英語語法英語核心語法總結

1、目錄一、句子成分與基本結構(包括時態(tài)）1二、不定式5三、動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)29一般現(xiàn)在時的特例29一般過去時的注意點30一般將來時的注意點30四、非謂語動詞31五、復合式謂語41六、動詞的虛擬語氣45七、狀語從句501、時間狀語從句502.地點狀語從句523、原因狀語從句524條件狀語從句535讓步狀語從句546目的狀語從句547結果狀語從句558方式狀語從句56一、句子成分與基本結構(包括時態(tài)）主語 subject謂語 predicate賓語 object賓語補足語 object complement表語 predictive定語 attributive狀語 adverbialWARM-UP：

2、1)The teacher in the classroom. 2)Sang many songs and danced happily. 3)She attracts. 4)Many people living in the country. 5)All the books on the desk over there.以上這些形式都不能構成英語句子。英語句子(sentence)=主語+謂語（核心：主動詞）I八大成分的概念和構成1主語(名詞代詞形)：句子的主體，是謂語陳述，說明的對象。If you want the rainbow you have to put up with the ra

3、in.不經歷風雨，怎么見彩虹。The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching.成功的秘訣在于從磨練開始，并要堅持不斷磨練。充當主語的形式：1）名詞2）代詞3）名詞短語4）名詞從句5）數(shù)詞6）不定式7）-ing形式8）介詞短語（少見） 形式主語（名詞從句，不定式，動名詞）（見第六講主語和賓語） 2謂語：表示主語的行為或進行的活動。I have a dream.You dont always want what you need, or need what you want.所需之物未必皆所欲，所

4、欲未必皆所需。謂語形式：動詞（英語句子的靈魂） 3賓語：行為或活動的對象，接受者或受影響者。You dont find opportunitiesyou make them.你找不到機會。你得去創(chuàng)造機會。You probably wont hear opportunity knock if your television is always on.如果你常開著電視，你就可能聽不到機會的敲門聲。充當賓語形式：1）名詞2）代詞3）名詞短語4）名詞從句5）數(shù)詞6）不定式7）-ing形式 形式賓語（名詞從句，不定式，動名詞）（見第六講主語和賓語） 4表語：說明主語的身份和情況。(跟

5、在系動詞后)Time is money.Three oclock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do.你想做什么事，三點鐘總是太早或太遲。構成形式：1）名詞2）形容詞3）代詞4）數(shù)詞5）不定式6）ing形式7）過去分詞8）副詞9）介詞短語10）小品詞11）名詞從句 5補語：補充說明。（由動詞類別來決定）構成形式：1）名詞2）代詞3）形容詞4）數(shù)詞5）不定式6）-ing形式7）過去分詞8）介詞短語9）副詞小品詞10）名詞從句主語補語Tom was made monitor.賓語補語I made Tom

6、monitor.表語補語I am sure to succeed.6. 定語：對名詞性形式進行范圍限定。This is beautiful music.There are only two kinds of musicgood and bad.自古音樂分兩種，好的和壞的。構成形式：1）限定詞2）形容詞3）名詞4）數(shù)詞5）不定式6）-ing形式7）過去分詞8）介詞短語9）副詞10）關系從句 7. 同位語：對被修飾對象進行補充說明或進一步解釋。Puff, the magic dragon, lived by the sea.構成形式：1）名詞2）代詞3）名詞短語4）數(shù)詞5）不定式6）-i

7、ng形式7）名詞從句 8. 狀語：修飾詞，短語，從句和整句。位置：自由自在。1）修飾性狀語：修飾動詞，形容詞，副詞等（時間，地點，肯定，否定，程度，頻度，方式，伴隨，原因，目的，比較等）。Can you feel the love tonight?Home never looks so good as when you come back from getting away from it.只有出走又回家時，家才最感親切。2）連接性狀語：連接上下文（順序，遞進，轉折，讓步，結果，推論，比較）。First comes spring, then summer.Ive never been

8、 to America, therefore I dont know much about it.3)評述性狀語：修飾整個句子，表示說話人的看法或態(tài)度。Frankly speaking, the food is not very good. 英語句子成分歌英語句子八呀八大塊， 主謂賓表真呀真實在；補語跟著賓語表語跑， 定語同位（語）專把名詞踹。狀語的位置它自由自在， 忽右忽左隨心所欲擺。渾身的毛病真呀真不少， 前后亂竄它還會加塞。（RAP）II成分關系1補語跟著賓語表語跑：補語跟在賓語和表語的后面構成賓補和表補。把有賓補的句子變成被動語態(tài)，則賓補就變成了主補。To love othe

