電子科大無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)課件wsn_chapter_1_概述

1、0University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor Networks無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)黃樂天上課時(shí)間：上課時(shí)間：周三1、2節(jié)（立人樓 B109）email: Tel:61831105（O）Office:科研樓B224(B)-實(shí)驗(yàn)地點(diǎn)：實(shí)驗(yàn)地點(diǎn)：科B237（待定）-課程考核方式：課程考核方式：平時(shí)考核（15%）、期末考試（60%）和實(shí)驗(yàn)考核（25%）1University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor Network

2、sCourse OverviewTextbook: “Wireless Sensor Networks無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)，Lan F.Akyildiz, Mehmet Can Vuran編，徐平平，劉昊，褚宏云等譯，電子工業(yè)出版社，第1版，2013年3月。2University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor Networks參考書及預(yù)備知識(shí)Reference books1無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)原理與應(yīng)用，姚向華、楊新宇、易勁剛、韓九強(qiáng)，高等教育出版社，第1版，2012年4月。2. 智能網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳感器與無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)，景

3、博、張劼、孫勇，國(guó)防工業(yè)出版社，第1版，2011年1月。3物聯(lián)網(wǎng)/無(wú)線傳感網(wǎng)原理與實(shí)踐，賈靈、王新宇、鄭淑軍，北京航空航天大學(xué)出版社，第1版，2011年1月。Prerequisite knowledge and/or skills 計(jì)算機(jī)通信網(wǎng)，計(jì)算機(jī)通信網(wǎng)，微機(jī)原理，微機(jī)原理，傳感原理與信息感知技術(shù)傳感原理與信息感知技術(shù)3University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksWSN是一門交叉學(xué)科，涉及計(jì)算機(jī)、微電子、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、通信、信號(hào)處理、傳感器等諸多領(lǐng)域隨著現(xiàn)代微電子技術(shù)、微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)（M

4、EMS)、片上系統(tǒng)soc、納米材料、無(wú)線通信技術(shù)、信號(hào)處理技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)等的進(jìn)步以及互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的迅猛發(fā)展傳統(tǒng)傳感器信息獲取技術(shù)從獨(dú)立的單一化模式向集成化、微型化，智能化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展，成為信息獲取最重要和最基本的技術(shù)之一。無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)涉及這么多知識(shí)、技術(shù)。需要哪些基礎(chǔ)？達(dá)到什么目標(biāo)？需要掌握哪些重點(diǎn)？4University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksWSN的定義（維基百科）無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)是由許多在空間中分布的自動(dòng)裝置組成的一種無(wú)線通信計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，這些裝置使用傳感器協(xié)作地監(jiān)控不同

5、位置的物理或環(huán)境狀況（比如溫度、聲音、振動(dòng)、壓力、運(yùn)動(dòng)或污染物）。無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)展最初起源于戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)測(cè)等軍事應(yīng)用。而現(xiàn)今無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)被應(yīng)用于很多民用領(lǐng)域，如環(huán)境與生態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)、健康監(jiān)護(hù)、家居自動(dòng)化以及交通控制等。起源于軍事目的的無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)在民用化過(guò)程中會(huì)出現(xiàn)哪些問題？對(duì)其后續(xù)發(fā)展帶來(lái)什么影響？5University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksWSN的特征大規(guī)模為了獲取精確信息，在監(jiān)測(cè)區(qū)域通常部署大量傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)，可能達(dá)到成千上萬(wàn)，甚至更多。自組織在傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用中，通常情況下傳感器

6、節(jié)點(diǎn)被放置在沒有基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的地方，傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)的位置不能預(yù)先精確設(shè)定，節(jié)點(diǎn)之間的相互鄰居關(guān)系預(yù)先也不知道。動(dòng)態(tài)性傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)可能因?yàn)橄铝幸蛩囟淖儯涵h(huán)境因素或電能耗盡造成的傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)故障或失效；環(huán)境條件變化可能造成無(wú)線通信鏈路帶寬變化，甚至?xí)r斷時(shí)通；傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的傳感器、感知對(duì)象和觀察者這三要素都可能具有移動(dòng)性；新節(jié)點(diǎn)的加入。這就要求傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)要能夠適應(yīng)這種變化，具有動(dòng)態(tài)的系統(tǒng)可重構(gòu)性。6University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksWSN的特征可靠性可靠性由于監(jiān)測(cè)區(qū)域環(huán)境的

