歷年高考英語語法重點難點總結(jié)

1、歷年高考英語語法重點難點總結(jié)主謂一致常考難題：Five minutes is enough to do this exerciseEach boy and each girl wants to serve the people in futureMore than one student has seen the film. Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.More members than one are against your plan.一些有兩個局部構(gòu)成的名詞表示衣物或工具作主語時, 謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式：glasses, clothe

2、s, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。但如果主語用a kind of , a pair of , a series of等加名詞構(gòu)成時, 謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。A pair of shoes was on the desk并列主語如果指的是同一個人、同一事物或同一概念時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式, 這時and后面的名詞沒有冠詞。例如:Truth and honesty is the best policyThe girls teacher and friend is a young doctorTo love and to be

3、 loved is the great happiness.Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.A knife and fork is on the table.當主語后面跟有as well as, as much as , no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引導的詞組時, 其謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)按主語的單、復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如:The

4、 teacher as well as the students was excitedThe room with its furniture was rentedA (great) number of修飾可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù); a great deal of,a large amount of 修飾不可數(shù)名詞, 其短語作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。關(guān)系代詞who, that, which等在定語從句中作主語時, 其謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。例如:Those who want to go please sign your names hereSome of the energ

5、y that is used by man comes from the sun季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)日、假日、一日三餐、學科名稱，球類、棋類名詞名稱前一般不加冠詞。1/2 one(a) half 1/4 one(a) quarter形容詞的順序：系動詞be，grow，get，become，feel，appear，prove，seem，look，keep，smell，taste，sound，turn，remain限定詞+數(shù)量形容詞(序數(shù)詞在前，基數(shù)詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長短、上下等形體+新舊+顏色+國藉+材料Those three beautiful large square old br

6、own wood table某些以a-開首的形容詞例如：afraid，alike，alone，asleep，awake, alive 等只能作表語,不能作定語。某些以-ly結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞：friendly，lively， lovely，lonely，likely，deadly，silly，orderly, timely等。1)close接近地 closely仔細地，密切地2)free 免費地 freely自由地,無拘束地3)hard努力地 hardly幾乎不4)late 晚，遲 lately 近來5)most 極,非常 mostly主要地6)wide廣闊地，充分地 widely廣泛

7、地7)high高 highly高度地，非常地8)deep深，遲 deeply抽象意義的“深9)loud大聲地 loudly大聲地(含有喧鬧的意思)10)near鄰近 nearly幾乎bad/ill,badly worse worst little less least表示一方不及另一方時，用“l(fā)ess原級than的結(jié)構(gòu)表示：This room is less beautiful than that one表示一方超過另一方的程度或數(shù)量時，可在比擬級前加表示程度的狀語，如：even，a lot，a bit，a little，still，much，far, yet, by far等修飾：He wo

8、rks even harder than before注意:by far 通常用于強調(diào)最高級。用于比擬級時,一般放在比擬級的后面, 如放在前面,應(yīng)在二者中間加“the。He is taller by far than his brother. He is by far the taller of the two brothers.某些以-or結(jié)尾的形容詞進行比擬時，用to代替than。superior，junior，senior等。He is superior to Mr Wang in mathematics在比擬從句中為了防止重復(fù)通常用that(those)，one(ones)代替前面出現(xiàn)

9、的名詞。that指物，one既可指人，也可指物。that可代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞，而one只能代替可數(shù)名詞。例如：The book on the table is more interesting than that on the deskA box made of iron is stronger than one made of wood表示倍數(shù)的比擬級有如下幾種句型:A is three (four,etc.) times the size (height, length, width,etc) of B.The new building is four times the siz

10、e (the height) of the old one.這座新樓是那座舊樓的四倍大(四倍高)。高三倍A is three (four, etc.) times as big (high, long, wide, etc.) as B.Asia is four times as large as Europe.亞洲是歐洲的四倍大。A is three (four,etc.) times bigger (higher, longer, wider) than B.例如:Your school is three times bigger than ours.你們的學校比我們的學校大三倍。表示兩倍