9、rs makes us happyto love ourselves makes us lonely.（賓補）We are made happy to love otherswe are made lonely to love ourselves.（主補）愛他人使我們幸福，在自己使我們孤單。2定語，同位（語）專把名詞踹：定語，同位語修飾名詞性形式Experience is the best teacher.（被定語所修飾的形式為名詞）They are going to Melbourne, the beautiful city in southern Australia.（同位語所修飾的形式為

10、名詞） 3謂語動詞由狀語修飾When you reach for the stars, you may not quite get one, but you wont come up with a handful of sand either.你想摘下天上的星星，可能一個也摘不下；但也不會一無所獲。1、主語：(1)由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞用主格)、動詞不定式、動名詞等充當,說明動作是“誰”發(fā)出的。如：The painter painted a very nice picture. (畫家畫了一幅漂亮的畫。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他們

11、勇敢地與非典搏斗。) / To see is to believe. (耳聽為虛眼見為實). / Helping animals is to help people. (幫助動物就是幫助人類。)(2)動詞不定式或動名詞做主語時可用it代替,而不定式或動名詞移至表語或賓語之后。如：It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在長途旅行中能有個甲等座位簡直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your heal

12、th eating too much.) (吃得太多對你的身體不利。)(3)口語中常見主語或“主-系”省略：(It is) nothing. (那)沒有什么。)/ (It) doesnt matter. (那)沒有關系。) / (I) thank you. (我)謝謝你。) (4)反意問句的附加問句,主語必須是代詞：The man looks worried,doesnt he? (這個人看上去很著急不是嗎？) / Tigers are dangerous animals, arent they? (老虎是危險的動物不是嗎？) (5)祈使句一般省略主語。加主語時往往用來指定

13、某個人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子們請保持鍵盤的清潔。) (省略了主語) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去給我弄一杯水來。) (6)主語一般在句首,但在問句中會處于第二位和句尾；倒裝句及there be句型主語在動詞之后。如：Computers are made in this factory. (計算機生產于這家工廠。) / Where are they? (他們在哪兒？) / Does the boy like staying home? (這個男孩喜歡呆在家里嗎

14、？) (7)主語與謂語必須保持單、復數(shù)的一致, 而謂語與表語或賓語之間沒有這一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都沒有通過考試。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中華民族是一個勤勞勇敢的民族。) 2、謂語：(1)由“不及物動詞”、“及物動詞+賓語”或“系動詞+表語”等構成,說明主語所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么樣”。如：He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅

15、行。) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰教你們的英語？) / The pizza has gone bad. (那塊烤餡餅已經變壞。) /(2)謂語動詞必須反映出人稱、單復數(shù)、時態(tài)等信息,謂語動詞往往由下列詞語依序排列構成：情態(tài)動詞+時態(tài)助動詞+語態(tài)助動詞+主要動詞(不一定全部出現(xiàn))。(見動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)構成表)記?。褐^語部分第一個動詞往往是變形動詞。如：I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (對不起我發(fā)出了太大的聲音但是只能這樣。) / He cant have finished

16、 reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能讀完了那本長達800頁的小說。) / Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (該采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。)二、不定式一、作主語 不定式作主語 動詞不定式作主語時，句子的謂語動詞常用單數(shù)，其位置有以下兩種： (1)把不定式置于句首。如： To get there by bike will take us half an hour. (2)用it作形式主語，把真正的主語不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如： Itbe名詞to do

17、It's our duty to take good care of the old. It takes sb+some time+to do How long did it take you to finish the work? 不定式作賓語 以下動詞后，只能跟不定式作賓語。如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long, manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，這些詞大部分可接that引導的從句。如： I

18、 decided to ask for my money back. I decided that I would ask for my money back.When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot. 當復合賓語中的賓語是不定式時，先用形式賓語it代替不定式，把不定式置于補語之后，即：主語動 詞it補語to do句式。如： We thi

19、nk it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well. He feels it his duty to help the poor. 介詞but,except,besides+to do(do) 在這種句型中，如介詞前有動詞do，后面應接不帶to的不定式；如無do，則接to不定式，即帶do不帶to， 帶to不帶do。如： The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in. On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TVIt