7、限制以及傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)目巨大，不可能人工“照顧”每個(gè)傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)的維護(hù)十分困難甚至不可維護(hù)。以數(shù)據(jù)為中心用戶使用傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)查詢事件時(shí)，直接將所關(guān)心的事件通告給網(wǎng)絡(luò)，而不是通告給某個(gè)確定編號(hào)的節(jié)點(diǎn)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)在獲得指定事件的信息后匯報(bào)給用戶。這種以數(shù)據(jù)本身作為查詢或傳輸線索的思想更接近于自然語(yǔ)言交流的習(xí)慣。集成化集成化傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)的功耗低，體積小，價(jià)格便宜，實(shí)現(xiàn)了集成化。以上哪些特征是“普世化”的，哪些特征只針對(duì)特定的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景。7University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksVWSN的特征

8、可靠性可靠性由于監(jiān)測(cè)區(qū)域環(huán)境的限制以及傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)目巨大，不可能人工“照顧”每個(gè)傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)的維護(hù)十分困難甚至不可維護(hù)。以數(shù)據(jù)為中心用戶使用傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)查詢事件時(shí)，直接將所關(guān)心的事件通告給網(wǎng)絡(luò)，而不是通告給某個(gè)確定編號(hào)的節(jié)點(diǎn)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)在獲得指定事件的信息后匯報(bào)給用戶。這種以數(shù)據(jù)本身作為查詢或傳輸線索的思想更接近于自然語(yǔ)言交流的習(xí)慣。集成化集成化傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)的功耗低，體積小，價(jià)格便宜，實(shí)現(xiàn)了集成化。以上哪些特征是“普世化”的，哪些特征只針對(duì)特定的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景。8University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor

9、Networks網(wǎng)絡(luò)體系結(jié)構(gòu)網(wǎng)絡(luò)體系結(jié)構(gòu)從無(wú)線聯(lián)網(wǎng)的從無(wú)線聯(lián)網(wǎng)的角度來(lái)看，傳角度來(lái)看，傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點(diǎn)感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點(diǎn)的體系由分層的體系由分層的的網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信協(xié)網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信協(xié)議、網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理議、網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理平臺(tái)和應(yīng)用支平臺(tái)和應(yīng)用支撐平臺(tái)撐平臺(tái)三個(gè)部三個(gè)部分。分。9University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor Networks物物 理理 層層數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層網(wǎng)網(wǎng) 絡(luò)絡(luò) 層層傳傳 輸輸 層層應(yīng)應(yīng) 用用 層層能能 量量 分分 配配移移 動(dòng)動(dòng) 管管 理理應(yīng)應(yīng) 用用 優(yōu)優(yōu) 化化無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信協(xié)議類似于傳統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信

10、協(xié)議類似于傳統(tǒng)InternetInternet網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的TCP/IPTCP/IP協(xié)議體系，它由協(xié)議體系，它由物理層、數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層、網(wǎng)絡(luò)層、傳輸層和應(yīng)用層組成。物理層、數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層、網(wǎng)絡(luò)層、傳輸層和應(yīng)用層組成。各層內(nèi)容將在后續(xù)章節(jié)依次介紹討論各層內(nèi)容將在后續(xù)章節(jié)依次介紹討論。10University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksContents第1章 概述 -4學(xué)時(shí) chap1、2第2章 傳感器與執(zhí)行器-2學(xué)時(shí) chap14第3章 傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)計(jì)影響因素-2學(xué)時(shí) chap3第4章 物理

11、層 -4學(xué)時(shí) chap4第5章 介質(zhì)訪問控制 -6學(xué)時(shí)chap5第6章 差錯(cuò)控制 -2學(xué)時(shí) chap6第7章 網(wǎng)絡(luò)層 -4學(xué)時(shí) chap7實(shí)驗(yàn) 基礎(chǔ)類實(shí)驗(yàn) -8學(xué)時(shí) 實(shí)驗(yàn)指導(dǎo)書自學(xué)第8，9，10章了解第13，15，16，17，18章11University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksChapter 1:Introduction12University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor Networ

