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1、第三章第三章名詞和名詞詞組(名詞和名詞詞組(1)名詞和名詞的數(shù)主要內(nèi)容主要內(nèi)容數(shù)單位名詞n名詞分類數(shù)(數(shù)(Number)n規(guī)則n不規(guī)則只用作單數(shù)只用作復(fù)數(shù)單復(fù)同形復(fù)數(shù)形式不規(guī)則只用作單數(shù)的名詞只用作單數(shù)的名詞nSingular invariables: Singular invariables refer to proper nouns and mass nouns. The former ones, because of their unique reference, are normally invariable singulars even when some of these noun

2、s appear in the “plural form”. The latter, mass noun, whether abstract or concrete is generally singular, including certain nouns ending in-s. n分類分類專有名詞專有名詞物質(zhì)名詞物質(zhì)名詞專有名詞專有名詞nProper nouns :Proper nouns denote unique persons, places, etc. A proper noun normally begins with a capital letter, has no plur

3、al form and can not occur after an article, with only a few exceptions. 國名 The United States is a country of people with varied origins 美國是由不同淵源的人種構(gòu)成的國家。 In early January 1976 the Netherlands was hit by its worst storm since 1953 1976年1月初,荷蘭遭受自1953年以來最大的風(fēng)暴襲擊。群島,山脈,海峽,高地,瀑布等群島,山脈,海峽,高地,瀑布等The West In

4、dies,apart from the Bahamas,are commonly divided into two parts與巴哈馬群島隔海相望的西印度群島西印度群島通常分為兩個部分。The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant and animal life喜馬拉雅山脈喜馬拉雅山脈有著品種繁多的動植物。The Straits of Gibraltar have not lost their strategic importance直布羅陀海峽直布羅陀海峽尚未失去它在戰(zhàn)略上的重要性。The Niagara Falls are perhap

5、s the most famous waterfall in the world尼亞加拉大瀑布尼亞加拉大瀑布也許是全世界最著名的瀑布。帶帶-s的人名的人名 Mr. Smith hates to get up early in the morning史密斯先生不喜歡早起。 The Smiths leave for Europe tomorrow史密斯一家明天動身赴歐洲。物質(zhì)名詞物質(zhì)名詞nMass nouns :refer to the nouns that can not take plural forms as countable nouns do. 物質(zhì)名詞的數(shù)物質(zhì)名詞的數(shù)n以-ics結(jié)尾的

6、學(xué)科名稱n以-s結(jié)尾的疾病名稱n以-s結(jié)尾的游戲名稱n帶文學(xué)色彩的物質(zhì)名詞以以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱n physics(物理學(xué))、mathematics (數(shù)學(xué))、mechanics(機械學(xué))、optics(光學(xué))、acoustics(聲學(xué))、politics (政治學(xué))、statistics(統(tǒng)計學(xué))、economics(經(jīng)濟學(xué))、linguistics(語言學(xué))、athletics(體育學(xué))、tactics(兵法) Physics is an important subject these days現(xiàn)今物理學(xué)是一門重要學(xué)科。Athletics is an important

7、part of our curriculum體育課在我們的課程中占重要的地位。Acoustics is the science of sound聲學(xué)就是關(guān)于聲音的科學(xué)。Mathematics is the study of numbers數(shù)學(xué)是研究數(shù)的科學(xué)。Tactics is an important study for the soldier對于軍人來說,兵法是一門重要的學(xué)科。Note若這類詞表示若這類詞表示“學(xué)科學(xué)科”以外的其以外的其他意義,便可作復(fù)數(shù):他意義,便可作復(fù)數(shù):My mathematics are rather shaky.我的運算能力運算能力很不牢靠。Athletics h

8、ave been greatly promoted at this institute體育運動體育運動在這所學(xué)校大受提倡。The acoustics in the new concert hall are faultless新音樂廳的音響效果音響效果是完美無缺的。The tactics employed in his campaign were above reproach他在那次戰(zhàn)役中運用的戰(zhàn)術(shù)行動戰(zhàn)術(shù)行動是無可指責(zé)的。 以以-s結(jié)尾的疾病名稱結(jié)尾的疾病名稱narthritis(關(guān)節(jié)炎),bronchitis(支氣管炎),mumps(腮腺炎),diabetes (糖尿病)等 Mumps is

9、 a kind of infectious disease腮腺炎是一種傳染病。 Diabetes is a disease of the pancreas in which sugar and starchy foods cannot be properly absorbed 糖尿病是胰腺不能正常吸收糖和淀粉食物的疾病。Note少數(shù)這類的疾病名稱既可作單數(shù),少數(shù)這類的疾病名稱既可作單數(shù),也可作復(fù)數(shù):也可作復(fù)數(shù): Rickets isare caused by malnutrition軟骨病是營養(yǎng)不良引起的。Generally,measles occurs in children麻疹通常發(fā)生于兒