20、is +adj.+ to do sth 句型It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour. Itbe形容詞of sbto do It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays. It seems(appears)形容詞to do It seemed impossible to save money.在句型中，常用表示客觀情況的形容詞，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,imposs

21、ible,necessary 等；在句型中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示贊揚或批評的詞。在不定式前的sb，可看作其邏輯主語。這一句式有時相當于Sb is形容詞to do句式 ，如：It'skind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English. 2.動詞+to do（作賓語）動詞不定式做賓語其實你只要把不定式(to do sth)看成一個名詞即可,它屬于五

22、種基本句型里的主+謂+賓結構,例如 I beg to differ.我不敢茍同.能用此結構的動詞有:決心decide determin學會learn想want希望expect wish hope,拒絕refuse設法manage strive愿care假裝pretend,主動ofer答應promise選choose計劃plan,同意agree請求ask beg幫一幫help.為方便記憶大家把漢字連成句.另外再加上afford to do sth 承擔的起   3. 在一些動詞之后，可以在連接代詞（what/who/which)或者連接副詞（how/when/whe

23、re)以及whether后面接一個帶to的動詞不定式。這種結構是連接詞賓語從句的簡略形式。I wonder who to invite. (= who I should invite)Show us what to do. (=what we must do)I dont know whether to answer his letter. (=此處不用if）4.不定式作賓語時,如帶有賓語補足語,則要把不定式放到后面,用it作形式賓語,構成"主語+動詞+it+賓補(形容詞,名詞)+不定式"He found it very diffic

24、ult to get to sleep. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)很難入睡.注意：常用此結構的動詞有consider,judge,make,feel,make 等。句型四： 形容詞+ to do sth of sb to do 用來說明人的性格特征和行為表現(xiàn)的動態(tài)形容詞與不定式連用，常用brave,careful cruel, generous,clever, foolish, kind,modest, pilite,nice,rude,stupid,等形容詞 It is wise of you not to agree with you.It is gener

25、ous of him to lend me his car,不定式作狀語 作目的狀語(1) I stayed there to see what would happen. Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examinedby the doctor. (2)有時為了強調，不定式前可加in order或so as。如： Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not toforget it. 有時為強調目的狀語可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to不能這樣

26、用。在這種句式中不定式部 分可轉換為so that,in order that,成為目的狀語從句，如： I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see whatwould happen. (3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容詞、過去分詞或動詞之后可接不定式，如：astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。 We are glad to hear the news. I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby

27、could write so well. 在部分形容詞后接不定式，用主動形式表示被動意義，這種句型中的主語是不定式的邏輯賓語。如：The question raised by thestudent is difficult to answer. The room is really comfortable to live in. 常這樣用的形容詞有：comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。 作結果狀語 We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat

28、 and tidy. 不定式作結果狀語還常用在下列句式中。如： soas to;suchas to I'm not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到會把它寫下來。 I'm not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing. enoughto The speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner. only to Jane hurried back only to find her mother d

29、ying inthehospital. tooto I'm too tired to stay up longer. 但在下列結構中，tooto并非是“太而不能”之意。如： I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.考試及格我太高興了。（too修飾glad to have，相當 于very） We have too much to learn.我們要學的太多了（不定式作定語）。 too.to 的用法一、too. to. 的意義 too. to 句型形式上是肯定的，但是它在意義上卻是否定的，表示"太而不能"。too 的

30、后面接形容詞或副詞的原級，to 的后面接動詞原形。too. to.句型是簡單句。例如：He is too young to join the army. 他年齡太小，不能參軍。二、動詞不定式的邏輯主語動詞不定式所表示的動作的執(zhí)行者與整個句子的主語不指同一人或物時，需要在動詞不定式前加上一個邏輯主語(常用for sb.)。例如：The maths problem is too difficult for me to work out. 這道數(shù)學題太難我解不出來。三、too. to. 結構表達肯定的意義1. too 前面含有表示否定意義的詞，如: not, never, nothing等時，too

31、. to. 結構不表示否定的意義。例如：It is never too old to learn. 活到老，學到老。(要學永遠都不遲。)2. 如果在too. to.這種結構的前面出現(xiàn)了only, 不僅免去了too的否定意義，反而加強了too的肯定語氣，only too 相當于very 或very much。例如：I shall be only too pleased to get home. 到了家我將極其高興。3. too后接表示感情的形容詞，如glad, pleased, happy, sad等時，too. to.句型不再表示否定意義，而表示的是肯定意義。例如：He is too sad

32、to hear the bad news. 聽到這個不幸的消息他太悲傷了。四、too. to. 結構與enough.to. 結構及so. that.結構的相互轉換1. 將too.to.結構轉換為enough. to. 結構時，要注意：(1) enough 前的形容詞或副詞應是too前面形容詞或副詞的反義詞；(2) enough. to. 句式須用否定式；(3) too. to.結構有邏輯主語時，enough. to. 結構也要加上邏輯主語。例如：She is too young to do the work. = She isn't old enough to do the work.