12、ks什么是無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)？巨型機(jī)說(shuō)：巨型機(jī)說(shuō)：“我認(rèn)為全球大概只需要五臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)就夠了我認(rèn)為全球大概只需要五臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)就夠了”；PCPC機(jī)說(shuō)：機(jī)說(shuō)：“每個(gè)家庭的桌面上都應(yīng)該有一臺(tái)電腦每個(gè)家庭的桌面上都應(yīng)該有一臺(tái)電腦” ” ；Pocket PCPocket PC說(shuō)：說(shuō)：“太大了，應(yīng)該每人口袋里放一臺(tái)太大了，應(yīng)該每人口袋里放一臺(tái)” ” ；WSNWSN說(shuō)：說(shuō)：“每粒沙子都應(yīng)該是一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)每粒沙子都應(yīng)該是一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)”。任務(wù)管理中心任務(wù)管理中心 Internet、衛(wèi)星、衛(wèi)星或移動(dòng)通信網(wǎng)或移動(dòng)通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)等絡(luò)等匯聚節(jié)點(diǎn)匯聚節(jié)點(diǎn)監(jiān)測(cè)區(qū)域監(jiān)測(cè)區(qū)域傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)13University of Electronic

13、 Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor Networks什么是無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò) WSN是一種分布式網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)，采用無(wú)線多跳的通信方式，其網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)態(tài)變化，具有自組織、自控制以及自適應(yīng)等智能屬性。由傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)、感知對(duì)象和觀察者三個(gè)基本要素組成。Sink傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)Internet、衛(wèi)、衛(wèi)星或移動(dòng)通星或移動(dòng)通信網(wǎng)信網(wǎng)WSN體系結(jié)構(gòu)體系結(jié)構(gòu)終端終端用戶用戶檢測(cè)區(qū)域檢測(cè)區(qū)域14University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksSe

14、nsor TypesLightThermopileUltravioletIRVisible LightColor sensorsMagneticSoundUltrasoundAccelerometerTemperaturePressureHumidityTouch sensors2.25 inMicrophoneAccelerometerLightTemperatureSounderMagnetometer1.25 in回顧微機(jī)原理或嵌入式系統(tǒng)內(nèi)容理解無(wú)線傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)平臺(tái)結(jié)構(gòu)和組成，工作原理及應(yīng)用無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)都是以此為基礎(chǔ)15University of Electronic Science

15、 and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor Networksn Smalln Low powern Low bit raten High density n Low cost (dispensable)n Autonomousn Adaptive傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)硬件SENSING UNITPROCESSING UNIT16University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor Networks各種節(jié)點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)平臺(tái)傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)的具體產(chǎn)品傳感器節(jié)點(diǎn)的具體產(chǎn)品17University of

16、 Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksSensor Node HardwareTwo main componentsBase (Processor + Transceiver)Sensor BoardBase + Sensor Board(s) = Sensor Node18University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor Networks25 lb, 19.5 x 5.5 x 16 inch 64 W $

17、6K (today)160 KB Floppies16-256 KB RAM4.77 MHzOriginal IBM PC (1981)0.5 oz, 2.25 x 1.25 x 0.25 inch14 mW $125512 KB Flash128 KB RAM8 MHzMICAZ Mote (2005)Sensor Node Features19University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksSensor Motes Timeline20University of Electron

18、ic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksRockwell WINSSmart DustJPL Sensor WebsDust Examples for Sensor Nodes21University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksMICA MoteRene MoteweC MoteDot MoteExamples for Sensor Nodes22University of Electronic Scienc

19、e and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksCurrent Platforms: 1st GenerationMica2DOT (2003)16Kb program memRFM TR1000 (CSMA/ASK)Lightweight and small Mica2 & Cricket platform (2003)128Kb program memChipconCC1000 (CSMA/FSK)40Khz Ultrasounders (Cricket only)MicaZ (2004) & Telos (2005)802

20、.15.4/Zigbee stackSpread Spectrum radio handles multipath betterIntegrated antenna (Telos only) 23University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksCurrent Platforms: 2nd GenerationImote (2003) & Imote2 (2007)Higher processing powerBluetooth & 802.11 capable (Im

21、ote2 only)Stargate (2005) & Stargate 2.0 Pentium class processor Linux OS = easy development (C/C+)Higher processing capabilities = energy intensive802.11 capable24University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksSENSOR NODE FEATURESProcessing and StorageFeatureImo

22、te (2003)Mica2 (2003)MicaZ (2004)Telos (2005)Stargate (2005)Imote2 (2009)Speed MHz1288840013-416*Flash kB(Program)5121281284832,00032,000Serial Flash kB(Measurement data)N/A#5125121024N/A#N/A#SRAM / EEPROM / SDRAM kB(Configuration)64441064,000256-32,000 * Multiple processor speed levels# Imote, Star

23、gate, and Imote2 use a single Flash for program and measurement data Imote, Imote2, and Telos use SRAM; Mica2 and MicaZ use EEPROM; Stargate uses SDRAM Imote2 will have different versions, SRAM changes accordingly25University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksSENSO

24、R NODE FEATURESCommunication and PowerFeatureImote (2003)Mica2 (2003)MicaZ (2004)Telos (2005)ImoteRadio Frequency2.4 GHz300-900MHz2.4 GHz2.4 GHz2.4 GHzDataRate kb/s72015250250250 (720 /11,000 )Power CarrierSense/Rx./Tx. mA15 / 24 / 248 / 10 / 278 / 20 / 181 / 20 / 1840/20/18PowerSleep mA1-250 192761

25、-100 Radio Range32 ft (10 m)500 ft (150m)300 ft (100m)400 ft (125m)100ft (30m)Power sourceAA Battery2xAA2xAA2xAA3xAAA With external Bluetooth adapter With external WLAN adapter Different sleep levels26University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor Networks MICAz PlatformMicr

26、oprocessor: Atmel ATmega128L7.3728 MHz clock128 kB of Flash for program memory4 kB of SRAM for data and variables2 UARTs (Universal Asynchronous Receive and Transmit)Serial Port Interface (SPI) busDedicated hardware I2C busRadio: Chipcons CC2420 (IEEE 802.15.4)250 kbit/sExternal serial flash memory:

27、 512 Kbxbow estimates 100000 samples51-pin expansion connectorEight 10-bit analog I/O21 general purpose digital I/OUser interface: 3 programmable LEDsPowered by two AA batteries 1850 mAh capacityLogger FlashATMega128L controllerAnalog I/ODigital I/OFreq. Tunable Radio51-Pin Expansion ConnectorAntenn

28、aMMCX connectorLEDs27University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksTelos PlatformRobustUSB interfaceIntegrated antenna (30m-125m)External antenna capability (500m)High Performance10kB RAM, 48 KB ROM12-bit ADC and DAC (200ksamples/sec)Hardware link-layer encryption28

29、University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksTelos PlatformSingle board philosophyRobustness, Ease of use, Lower CostIntegrated Humidity & Temperature sensorUses 802.15.4CC2420 radio, 2.4 GHz, 250 kbpsMotorola HCS08 processorLower power consumption, 1.8V operat

30、ion, faster wakeup time40 MHz CPU clock, 10K RAM; 48K Flash50m indoor; 125m outdoor ranges29University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksSunSPOT PlatformMicroprocessor: 32 bit ARM920T core180 MHz clock512 kB of Flash for program memory4 MB of Flash for dataUSB Conn

31、ectionRadio: Chipcons CC2420 (IEEE 802.15.4)250 kbit/s3.7V rechargeable 720 mAh lithium-ion batterySoftware: Squawk VMFully capable J2ME CLDC 1.1 Java VM with OS functionalityVM executes directly out of flash memoryDevice drivers in JavaAutomatic battery management30University of Electronic Science

32、and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor Networks實(shí)驗(yàn)平臺(tái)31University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor Networks無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的通信標(biāo)準(zhǔn)傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的應(yīng)用一般不需要很高的信道帶寬，卻要求具有較低的傳輸延時(shí)和極低的功率消耗，使用戶能在有限的電池壽命內(nèi)完成任務(wù)IEEE 802.15.4標(biāo)準(zhǔn)把低功耗、低成本作為主要目標(biāo)，為傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)提供了一種互連互通的平臺(tái)，各大射頻芯片廠商也陸續(xù)推出支持該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的無(wú)線收發(fā)芯片ZigBee、無(wú)線HART和6LoWPAN