11、可以用 twice 或 double。表示“最高程度的形容詞，如excellent，extreme，perfect等，沒有最高級，也不能用比擬級。如果復(fù)數(shù)名詞前有many、few，不可數(shù)名詞前有much、little等表示量的形容詞時，該用so而不用such。如：Ive had so many falls that Im black and blue all over.Mr White got so little money a month that he could hardly keep body and soul together.但little不表示數(shù)量而表示“小的意思時,仍用such

12、。如:They are such little children that the they cannot clean the house by themselves.6)almost與nearly在very, pretty, not后用nearly, 不用almost。例如：Im not nearly ready.在any, no, none, never前用almost, 不用nearly。例如：I almost never see her.need 表示“需要或“必須,作情態(tài)動詞時,僅用于否認句或疑問句中。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to或should 代替

13、。例如：You neednt come so early. Need I finish the work today? Yes, you must.注意：neednt have done“表示本來不必做某事而實際上做了某事。例如：You neednt have waited for me.“should have done表示應(yīng)該做到而實際上沒有做到。You should have started earlier.“ought to have done表示過去應(yīng)做某事而實際未做。You ought to have helped him (but you didnt)書報的標題,小說等情節(jié)介紹常

14、用一般現(xiàn)在時。表示感覺,愿望和狀態(tài)的某些動詞如have, be, hear, see, like等詞一般不用進行時。有些動詞形式上是主動結(jié)構(gòu),但表示被動的意思。常見的有可和 well, easily 等副詞連用的不及物動詞sell,wash,write,read,clean,cook等。例如：The cloth washes well.這布很經(jīng)洗。The new product sells well.這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。The pen writes well.這支筆很好寫。在動詞 arrange,command, demand, desire,insist, order,propose, requ

15、est, require, suggest等后面的賓語從句中用“(should) 動詞原形(虛擬語氣)例如：We suggested that we (should) have a meeting.We insisted that they (should) go with us.The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.He demanded that we (should) start right away.作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestio

16、n,request等名詞的表語從句和同位語從句,其謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)“(should)動詞原形。例如：We all agreed to his suggestion that we(should) go to Beijing for sightseeing. My idea is that we (should) do exercises first.在feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, have, let, make等詞后的補足語中,不定式不帶to。但是這些句子如果變成被動結(jié)構(gòu)時,就必須帶to。例如：I often hear h

17、im sing the song. He is often heard to sing the song.注意：不定式動詞在介詞but, except, besides后面時,如果這些介詞之前有行為動詞do的各種形式,那么,這些介詞后的不定式不帶to,否那么要帶to.如：She could do nothing but cry. What do you like to do besides swim?I have no choice but to go.作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具等,不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。例如：He is looki

18、ng for a room to live in. There is nothing to worry about.Please give me a knife to cut with.There / It is no use/ good/ not any use/ good/ useless doing sth.動詞后可以用動名詞作賓語,但不能用不定式:admit,appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, k

19、eep, mention,mind,miss,practise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, cant help, cant stand(無法忍受)等。I tried not to go there.(我設(shè)法不去那里。) I tried doing it again.(我試著又干了一次。)mean to do 有意. mean doing意味著.I mean to come early today.(我打算今天早些來。)Missing the train means waiting for another hour.(誤了這趟火車意味著再等一個小時。)all

20、ow, advise, forbid, permitWe dont allow smoking here. We dont allow students to smoke.動詞need,require,want作“需要解,其后跟動詞作它的賓語時,假設(shè)表示的含義是被動的,必須用動名詞,或不定式的被動式。例如：The window needs(requires, wants)cleaning(to be cleaned).在短語devote to, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to, be used to, object to,thank yo

21、u for, excuse me for 等后的動詞也必須用動名詞形式：I look forward to hearing from you soon.Badly polluted, the water cannot be drunk.(原因)Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes.(原因,強調(diào)寫的過程,故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動式)Having been deserted by his guide, he couldnt find his way through the jungle.(為了強調(diào)已完成的動作)Aske