10、童身上。Measles are sometimes caused by a tapeworm麻疹有時是由絳蟲引起的。以以-s結(jié)尾的游戲名稱結(jié)尾的游戲名稱Draughts is a game commonly played by two people跳棋通常是由兩個人玩的游戲。In some parts of the British Isles dominoes is the principal game多米諾骨牌戲在不列顛島的某些地方非常盛行。Notecards(作(作“牌戲牌戲”解)通常作復(fù)數(shù):解)通常作復(fù)數(shù): Cards are not allowed here這里不許打牌。帶文學(xué)色彩的物

11、質(zhì)名詞帶文學(xué)色彩的物質(zhì)名詞n有些物質(zhì)名詞以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),具有一種文學(xué)色彩,表示“強度,大量”。the snows of Himalayas.積雪the sands of Sahara.沙sailings on the great waters.大洋只用作復(fù)數(shù)的名詞只用作復(fù)數(shù)的名詞n定義n分類nPlural invariables: Plural invariables suggest that some nouns normally represent as invariable plural forms. The nouns include the names of tools and ar

12、ticles of dress consisting of two equal parts, some collective nouns, geographical names of mountain ranges, water falls, groups of islands and other nouns ending in-s. n一些由兩部分構(gòu)成的物體名稱n集體名詞n地理名稱n以-ings結(jié)尾的名詞n其他以-s結(jié)尾的名詞集體名詞集體名詞nCollective nouns: It means groups of people, animals and things. It belongs

13、 to a small group of common nouns. They are generally countable nouns, but even when they take the singular form, they must keep in concord with a plural verb. 集體名詞的數(shù)集體名詞的數(shù)n只作復(fù)數(shù): police,people,cattle,militia(民兵),poultry(家禽),vermin(害蟲)n只作單數(shù): foliage, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandisen既可作單數(shù)

14、,也可作復(fù)數(shù): audience, committee, class, crew, family, government, public只作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞只作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞The British police have only very limited powers英國警察權(quán)力范圍極其有限。Domestic cattle provide us with milk,beef and hide畜牛為我們提供牛奶、牛肉和皮革。The militia were called out to guard the borderland召集民兵保衛(wèi)邊疆。Such vermin as bugs and rat

15、s are hard to get rid of臭蟲和老鼠那樣的害蟲難以滅絕。 這類名詞在遵循主謂一致的原則時都要一分為二地看:謂語的數(shù)要根據(jù)主語的意思來決定;如動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式時,意為這個集體中的各個成員,用單數(shù)時表示該個集體。 His family isnt very large. 他家不是一個大家庭。His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音樂愛好者。 以以-ings結(jié)尾的名詞結(jié)尾的名詞nbelongings(所有物),earnings(掙得的錢財),savings(存款),clippings(剪下物),diggings(掘出物),earnings(收入,收益

16、),filings(銼屑),lodgings(租住的房間),surroundings(環(huán)境),sweepings(掃攏的垃圾) The clippings of the hedges are usually burnt由籬笆上剪下的枝葉通常燒掉。 The sweepings of the storehouse have been disposed of倉庫垃圾已經(jīng)清除。NotenTidings(消息)既可作復(fù)數(shù),也可作單數(shù):既可作復(fù)數(shù),也可作單數(shù):Good tidings have cheered them up好消息使他們興高采烈。The tidings has come a little

17、late消息來晚了一些。其他以其他以-s結(jié)尾的名詞結(jié)尾的名詞archives(檔案),arms(武器),clothes(衣服),contents(內(nèi)容),congratulations, customs(海關(guān)),dregs(殘渣), eaves(屋檐), fireworks(煙火), funds(資金),greens(青菜),goods(貨物), looks(外表), morals(道德,品行), minutes(會議記錄), oats(燕麥),outskirts(郊區(qū)),pains(辛苦),premises(上述各點), remains(遺體), spirits(烈酒,情緒), stairs

18、(樓梯),suburbs(郊區(qū)), tropics(熱帶地區(qū)), thanks(謝意),wages(工資) The archives of this society are kept in the basement這個團體的檔案保存在地下室里。The contents of this book are most fascinating本書的內(nèi)容非常吸引人。Fireworks were postponed because of bad weather因為天氣不好推遲了放煙火。High wages result in high prices高工資會導(dǎo)致高物價。His thanks were most profuse他滿口道謝。Noten但也有少數(shù)這類名詞作單、復(fù)數(shù)均可單、復(fù)數(shù)均可: His whereabouts waswere known only to his personal staff只有他個人的工作班子才知道他的行蹤。The dramatics(舞臺藝術(shù))of the performance waswere marvelous這次上演在舞臺藝術(shù)上真是好極了。復(fù)數(shù)不規(guī)則形式復(fù)數(shù)不規(guī)則形式n不規(guī)則的拼寫和讀音n外來詞n復(fù)合詞n字母,數(shù)字,縮略詞外來詞復(fù)數(shù)外來詞復(fù)數(shù)n Foreign plurals: Words are borrow

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