考研英語長(zhǎng)難句突破講義

1、考研英語長(zhǎng)難句突破講義l 適用對(duì)象：考研學(xué)子，四級(jí)，六級(jí)英語學(xué)習(xí)或相當(dāng)者。l 課程目的：打破英語閱讀學(xué)習(xí)的幻覺，真正獲得一扇通向別樣美麗世界的窗戶，人生從此再無長(zhǎng)難句。為英語寫作夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。l 課程安排：方法論講解；難句解析；考試實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練第一部分 方法論講解 n 引子 我們?yōu)槭裁匆x句子 ？ 自由筆記區(qū)u1.精讀能力的要求 （消除障礙的閱讀） 目標(biāo)：準(zhǔn)確 【重要】精讀2泛讀能力的要求 （廣泛獲取信息的閱讀）目標(biāo)：快速 技能：高職n 閱讀的實(shí)際過程是什么 知識(shí)：本科Input（英文）-mind（句子層面）-output（中文） 思維：研究生 思想：博士n 閱讀在句子層面的障礙 1含義 2語序&#

2、216; 簡(jiǎn)單句的障礙來源簡(jiǎn)單句：只有一套謂語的句子 基本句型包括：主+謂，主+謂+賓，主+謂+雙賓，主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)，主+系+表 定語，狀語，同位語，插入語² 簡(jiǎn)單句的障礙識(shí)別及處理方法n 定語：在句子中修飾名詞的成分 problem-定義-細(xì)化-solution（思維方式）u 前置定語：adj+名詞u 后置定語： 形容詞短語：形容詞+介詞+名詞 this is a book useful for your future Ving a woman walked on the road Ved a painting painted by Jane n. + to do a way t

3、o solve the problem 介詞短語：介詞+名詞 a bottle of water on the table 表語形容詞：alive a cat alive 解決方案：前置 PS：I want to be part of something big. Something屬于不定代詞?！静欢ù~定語置后】u 定語從句（不屬于簡(jiǎn)單句范疇） 關(guān)系代詞：人稱代詞：who whom which that as +非完整句引導(dǎo)詞 物主代詞：whose +完整句 關(guān)系連（副）詞：where why when how +完整句介詞+關(guān)系代詞：1賓語+非完整句 This is the expert

4、/( to whom )we are turning.that/as 不能加介詞in that=because2狀語+完整句 There is something( by the virtue of which)(指代something) the man is the man . 3定語+完整句 There are a lot of problems (of which )the fetching fresh water is the forest.【 1拆分 2找指代 3定成分】n 同位語:在句子中和名詞處于相同位置的成分。普通同位語A, BA or BA of B 正式同位語從句that+

5、完整句；處理辦法：刪除（中文中沒有同位語）n 插入語處理辦法：刪除n 狀語 ： 處理方法：剝離/隔離 修飾謂語 修飾動(dòng)詞副詞 adv，介詞短語,修飾定語修飾形容詞 Ving, Ved, to do, 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 第三課時(shí)例1：Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDPs drill ship, the Glomar Challenger, was able to maintain a steady position on the oceans surface and dril

6、l in very deep waters, extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.例2：A few art collectors James Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens And Hamilton of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, espe

7、cially aspiring artists, and established in their respective communities the idea of the value art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.Ø 非簡(jiǎn)單句的障礙來源 ² 非簡(jiǎn)單句的障礙解決方案n 關(guān)聯(lián)詞和主句專一原則u關(guān)聯(lián)詞 u主句專一原則² 句子之間的關(guān)聯(lián)方式u1.并列l(wèi)并列聯(lián)詞的用法u2.嵌套l常見的復(fù)雜句形式² 層次化句子閱讀方法u1.層次化結(jié)構(gòu)的表示形式u2.括號(hào)匹配法l 畫

8、左括號(hào)的條件l 畫右括號(hào)的條件 例3：The history of clinical nutrition or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century when it was rec

9、ognized for the first time that food contained constituents that were essential for human function and that different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents.例4：The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North, thou

10、gh less spectacularly.例5：The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteen-century tradition in which the making of a clay model was considered the creative act and the work was then turned over to studio assistants to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble. 筆記區(qū)u 小結(jié)區(qū) 3.完整信息鏈法l規(guī)