33、等無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或規(guī)范均是基于IEEE 802.15.4-2006低速率無(wú)線個(gè)域網(wǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 32University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor Networks無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)33University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksThe 802.15.4 / Zigbee sandboxRangePeak Data RateCloserFartherSlowerFasterUWBHomeRFW

34、ireless Data ApplicationsWireless Video ApplicationsIrDA802.11g802.11b802.11a2.5G/3GZigBee802.15.4BluetoothISM LinkWiFi34University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksWireless Technologies ComparedCommon NameZigbeeBluetoothWiFiUWBIEEE standard802.15.4802.15.1802.118

35、02.15.3Max Data Rate250Kbps750Kbps54Mbps1000+ MbpsTX power30+ mA40+ mA400+ MaStandby ldd3ua200ua20maStack Size8-60KB100+ KB100+ KBNetwork TypeStar, Cluster, MeshStar(8 nodes max)StarNetwork Join/FormationmssecondssecondsMax Packet Size(bytes)1323594095RangeOver 1200 meters100 meters100 meters 10 met

36、ersDevices216835University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksZigBee聯(lián)盟簡(jiǎn)介ZigBee聯(lián)盟組成成立于2001年9月成員為半導(dǎo)體廠商、無(wú)線IP供應(yīng)商、OEM廠商及終端用戶擁有150個(gè)成員，包括飛思卡爾、菲利普、三菱、三星、IBM及華為等ZigBee聯(lián)盟的宗旨在一個(gè)開放式全球標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的基礎(chǔ)上使穩(wěn)定的、低成本的、低功耗的、無(wú)線聯(lián)網(wǎng)的監(jiān)控和控制產(chǎn)品成為可能36University of Electronic Science and Technology of China

37、Wireless Sensor NetworksZigBee標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ZigBee來(lái)源于蜜蜂群使用的賴以生存和發(fā)展的通信方式。蜜蜂通過(guò)跳ZigZig形狀的舞蹈?jìng)鬟f新發(fā)現(xiàn)的食物源的位置、距離與方向等信息ZigBee是一種近距離、低復(fù)雜度、低功耗、低數(shù)據(jù)速率、低成本的雙向無(wú)線通信技術(shù)。ZigBee聯(lián)盟在制定ZigBee標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)，采用了IEEE802.15.4作為其物理層和媒體接入層規(guī)范。在其基礎(chǔ)之上，ZigBee聯(lián)盟制定了數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層（DLL)網(wǎng)絡(luò)層（NWK）和應(yīng)用編程接口API規(guī)范，并負(fù)責(zé)高層應(yīng)用、測(cè)試和市場(chǎng)推廣等方面的工作ZigBee技術(shù)將主要嵌人在消費(fèi)性電子設(shè)備、家庭和建筑物自動(dòng)化設(shè)備、工業(yè)控制裝置、

38、電腦外設(shè)、醫(yī)用傳感器、玩具和游戲機(jī)等設(shè)備，支持小范圍的基于無(wú)線通信的控制和自動(dòng)化等領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用，同時(shí)還支持地理定位功能37University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksZigBee & 802.15.4ZigBeeIEEE 802.15.438University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksZigBee Stack Architecture39University

39、 of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksIEEE 802.15.4為滿足低功耗、低成本的無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)要求，城服標(biāo)準(zhǔn)委員會(huì)在2000年12月正式批準(zhǔn)并成立802.15.4工作組，工作組的任務(wù)是開發(fā)一個(gè)低速率數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)腤PN(LR-WPAN)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)IEEE 802.15.4標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是802.15.4工作小組開發(fā)出的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，它具有復(fù)雜度低，成本極少，功耗很小的特點(diǎn)，能在低成本設(shè)備之間低速率傳輸數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)滿足國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組織開放系統(tǒng)互聯(lián)（OSI）參考模式,包括物理層、介質(zhì)訪問802.15.4標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定義了無(wú)線個(gè)域網(wǎng)中的設(shè)備