33、 The problem is too hard for him to work out.= The problem isn't easy enough for him to work out.2. 將too.to.結構轉換為so. that. 結構時，要注意：(1) so. that. 結構是復合句，so 的后面接形容詞或副詞的原級，that的后面接從句。(2) that后面的從句要用否定形式。例如：She is too young to go to school. = She is so young that she can't go to school.請同學們做做下列中

34、考題，以便檢驗你對too. to.用法的掌握情況。變換下列句型：1. a. The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.b. The box is _ heavy_ _ _ carry. c. The box is not _ _ for me to carry.2. a. The maths problem isn't easy enough for me to work out. b. The maths problem is _ difficult _ I can't work it out.c. The maths pro

35、blem is _ difficult _ _ _ work out. 3. a. The book is interesting enough foreverybody to read. b. The book is _ interesting_ everybody likes to readit. Keys: 1. b. too, for me to c. light enough2. b. so, that c. too, for me to 3. b. so, that不定式作定語 不定式在句中作定語，置于被修飾的名詞或代詞之后。如： The next train to arrive

36、is from Washington. Have you anything to be taken to your sister? Do you have anything to say on the question? Would you please give me some paper to write on? My wish to visit France has come true at last. 不定式短語作定語和被修飾詞之間表示以下關系： (1)表示將來的動作（例）。 (2)與被修飾詞之間有動賓關系，如是不及物動詞，則需加介詞（例）。 (3)與被修飾詞之間有動賓關系，同時與句中

37、其它詞之間又有邏輯上的主謂關系時，盡管有被動含義，卻仍 用主動語態(tài)（例）；如只有動賓關系，而無邏輯上的主謂關系，則需用被動語態(tài)（例）。 (4)不定式作定語時，一般可轉換為定語從句，例to arrive=that will arrive。作賓語補足語 一些及物動詞除要求按賓語外，有時還需要有賓語補足語，說明賓語的行為、狀態(tài)、特征，這時意思才相對完整。 (1)常要求不定式作賓補的動詞有：allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive（強迫），encourage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,would like(love,hate),order,permit,

38、persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如： Would you like me to give your regards to Mary? I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.(2)部分動詞后常接to be形容詞、名詞短語等形式，有時to be可省略，如：believe,consider,discover,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understa nd

39、等。 We all believe John(to be)honest. I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School. 但當不定式是完成式時，to不能省略，如：We consider him tohave been foolish. (3)感覺動詞和使役動詞后用作賓補的不定式須省略to。 I didn't hear anyone say anything about it. They make the students do too much homework every da

40、y. 這種句式在變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，to不能省略，如第句：Thestudents are made to do too much homework every day. (4)help,know后面的"to"可有可無。如： Would you please help me(to) fill in the taxform? I've never known her(to)be late before.但：He was known to have been to France before. (5)部分短語動詞后，常接不定式作賓補，如： You may depend on

41、them to be there early. The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy. 常這樣用的短語動詞有：ask for,care for,call on,count on,depend on,wait for,long for（渴望）， prepare for,wish for等。作主語補足語 不定式作主語補足語，和主語構成一種邏輯上的主謂關系。如： He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late. The young unive

42、rsity student is considered to have great promise. 不定式短語還可作獨立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如： To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointment tome. 常見的短語有to be exact（確切地說），to begin with（首先），to do him justice（說句對他公道的 話），to be sure（真的）等等。不定式作表語表示具體動作或將來動作；To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. My

43、 chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter. What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.  動名詞作主語 Learning without practice is no good. 動名詞作主語時，也常用It句式。如： It's +no good(no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doing It's no good reading in dim light. It's no use si

