速增長結(jié)合在一起，將房價與租金推到了創(chuàng)紀錄的水平。46 Implicit in it is an aesthetic princip

49、le as well：that the medium has certain qualities ofbeauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their own aestheticsensibilities into harmony(倒裝結(jié)構(gòu) Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well=An aesthetic principleis implicitin it as well，that 引導的句子做 principle的同位語 )其中也蘊涵一個美學原則：用于雕刻的

50、媒介物有一定的美和富于表現(xiàn)力的特性，雕刻家必須使他們自己的審美感與這些特性融為和諧的體。47 With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditionalsources of inspiration ，such as wooden African figures and masks，there arose a new urgefor hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium(there arose是一個存

51、在句 )隨著世紀之交的手工藝運動和非傳統(tǒng)靈感源泉( 像非洲形體和面具)的發(fā)現(xiàn)， 出現(xiàn)了一種親自實踐、親手制作藝術和與媒介物直接接觸的新要求。48 The common kestrel roosts and hunts alone，but the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts inflocks ， possibly SO one bird can learn from others where to find insect swarms(possibly so=possibly so that)普通紅隼單獨棲息和狩獵，但較小的紅隼群棲群食，很可能因此一只鳥可以從

52、其他鳥那兒了8解到在哪兒可以找到成群的昆蟲。49 In the 1500s when the Spanish moved into what later was to become thesouthwestern United States， they encountered the ancestors of the modernday Pueblo，Hopi ，and Zuni peoples(when 引導定語從句， what 引導的從句作 moved into的賓語 )16 世紀西班牙人進入后來成為美國西南部的地方時，他們遇到了今天皮艾布魯人、霍比人和株尼人的祖先。50 During t

53、he 1940's electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than thatpossible with a visible light microscope， while the performance of x-ray microscopesresisted improvement(that 指代前面的 resolution ，possible with a visible1ight microscope作 that 的定語 )20 世紀 40 年代，電子顯微鏡通常比可見光顯微鏡的分辨能力更強，而X 光顯微鏡的表現(xiàn)卻沒有改進。5 1 What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish ，harmful or affected (what引導主語從句； that 引導定語從句 )它們所做的就是從這樣一個角度來看待熟悉的環(huán)境，使這些環(huán)境看上去愚蠢、有害或做作。52 Satire jars US out of complacence