40、互聯(lián)進(jìn)行無(wú)線通信的協(xié)議，它采用了CSMA/CA介質(zhì)訪問機(jī)制，支持星型和對(duì)等（點(diǎn)到點(diǎn)）拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)網(wǎng)絡(luò)40University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksIEEE 802.15.4標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的主要特征l四種傳輸速率：20kbps、40kbps、100kbps、250kbpsl在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中采取兩種地址方式：16位地址和64位地址l采用可選的時(shí)槽保障(Guaranteed Time Slots,GTS)機(jī)制l采用CSMA/CA信道訪問機(jī)制l支持ACK機(jī)制以保證可靠傳輸；l低功耗機(jī)制；l信道能量檢測(cè)（En

41、ergy Detection，ED）；l鏈路質(zhì)量指示（Link quality indication，LQI）；l工作在ISM頻段上，其中在2450MHz波段上有16個(gè)信道,在915MHz波段上有10個(gè)信道，在868MHz上有1個(gè)信道l數(shù)據(jù)安全策略41University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor Networks802.15.4 has 16 channels 2.4GHz band42University of Electronic Science and Technology of China

42、Wireless Sensor NetworksIEEE 802.15.4標(biāo)準(zhǔn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)組成及拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu) 物理層信道分配及調(diào)制方式 物理層幀格式 MAC子層的幀格式 43University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksReduced Function Device (RFD)Limited to being leaf devicesCannot become a network coordinatorTalks only to a network coordinatorVery simple

43、 implementationsimple devices; e.g. Light switch, infrared sensor38 primitivesFull Function Device (FFD)Any topologyNetwork coordinator capableTalks to any other device3 modes: PAN Coordinator, Coordinator, Device49 primitives (14 PHY+ 35 MAC) (1/3 of Bluetooth)IEEE 802.15.4 TopologiesCluster TreeMe

44、shStarPAN Coordinator44University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor Networks802.15.4 Topology：Peer-Peer Topology Combined TopologyFull function deviceReduced function deviceClustered stars - for example,cluster nodes exist between roomsof a hotel and each room has a star n

45、etwork for control.Point to point45University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksNetwork Pieces PAN CoordinatorPAN Coordinator“owns” the networkStarts itAllows other devices to join itProvides binding and address-table servicesSaves messages until they can be delive

46、redAnd more could also have i/o capabilityA “full-function device” FFDMains powered46University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksNetwork Pieces - RouterRoutersRoutes messagesDoes not own or start networkScans to find a network to joinGiven a block of addresses to

47、assignA “full-function device” FFDMains powered depending on topologyCould also have i/o capability47University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksNetwork Pieces End DeviceEnd DeviceCommunicates with a single deviceDoes not own or start networkScans to find a networ

48、k to joinCan be an FFD or RFD (reduced function device)Usually battery powered48University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor Networks物理層信道分配和調(diào)制方式頻段頻段 (MHz)擴(kuò)頻參數(shù)擴(kuò)頻參數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)參數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)參數(shù)片速率片速率 (kchip/s)調(diào)制方式調(diào)制方式比特速率比特速率 (kb/s)符號(hào)速率符號(hào)速率 (ksymbol/s)符號(hào)符號(hào)868868.6300BPSK2020二進(jìn)制902928600BPSK4040

49、二進(jìn)制868868.6*400ASK25012.520-bitSPSS902928*1600ASK250505-bitSPSS868868.6*400O-QPSK1002516-ary正交902928*1000O-QPSK25062.516-ary正交24002483.52000O-QPSK25062.516-ary正交注：* 項(xiàng)為可選項(xiàng)目，系802.15.4-2006新增內(nèi)容49University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksIEEE 802.15.4 PHY - Operatin

50、g Frequency Bands868MHz / 915MHz PHY868.3 MHzChannel 0Channels 1-10928 MHz902 MHz2 MHz2.4 GHzChannels 11-262.4835 GHz5 MHz2.4 GHz PHY50University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksThe 2.4GHz ISM band802.11 DSSS2.4122.402.412.482.472.462.452.442.432.422.4622.4372.48

