阿司匹林的歷史

1、精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上阿司匹林的歷史 正如被醫(yī)生發(fā)現的眾多用處一樣令人驚訝，阿司匹林的故事也是令人驚嘆和豐富的。它起源于一種當地的草本藥物，作為常見止痛藥的作用的延伸。現在由于這種藥物要保護生命方面的潛在價值，它的角色在不斷地改變著。這些都是世界各地數以千計的醫(yī)生和科學家的功勞。Major historical events:阿司匹林發(fā)展史：c400 BC In Greece Hippocrates gives women willow leaf tea to relieve the pain of childbirth.公元前400年，希臘醫(yī)生希波克拉底給婦女服用柳葉煎茶來減輕分娩的痛苦

2、。1763 Reverend Edward Stone of Chipping Norton near Oxford gives dried willow bark to 50 parishioners suffering rheumatic fever.公元1763年，奇平諾頓（與牛津鎮(zhèn)相鄰）的愛德華斯頓用曬干的柳樹皮給教區(qū)內的50位患有風濕熱的病人治病。Describes his findings in a letter to the Royal Society of London.并在寄給倫敦皇家會的信上講述了他的這一發(fā)現。1823 In Italy the active ingredi

3、ent is extracted from willow and named salicin.1823年，在意大利，從柳樹中提取出有用的成分，命名為水楊苷。1838 Salicin also found in the meadowsweet flower by Swiss and German researchers.1838年，瑞士和德國的研究者從繡線菊中同樣發(fā)現了水楊苷。1853 Salicylic acid made from salicin by French scientists but it is found to irritate the gut.1853年，法國科學家從水楊苷中

4、提取出水楊酸，但是對胃腸的刺激很大。1893 German scientists find that adding an acetyl group to salicylic acid reduces its irritant properties.1893年，德國科學家發(fā)現給水楊酸加上一個乙?；?，這樣減少了它的刺激作用。1897 In Germany, Bayer's Felix Hoffmann develops and patents a process for synthesising acetyl salicylic acid or aspirin. First clinica

5、l trials begin.1897年德國，拜耳公司的霍夫曼開發(fā)了并擁有人工合成水楊酸（或者叫阿司匹林）的專利。第一個臨床試驗開始了。1899 Clinical trials are successfully completed. aspirin launched.1899年臨床試驗獲得成功，阿司匹林成功投入市場。1914 International trade in pharmaceuticals interrupted by the outbreak of World War I. Australian pharmacist G. R. Nicholas wins a competiti

6、on to find a new way of producing aspirin.1914年，由于一戰(zhàn)，國際藥物貿易受到阻礙。澳大利亞的藥學家GR 尼古拉斯發(fā)明了一種提取阿司匹林的新方法。1930s Bayer's patent on acetyl salicylic acid runs out. It becomes a generic drug.1930年，拜耳的專利沒有了。阿司匹林變成了非專利藥品。1974 First evidence of aspirin's effects in preventing heart attacks: Professor Elwood.

7、1974年，阿司匹林在預防心臟病方面的功效得到埃爾伍德教授的證實。1982 English scientist Professor Sir John Vane and two Swedish colleagues, Sune Bergstr?m and Bengt Samuelsson win Nobel prize for discovering the role of aspirin in inhibiting prostaglandin production.1982年，英國科學家約翰?文和另兩位瑞典的同事蘇吶?貝里斯特倫、本特?薩穆埃爾松因發(fā)現阿司匹林在抑制前列腺素的增殖方面的作用而獲

8、得諾貝爾醫(yī)學獎。1989 US researchers report preliminary study suggesting that aspirin may delay the onset of senile dementia 1994 - Professor Henk C S Wallenburg of Rotterdam shows that aspirin may help in treating pre-eclampsia in pregnant women.1989年，美國研究人員報告早期的研究表明阿司匹林可能推遲高級別癡呆的開始期，,1994年鹿特丹科學家Henk C S Wa