44、tting here waiting. It's形容詞doing It's dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days. 這樣用的形容詞有expensive,nice,tiring等，但important,necessary則不適用于這種結構，應用不定式 代替，如：It'simportant for you to keep fit. There is no+doing There is no saying what will happen next. 在這一結構中，動名詞后常帶賓語，相當于"It's impo

45、ssible to"結構。 動詞不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別 不定式作主語經常表示具體動作，常與特定的動作執(zhí)行者聯(lián)系在一起；而動名詞作主語經常表示抽象動作，經常不與特定的動作執(zhí)行者聯(lián)系在一起。如： It's no good eating too much fat. It's no good for you to eat so much fat. 動名詞結構作主語，可以用名詞或代詞屬格形式作邏輯主語。如： It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules.二、作賓語 動名詞作賓語 以下動詞

46、后，只能接動名詞作賓語，如：admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imag ine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don't mind,give up,insist,on, put off等。如： I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town. You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm toyour health. 動名詞作介詞的賓語 I

47、should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home. What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech? 動名詞前的介詞有時可以省略，如：have difficulty(in)doing,have no trouble(in)doing,lose no ti me(in)doing,prevent/stop(from)doing,there is no use(in)doing等。 部分動詞后面，既可接動詞不定式，也可接動名詞作賓語，意義不變。如：begin,con

48、tinue,start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want等。 在need,require,want后接-ing形式，表示被動意義，也可接不定式，但要用被動形式，如：Your handwr iting needs improving(tobe improved). hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未來事件，接動名詞表示目前正在進行的活動或一般的行為。 在下列情況下，一般要用不定式： hate,like,love前有would(should)時，如：I'd like to have a cup of coffee. 當謂語動詞begin,co

49、ntinue,start等是進行式時，如：Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem.begin,continue,start與know,understand等狀態(tài)動詞連用時，如：I soon began to understand what was happening. advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等動詞后接動名詞作賓語，或帶不定式作賓語補足語。如： Our teachers don't permit our swimming in the lake. O

50、ur teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake. 部分動詞后接不定式或動名詞時，意義差別較大，應根據句子語境選擇使用。 forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示現(xiàn)在或未來的動作，接動名詞表示動作已經發(fā)生。如： Don't forget fo post the letter for me. Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport? Remember to close the windows before you leave. I remember wri

51、ting him a letter a year ago. We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting. They regretted ordering these books from abroad. mean to do 打算做某事 doing 意味著 I meant to catch up with the early bus. This means wasting a lot of money. try to do 設法盡力做某事 doing 試著做某事 You should tr

52、y to overcome your shortcomings. Try working out the physics problem in another way. stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的狀語） doing 停止做某事 On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a paper. You'd better stop arguing and do as you are told. can't help doing 禁不住 to do不能幫助干 They couldn't help jumpi

53、ng up at the news. Sorry I have lots of work to do.So I can't help to make up the room for you. go on to do 做不同的事或不同內容的事 doing 繼續(xù)不停地做某事，指同一動作的繼續(xù) He went on to talk about world situation.他接著又談了世界形勢。 We'll go on fighting so long as there is oppression inthe world.leave off to do 離開某地去干什么（目的狀語）

54、 doing停下某事 It's time to leave off talking and to start acting. They left off to go fishing. 三、做表語 動名詞作表語表示抽象的一般行為。當主語和表語都是不定式時，其含義一是條件，一是結果（例）。當主語是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等為中心詞的名詞詞組（例）時，或以what引導的名詞性分句（例），不定 式說明主語的內容。 Our work is serving the people. What he likes is tak

55、ing a walk after supper. The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting. 句動名詞作表語，與主語部分可以轉換，如Serving thepeople is out work,而句中是現(xiàn)在分詞作 表語，說明主語的性質、狀態(tài)，現(xiàn)在分詞具有形容詞的各種特征，另外，動名詞作表語還應與進行時態(tài)區(qū)別開 來。 四、作定語 動名詞作定語 This passage can be used as listening materials. The reading room of our school library can hold 800peop

56、le. All moving bodies have energy. 句動名詞作定語說明一種性能，即：用來的；第句為現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，單個分詞作定語常置于 被修飾詞之前，與被修飾詞之間，可構成邏輯上的主謂關系，分詞短語作定語常置于被修飾詞之后。如：The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua. 動詞不定式、動名詞的其它用法 疑問詞不定式結構 疑問詞who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式構成不定式短語，在句中作主語、賓語、表 語等。如： When to leave for London has not been decided yet. Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or st