51、35(end of ISM Band)Possible 802.11 Channel(North America)802.11 Spectrum Occupancy (Typical)51University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksIEEE 802.15.4 PHY幀格式PHY 負(fù)載物理幀頭(PHR)同步頭(SHR)PSDUReserved(1 比特)Frame length(7 比特)SFD前導(dǎo)碼（preamble）可變1 字節(jié)1 字節(jié)Ocets:4 字節(jié)SFD，Start-o

52、f-Frame DelimiterPSDU，PHY Service Data Unit52University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksIEEE 802.15.4 MAC幀格式l幀頭幀頭MHR，MAC Header：包括幀控制域，幀序列號(hào)，地址和用于加解密的附加安全頭部l幀尾幀尾MFR，MAC Footer：16位CRC校驗(yàn)碼53University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor Netwo

53、rks802.15.4：General Frame Structure4 Types of MAC Frames:lBeacon FramelData FramelAcknowledgment FramelMAC Command Frame54University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor Networks無(wú)線 HART無(wú)線HART（WirelessHART）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是HART通訊協(xié)議的擴(kuò)展，專為如過(guò)程監(jiān)視和控制等工業(yè)環(huán)境應(yīng)用所設(shè)計(jì)。IEC 6259（Ed. 1.0）是國(guó)際電工委員會(huì)于2010年4月批準(zhǔn)

54、發(fā)布的完全國(guó)際化的無(wú)線HART標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，是過(guò)程自動(dòng)化領(lǐng)域的第一個(gè)無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。圖示網(wǎng)絡(luò)有5種組件55University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor Networks6LoWPANIEEE于2004年11月成立了一個(gè)6Lowpan（IPv6 over IEEE 802154或IPv6 over LR PAN）工作組，專門致力于如何實(shí)現(xiàn)IPv6數(shù)據(jù)包在IEEE 802.15.4上的傳輸，研究基于1Pv6 over IEEE與無(wú)線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議相關(guān)的通信標(biāo)準(zhǔn)6LoWPAN是“IPv6 over Lo

55、w power Wireless Personal Area Networks”（低功率無(wú)線個(gè)域網(wǎng)上的IPv6）縮寫屬IETF（因特網(wǎng)工程任務(wù)組）中的一個(gè)工作組，負(fù)責(zé)制訂基于IEEE802.15.4標(biāo)準(zhǔn)個(gè)域網(wǎng)上IPv6傳輸?shù)耐ㄓ嵓夹g(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?，F(xiàn)已發(fā)布了RFC4944基礎(chǔ)性的技術(shù)規(guī)范。56University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor Networks6LowPan草案6Lowpan是IPv6 over Low Power wireless Personal Area Network的縮寫，該草案的目標(biāo)是

56、制訂如何在Lowpan上傳輸IPv6報(bào)文。當(dāng)前Lowpan采用的開放協(xié)議主要指IEEE 802. 15.4 MAC 層標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在上層并沒有一個(gè)真正開放的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)支持路由等功能。由于IPv6是下一代互聯(lián)網(wǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在技術(shù)上均趨于成熟，并且在Lowpan上采用IPv6協(xié)議可以與現(xiàn)有網(wǎng)絡(luò)實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)縫連接，因此IETF成立了專門的工作組制定如何在802.15.4協(xié)議上發(fā)送和接收IPv6報(bào)文等相關(guān)技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)57University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksOverview6LoWPAN is an acro

57、nym of IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks. A simple low throughput wireless network comprising typically low cost and low power devices.Common topologies include star, mesh, and combinations of star and mesh.The Phy and MAC layers conform to IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard58University o

58、f Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor Networks6LoWPAN CharacteristicsSmall packet size (127Byte)16-bit short or IEEE 64-bit extended media access control addressesLow bandwidth. (250kbps)Low power, typically battery operated Relatively low cost59University of Electronic Science

59、 and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor Networks6LoWPANThe Working Group will generate the necessary documents to ensure interoperable implementations of 6LoWPAN networks and will define the necessary security and management protocols and constructs for building 6LoWPAN networks.6lowpan will work cl

60、osely with the Routing Over Low power and Lossy networks (roll) working group which is developing IPv6 routing solutions for low power and lossy networks (LLNs).60University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaWireless Sensor NetworksROLLROLL: defining the routing solution within the LLN (Low power and Lossy Netwo