22、d to stay, I couldnt very well refuse.這里 asked 可能意味著 having been asked, 也可能意味著when/since I was asked, 但用了 having been asked 就不會有歧義。下面句中過去分詞表示的時間與謂語動詞所表示的時間相同，所以不能代之以強調(diào)先于謂語動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動式。例如：Covered with confusion, I left the room.我很窘地離開了房間。United, we stand; divided, we fall. 團結(jié)那么存，分裂那么亡。He used to live

23、 in London, use(d)nt he /didnt he?There used to be a cinema here before the war, use(d)nt there /didnt there?Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they?He ought to be punished, oughtnt he?但在正式文體中,用ought we not形式。例如:We ought to go, ought we not?或We ought to go ,should we not?含有情態(tài)動詞must的句子表示推那么,作

24、“想必解時,疑問局部不可用mustnt。假設(shè)前句強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在情況的推測,疑問局部用arent(isnt)十主語,例如：You must be tired,arent you?假設(shè)陳述局部的must表示“有必要時,附加疑問句局部那么用neednt。例如：You must go home right now, neednt you?當mustnt 表示禁止時,附加疑問局部一般用must。如：You mustnt walk on grass, must you?前句謂語動詞是must have過去分詞時,假設(shè)前句強調(diào)對過去情況的推測(一般有過去時間狀語),疑問局部的謂語動詞用didnt主語;假設(shè)前句強

25、調(diào)動作的完成,疑問局部的謂語動詞用havent(hasnt)主語, 例如：He must have met her yesterday, didnt he?You must have seen the film, havent you?陳述句謂語局部出現(xiàn)否認詞綴時(前綴或后綴),疑問局部仍用否認結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:He is unfit for his office, isnt he?如果陳述局部包含有no, never, hardly, seldom, few, little, now here, nothing等否認或半否認詞時,疑問局部用肯定形式。例如：He is hardly 14 years

26、 old,is he?如果陳述局部的主語為everyone,someone,no one等不定代詞,其疑問局部的主語可用he,也可用they。Everyone knows his job, doesnt he? Everyone knows their job,dont they?No one was hurt,were they?Im late, arent I?One cant be too careful,can one(you)?Have a cup of tea, will you? Lets go there, shall we? Let us go there, will you

27、?同位語從句跟在名詞后面,進一步說明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。引導同位語從句的名詞主要有fact, news, promise, idea, truth等。連接詞用that (不用which)及連接副詞how, when, where, why等。例如：His delay is due to the fact that the car went wrong halfway.The news that our team has won the match is true.She asked the reason why there was a delay.關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用whether不能用if表示“是否的

28、情況如下:A)在表語從句和同位語從句中。例如：The question is whether the film is worth seeing.The news whether our team has won the match is unknown. B)在主語從句中,只有用it作形式主語時,whether和if都能引導主語從句,否那么,也只能用whether。例如：Whether we shall attend the meeting hasnt been decided yet.It hasnt been decided whether(if)we shall attend the m

29、eeting.C)在介詞之后。(介詞往往可以省略)例如：It all depends (on) whether they will support us.D)后面直接跟動詞不定式時。He doesnt know whether to stay or not.E)后面緊接or not 時。We didnt know whether or not she was ready.F)引導讓步狀語從句,只能用whether。Whether you like it or not, you must do it well.G)用if會引起歧義時。例如：Please let me know if you li

30、ke it.該句有兩個意思：“請告訴我你是否喜歡。或“如果你喜歡,請告訴我。用了whether就可以防止。在下面幾種情況下必須用“that引導定語從句：1)先行詞是不定代詞：all,few,little, much,something,nothing,anything等。All that we have to do is to practise every day.2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾。The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.3)先行詞被all,any,every, each, few,little,no

31、,some, 等修飾。I have read all the book (that) you gave me.4)先行詞被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修飾時。He is the only person that I want to talk to.5)先行詞既有人又有物時。They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.先行詞是表示地點時,要根據(jù)從句的謂語動詞是及物的還是不及物的。如果是及物的就用that(which),否那么用where。This is

32、 the house where he lived last year.This is the house that (which) he visited last year.用no soonerthan和hardlywhen引導的從句表示“剛就。主句中的動詞一般用過去完成時,從句用過去時;而且主句一般倒裝,把助動詞had提到前面。例如：Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise.代詞作主語時,主謂語序不變。Here it is. Here he comes.當句首狀語為表示地點的介詞詞組時也常常引起全部倒裝。South of

33、 the city lies a big steel factory.From the valley came a frightening sound.表語置于句首時,倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)為“表語+連系動詞+主語。Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people.Among the goods are Christmas trees, flow

34、ers, candles and toys.He has been to Beijing. So have & n 提高閱讀理解“四要 閱讀理解題在英語考試中占了相當重的分量，題量多，分值也大，最能反映學生綜合運用英語的能力。我們可從四個方面入手，來提高英語閱讀理解的能力，并爭取在考試中取得好的成績。 一、要擴大詞匯量，促進閱讀 詞匯是語言的三大要素之一，更是閱讀理解的基石。我們在閱讀理解時所遇到的首要問題是詞語障礙，沒有一定的詞匯量作根底，就談不上理解能力的提高。有語言學家通過調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，外語學習者如擁有5000詞匯量，閱讀正確率可達56%，詞匯量到達6400，閱讀正確率可達63%。因

35、此，熟練掌握課本單詞，適量擴充課外詞匯是提高閱讀能力的根底。 二、要嚴格訓練閱讀速度 讀速是閱讀能力的一項重要指標。要提高閱讀速度，可從三個方面考慮： 1.克服不良的閱讀習慣。 有些同學在閱讀時存在著不少的陋習，如：視野狹窄，一次只看一個單詞；用手指著單詞，逐個閱讀；只理解單詞的個別意思，不注意慣用短語、詞組的意思；一遇到生詞就查字典；為了弄清楚某個意思，反復(fù)地閱讀前面內(nèi)容等等。這些不良習慣勢必會影響思維的連貫性，造成顧此失彼的結(jié)果，對閱讀材料缺乏整體性的理解。 2.限時閱讀訓練。 限時閱讀是根據(jù)所讀材料的內(nèi)容難度、長度，并參照大綱對各年級讀速的要求對該材料的閱讀時間予以限定。例如：約250字

36、的材料限定5分鐘左右?？刂茣r間有利于挖掘?qū)W生的閱讀能力，迫使學生爭分奪秒，專心致志于閱讀。 3.尋找主題句，理解重點把握全文。 大多數(shù)閱讀材料均有主題句，用以說明文章的主旨，其他文字一般是圍繞主題句展開說明的。有的主題句在文章的開頭，有的在文章的結(jié)尾，還有的主題句在文章的中間出現(xiàn)。閱讀時假設(shè)能把握住這些句子，無疑會大大提高閱讀速度和理解效果。一般地說，運用演繹法的文章，主題句往往在文章的開頭；采用歸納法的文章，主題句一般在結(jié)尾。 三、要培養(yǎng)詞義推斷能力 我們在閱讀中難免會遇到生詞，如果每次遇到不認識的單詞都去查字典，那么會影響閱讀速度和理解效果。因此，在閱讀中要善于根據(jù)上下文，推斷某些單詞和短

37、語的意義。 1.根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法來推斷詞義。 掌握一定的構(gòu)詞知識會有助于我們的閱讀。例如：Dont make any unreasonable demands on the government.句中的unreasonable是生詞，但我們可以較為容易地通過其構(gòu)成“un+reason+able推出其含義為“無理的，不合理的，過分的意思來。 2.根據(jù)上下文的比照關(guān)系來推斷詞義。 有時在行文中可能會同時出現(xiàn)某一生詞的同義詞或反義詞，這時我們可以通過上下文的比照關(guān)系來猜想詞義。例如：If you agree，say“Yes， if you dissent，say “No.根據(jù)兩組相對的詞Yes與No、agree與dissent，不難推知dissent是“不同意之意。 3.根據(jù)文中解釋推斷詞義。 有時候，文中對生詞給出了注解或說明，在閱讀中應(yīng)善于捕捉這一信息。例如：A journalist is a person who works on a newspaper or magazine a