9、llenburg實驗證明阿司匹林可能幫助治療孕婦的先兆子癇綜合癥。1995 American researchers find evidence that aspirin protects against bowel cancer.1995年，美國研究人員發(fā)現阿司匹林保護腸癌的證據。1997 aspirin is now used or being tested for use in the following conditions:-1997年，阿司匹林現在被用作或者檢測以下疾病：Heart attacks心臟病aspirin is now accepted as an important

10、weapon in the prevention of heart disease. After the first study by Elwood and Cochrane was reported in the British Medical Journal (1974, 1, 436) larger trials involving 20,000 US doctors showed that aspirin reduced the risk of coronary thrombosis by 44 per cent. A single dose of 300 mg is now reco

11、mmended for patients in the acute stages of a heart attack followed by a daily dose of 75-100 mg. A similar low dose treatment regime is recommended for patients with angina, a history of heart problems or who have undergone coronary by pass surgery.阿司匹林現在被廣泛作為預防心臟病的一個重要武器。繼艾爾伍德和科克蘭在英國醫(yī)學雜志上發(fā)表了第一個研究后

12、，涉及2000人的大規(guī)模試驗顯示阿司匹林使冠狀動脈血栓的風險降低了44%。對于處于嚴重期的心臟病，醫(yī)生建議將之前每天75-100毫克的劑量增加到300毫克。醫(yī)生也建議有心絞痛、心臟病史或做過冠狀手術的人使用類似的劑量治療。Strokes中風A trial reported in the Lancet this year (vol 349 p 1641) is the latest in a sequence of studies showing that aspirin reduces the risk of strokes in patients with 'early warnin

13、g signs' of transient ischaemic attacks. Further trials showed a small but definite benefit in reducing mortality in those patients (T.I.A.s) in the acute phase of a stroke.今年發(fā)表在柳葉刀上的一項實驗是最近的一些研究表明阿司匹林靂減少了病人患中風的風險。有早期的短暫缺血性心臟病。進一步的實驗表明阿司匹林對于控制處于嚴重中風時期的病人的死亡確實有作用，雖然并不大。Pregnancy Complications懷孕并發(fā)

14、癥Pre-eclampsia and foetal growth retardation, both caused by blockages of the blood vessels of the placenta, are two of the commonest complications of pregnancy - there are 50,000 cases of pre-eclampsia in Britain a year. In a trial involving more than 9000 women in 16 countries, a daily dose of 60

15、mg aspirin reduced the risk of pre-eclampsia by 13 per cent. Earlier research suggested that the benefits were even greater.先兆子癇綜合癥和胎兒生長延遲，都是由胎盤血管阻塞造成的。這兩個是最常見的懷孕并發(fā)癥，在英國每年有5000例妊娠毒血癥。一個涉及16個國家的9000位婦女的實驗表明，60毫克的劑量將妊娠毒血癥的患病風險減少了13%。早期的研究表明服用阿司匹林的益處更多。Colon cancer結腸癌In a long term study of 90,000 US n

16、urses between 1976 and 1995, those who took 4-6 tablets of aspirin a week had a reduced incidence of colorectal cancer. The benefits were greatest in those who had taken the drugs the longest.在1976年到1995年，長時間的研究對9000位美國那些每周服用4-6粒阿司匹林的人患結腸癌的幾率更低。服藥時間越長，效果越明顯。Diabetes -糖尿病Blindness, coronary artery di

17、sease, stroke and kidney failure are all common complications of diabetes resulting from impaired blood circulation. The benefits of taking one aspirin a day are now so widely accepted that it is considered unethical to perform placebo controlled trials to prove the case.失明、冠狀主動脈疾病、中風和腎衰竭都是糖尿病的常見并發(fā)癥

18、，都是由于血液循環(huán)損壞造成的。每天服一粒阿司匹林的好處被廣泛接受，以致于人們認為使用安慰劑對照實驗來證明它的療效是不道德的。Dementia (including Alzheimer's disease)癡呆（包括老年癡呆癥）Some form of dementia affects about one in four people aged 70 years or above. There is some evidence that aspirin may help prevent both the condition resulting from impaired blood flow and the most serious form of dementia, Alzheimer's disease. The latter is believed to be an inflammatory condition similar to arthritis. aspirin is a highly effective anti-inflammatory drug and a preliminary study