11、則描述： 筆記區(qū)例1.The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods, since the 1790's, and North American entrepreneurseven without technological improvementshad broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing mater

12、ials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process.例2 Tracking whales is but one example of an exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war as the Navy starts to share and partly uncover its global network of underwater listening s

13、ystem built over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies. 例3. The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century.例

14、4：Anyone who has handled a fossilized bone knows that it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart, the most obvious different being that it is often much heavier.Ø 倒裝句的分析方法n 1.部分倒裝的處理方法n 2.完全倒裝的處理方法u 2.1完全倒裝的存在環(huán)境u 2.2能夠在句子中充當(dāng)主語和表語的成份 u 2.3完全倒裝的判斷流程例1：Herein lay the beginning of what u

15、ltimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine.例2：Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.例3：With the growing prosperity brought on

16、 by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it, young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression.例4：Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the coun

17、trys impressive population growth.例5：Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets.例6：Most important, perhaps, was th

18、at they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of Americas first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River. 例7：With the turn-of-century Crafts movement an

19、d the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration, such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium. 筆記區(qū)l 例8：Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has

20、never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.例9：Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-bein

21、g.例10：Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration from town and farm to city, within the United States.例11：Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have

22、been classified as dinosaurs. 筆記區(qū)Ø 強(qiáng)調(diào)句的分析方法n 1.強(qiáng)調(diào)句的構(gòu)成n 2.強(qiáng)調(diào)句的處理方法例1：It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supple

23、mentation for a variety of health-related conditions.例2：It was she, a Baltimore printer, who published the first official copies of the Declaration, the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies.例3：It was in the cities that the el

24、ements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of

25、independent craftspeople working with hand tools. 筆記區(qū) 小結(jié)區(qū)1、對(duì)句子的完整處理流程2、強(qiáng)調(diào)：閱讀句子時(shí)要對(duì)關(guān)聯(lián)詞和謂語動(dòng)詞敏感。第二部分 難句解析一、隔離結(jié)構(gòu)：1This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an

26、 intuitive one.2It is not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.3Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether its knowing

27、 when to guess or what questions to skip.4During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.5Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, su

28、ch as "steering the economy to a soft landing" of "a touch on the brakes" , makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.6According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals

29、) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation.7Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.8On another level, many in the med

30、ical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.9The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training,

31、 and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom.10The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $ 22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5%

32、of GDP.11It identifies the under treatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.12The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play

33、would seem to the greater part of the academic establishment merely silly, but that is nonetheless the case.13The findings add weight to the theory that large areas of the Amazon have recovered so well from past periods of agricultural use that the regrowth has been mistaken by generations of biolog

34、ists for “virgin” forest.14An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students" career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform.二、并列結(jié)構(gòu)：1Their methods do not attempt to estimate the a

35、ctual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time.2Many things make people think artists are weird and the weirdest may be this: artists' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to fo

36、cus on the ones that feel bad.3And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better.4But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to oper

37、ate with less human supervision and be able to make at least" a few decisions for them- selves-goals that pose a real challenge.5But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the sid

38、e of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.6A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research pa

39、per.8I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&M wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers&q

40、uot; demands.9The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom.10Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than e

41、ver seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.11But

42、 it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge /off which /they both fall into the river-and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, &quo

43、t;Pluff! Pluff!" A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."12It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye

44、is on the microscope.13Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo"s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.14The examples of Virtual Vineyar

45、ds, A, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.三、同位語：1They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of th

46、eir own laboratory experiments with high achievers.2During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month"s stockholders" meeting, Levin asserted that "music is not the cause of society"s ills" and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to co

47、mmunicate with students.3Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and

48、a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.4There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub millimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.5The ove

49、rall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century.6At the same

50、 time, the American Law Institute-a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight-issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.7Such large, impersonal

51、 manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of busines

52、s. 四、后置定語：1Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success.2But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical

53、 that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”（看翻譯）附加句：3They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive a

54、ppearance of truth.4Its an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database.5If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for re

55、porters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.6Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.7A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals no