科技論文英語(yǔ)寫作技巧

1、周周 濤濤中南大學(xué)化學(xué)化工學(xué)院摘要摘要1用溶液澆鑄法制備含有聚乙烯醇(PVA)/羧甲基纖維素(CMC)聚合物、KOH和水的復(fù)合堿性固態(tài)聚合物電解質(zhì)PVA/CMC/KOH/H2O。采用掃描電鏡,循環(huán)伏安和交流阻抗技術(shù)研究PVA/CMC/KOH/H2O的特性。研究結(jié)果表明:在室溫時(shí),PVA/CMC/KOH/H2O離子電導(dǎo)率最高可達(dá)7.110-2Scm-1;在循環(huán)伏安曲線上,在0.15,-0.30和-0.70V時(shí)出現(xiàn)明顯的氧化還原峰。以PVA/CMC/KOH/H2O為電解質(zhì)組裝的電池,當(dāng)以1mA/cm2的電流密度放電時(shí),在1.101.40V有放電平臺(tái)出現(xiàn);當(dāng)以3mA/cm2電流密度充、放電時(shí),電池經(jīng)

2、過(guò)42次循環(huán)后,充、放電效率為88%95%,表明PVA/CMC/KOH/H2O電解質(zhì)具有較強(qiáng)的穩(wěn)定性;電池內(nèi)阻隨著充電過(guò)程的進(jìn)行逐步降低,隨著放電過(guò)程的進(jìn)行急劇增大;內(nèi)阻的增加除了與電極充放電狀態(tài)有關(guān)外,還與外加電場(chǎng)對(duì)電解質(zhì)的影響有關(guān)。Abstract:Aalkalinesolid-statepolymerelectrolytecomposedofpolyvinylalcohol(PVA)/carboxymethylcellulose(CMC)polymer,KOHandH2Owaspreparedbysolutioncastingmethod.Theionicconductivityofal

3、kalinecompositePVA/CMC/KOH/H2Opolymerelectrolyteatroomtemperatureisthehighest,7.110-2Scm-1.ThemorphologyandelectrochemistryperformancesofcompositePVA/CMC/KOH/H2Opolymerelectrolyteswerestudiedbyscanningelectronmicroscope(SEM),cyclicvoltammetry(CV)andalternatingcurrentimpedancemethods,respectively.The

4、resultsshowthatthereareredoxpeaksat0.15,-0.30and-0.70VontheCVcurves,respectively,andthoseredoxpeaksmayresultfromthereactionofactivegroupofthepolymer.Thedischargevoltageplateauof1.10-1.40Vat1mA/cm2wasobservedforthecellwithNi/CdelectrodeandPVA/CMC/KOH/H2Oelectrolytes;afterthecellbeingcharged/discharge

5、dfor42timesat3mA/cm2,thecharge-dischargeefficiencyis88%-95%.Theseresultsindicatethattheelectrolyteexhibitsgoodstability.Itisalsofoundthattheinnerelectricresistanceofthiscellisdecreasedinthechargeprocessandsignificantlyincreasedinthedischargeprocess.Thevariationofinnerelectricresistanceofthiscellisre

6、latedtonotonlythechargebutalsodischargestateofelectrodeandtheeffectofextraelectricfieldonthesolidstateelectrolyte.Keywords:solidstatealkalinecell;alkalinesolidpolymerelectrolyte;PVA/CMCpolymer;Cd/Nicell1.1.發(fā)光反應(yīng)型有機(jī)銨分子與CdSe 納米晶的組裝摘要-用巰基乙酸做穩(wěn)定劑制備了水溶性CdSe納米顆粒) 用十六烷基三甲基溴化銨(HTAB)、發(fā)光性(4-甲氧基均二苯乙烯基)二甲基乙基溴化銨(M

7、ODAB) 及末端含有雙鍵的(4-甲基丙烯酰氧基均二苯乙烯基) 二甲基乙基溴化銨(MSDAB) 對(duì)該CdSe納米顆粒進(jìn)行了混合組裝。通過(guò)改變?nèi)N有機(jī)分子的比例可以調(diào)控所得組裝體的溶解性、聚合性及其發(fā)光性質(zhì)。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，當(dāng)HTAB:MODAB:MSDAB=1:5.985.90:0.020.10(摩爾比)時(shí)，所得組裝體具有較好的聚合性、溶解性和熒光性質(zhì)。關(guān)鍵詞： CdSe； 超分子組裝；熒光；能量轉(zhuǎn)移2.2.煤基單壁納米炭管的制備煤基單壁納米炭管的制備摘要摘要采用電弧等離子體技術(shù),以鐵粉、鎳粉或La2Ni混合物為催化劑,由中國(guó)煤成功地制備出單壁納米炭管.綜合運(yùn)用掃描電子顯微鏡(SEM)、透射電子

8、顯微鏡(TEM)、能量散射探針(EDX)及激光拉曼光譜等技術(shù)對(duì)所制得的單壁納米炭管進(jìn)行分析表征,發(fā)現(xiàn)得到的單壁納米炭管具有較高的純度;所制得的煤基單壁納米炭管的直徑與所使用的催化劑有關(guān),以鐵粉為催化劑時(shí),單壁炭管的直徑處于1.22.2nm之間,而以鎳粉或La2Ni混合物為催化劑時(shí)得到單壁炭管的直徑相近,處于1.261.50nm之間;與單壁炭管伴生的其他雜質(zhì)是少量的碳包納米金屬顆粒和微量的源于原料煤中礦物質(zhì)的Al、Si等雜原子.關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞單壁納米炭管煤催化劑PREPARATIONOFSINGLE-WALLEDCARBONNANOTUBESFROMCOALAbstractSingle-walle

9、dcarbonnanotubes(SWCNTs)werepreparedfromcoalbythearcdischargemethodwithiron,nickeloramixtureofnickelandlanthanumascatalyst.TheSWCNTswerecharacterizedbyscanningelectronmicroscopy,transmissionelectronmicroscopy,energydispersiveX-rayanalysis,X-raydiffractionandRamanspectroscopy.Theresultsshowedthatthep

10、urityofSWCNTsderivedfromcoalwasquitegood,ofwhichthediameterswerecloselyrelatedtothecatalystsused,whichwasaround1.22.2nmforironcatalyst;whileinthecaseofnickelandLa-Nimixturecatalysts,thediametersoftheas-grownSWNTsweresimilarandinarangeof1.261.50nm.TraceamountsofotherelementssuchasAl,Si,CaandKwerefoun

11、dintheSWCNTs,whichwerebelievedtobefrommineralmatterintherawcoal.Keywordssingle-walledcarbonnanotube,coal,catalyst3.3.納米納米CaCO3/EPR/PP 復(fù)合材料性能與結(jié)構(gòu)研究復(fù)合材料性能與結(jié)構(gòu)研究摘要摘要:采用雙輥混煉和擠出制樣的方法制備了納米CaCO3/EPR/PP復(fù)合材料。通過(guò)PCM、TEM及力學(xué)性能測(cè)試研究了復(fù)合材料的力學(xué)性能及EPR和CaCO3粒子的分散狀況。在納米CaCO3/EPR/PP復(fù)合體系中,納米CaCO3粒子的加入,不但使沖擊強(qiáng)度顯著提高,而且使彎曲彈性模量顯著

12、提高。納米CaCO3粒子的增韌機(jī)理在于納米CaCO3粒子的加入使彈性體EPR的分散更加均勻,EPR顆粒的粒徑變小,進(jìn)而與納米CaCO3粒子產(chǎn)生協(xié)同增韌的作用。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞:聚丙烯;納米CaCO3;EPR;增韌;復(fù)合材料STUDY ON COM POSITE OF NANO-CaCO3/EPR/POLY PROPYLENEAbstract:Nano-CaCO3/EPR/PPcompositewaspreparedbythetwo-rollmillandextruder.ThemechanicalpropertiesofthecompositeandthedispersionofEPRandNan

13、o-CaCO3wereinvestigatedbymeansofPCM,TEMandmechanicaltest.Theresultsshowthatnotonlytheimpactpropertybutalsothebendingmodulusofthesystemhavebeenevidentlyincreasedbyaddingnano-CaCO3.Thetougheningmechanismofthenano-CaCO3isduetothefactthattheadditionofnano-CaCO3particlesmakestheEPRwell-distributedandtheE

14、PRparticlesizesmall,leadingtothecooperativetougheningbythereactionbetweenthesmallerEPRparticlesandthenano2CaCO3particles.Keywords:polypropylene;nano-CaCO3;EPR;toughening;composite4.均相水解法制備金紅石含量可控的納均相水解法制備金紅石含量可控的納TiO2摘要摘要用均相水解法通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)對(duì)甲苯磺酸的添加量制備了金紅石含量線性可控的納米TiO2粒子,相同條件下,沒有加入對(duì)甲苯磺酸時(shí),制備的TiO2顆粒為純銳鈦礦晶型.制備的納

15、米TiO2顆粒,其單晶尺寸為19.5nm(金紅石),13.5nm(銳鈦礦),比表面積72.7m2/g,通過(guò)公式計(jì)算得到了制備的TiO2納米顆粒帶隙能為2.83eV,比P25和純銳鈦礦納米TiO2顆粒的帶隙能均低.關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞均相水解法,金紅石含量可控,納米TiO2Preparation of Nano-scale TiO2 with Controllable Rutile Content by Homogeneous HydrolysisAbstract ThehomogeneoushydrolysismethodwasproposedtosynthesizenanoscaleTiO2mixe

16、dcrystal.ItisremarkablethatthecontentofrutilecrystalphaseinTiO2mixedcrystalwascontrollablebytheadditionoftoluene-p-sulfonicacid.Therelationshipbetweentoluene-p-sulfonicacidandrutilephaseofTiO2waspresented.TiO2waspureanatasecrystallitewithouttheadditionoftoluene-p-sulfonicacid.Thesamplewith012additio

17、nratiooftoluene-p-sulfonicacidwasstudied.ThepropertiesofaTiO2samplepreparedarethatthesizeofnano-crystallitewas19.5nmforrutile,and13.5nmforanatase,thespecificsurfaceareawas72.7m2/g,andtheenergyofbandgapwas2.83eV.Keywords homogeneoushydrolysis,controllablerutilecontent,nano-crystalliteTiO25.分子自組裝脂類微管的

18、螺旋帶特征分析分子自組裝脂類微管的螺旋帶特征分析摘要摘要利用聯(lián)乙炔基甘油磷脂酰膽堿分子的自組裝特性,制備得到脂類微管結(jié)構(gòu),并在大量觀察基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)脂類微管的螺旋帶特征進(jìn)行分析歸納.觀察表明脂類微管是由螺旋帶緊密纏繞形成的穩(wěn)定結(jié)構(gòu),具有明顯的螺旋纏繞特征;同時(shí)體系中存在少量不同形態(tài)的松馳螺旋帶.體系中存在有單層脂膜包埋的螺旋帶,這是一種新的結(jié)構(gòu)形態(tài).螺旋帶邊緣有明顯的錯(cuò)位和分層現(xiàn)象,端部具有不同于其它區(qū)域的松馳現(xiàn)象.脂類微管的這些特征對(duì)其表面納米顆粒的沉積產(chǎn)生很大的影響,金屬鈀和鎳納米顆粒在螺旋帶邊緣的分層沉積可清楚地顯示脂類微管螺旋帶的錯(cuò)位和分層特征.金屬鈀的分層沉積特征可嘗試用于標(biāo)志自組裝膜的

19、脂類雙層數(shù);同時(shí),自組裝脂類螺旋帶的研究可用于揭示脂類分子自組裝的本質(zhì),并在生物礦化和生物膜力學(xué)研究方面有重要意義.關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞分子自組裝,脂類微管,螺旋帶Feature Analysis of Helical Ribbons in Self-assembled Microtubules from BiolipidAbstract Lipidmicrotubulesarefabricatedbymolecularself-assemblymethodfrombiologically-derivedlipid,andthehelicalcharacteristicsoflipidmicrotub

20、ulesareprimarilysummarizedonthebasisofmanyinvestigations.Itwasindicatedthatlipidmicrotubulesarethestablemicrostructuresformedbytightlytwistedribbons,andthereareafewloosehelicalribbons.Meanwhile,thereexistafewhelicalribbonsentrappedinthesinglewalllipidmembrane,whichmeansanewkindoflipidself-assemblymo

21、rphology.Theclearlyhelicalpatternontubules,themulti-bilayermicrostructurescausedbyhelicaldislocationattheedgeofribbon,andthehelicalrelaxationofribbonatthetopendoftubules,arethemaincharacteristicsofthelipidmicrotubules.Theywillhavesubstantialeffectsonthefollowingdepositionofnanoparticlesonmicrotubule

22、sandhelicalribbons.Themulti-layerdepositionsofPdandNinanoparticlesattheedgeofribbonclearlyexhibitthedislocationoflipidbilayers,aswellasthemulti-layermicrostructuresoflipidmembrane.Furthermore,themulti2layerdepositionfeaturesoffinePdnanoparticlesattheedgeofhelicalribbonmaybedevelopedtolabelthenumbero

23、flipidbilayersinself-assembledmembrane.Meanwhile,thefurtherresearchontheself-assemblyofhelicalribbonwillbebeneficialtorevealingthenatureoflipidself-assembly,anditwillplayanimportantroleinresearchonbiomineralizationandmechanicpropertyofbiologicalmembrane.Keywords molecularself-assembly,lipidmicrotubu

24、le,helicalribbon6.納米納米Fe3O4 磁性液體穩(wěn)定性的研究磁性液體穩(wěn)定性的研究摘要摘要:從理論上解析了磁性顆粒之間的相互作用對(duì)納米磁性液體穩(wěn)定性的影響,指出磁粒半徑和濃度,表面活性劑的包覆是影響磁液穩(wěn)定性的重要因素.采用濕化學(xué)共沉淀法制備了納米Fe3O4磁性液體,經(jīng)過(guò)TEM等手段的表征,證明平均粒徑為10nm,穩(wěn)定性良好.實(shí)驗(yàn)研究了加料方式、攪拌速度、分散作用、表面活性劑包覆時(shí)機(jī)、包覆時(shí)間和加入量以及pH值諸多工藝因素對(duì)磁液穩(wěn)定性的影響,并分析了這些因素的影響機(jī)制.關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞:納米;磁性液體;表面活性劑;穩(wěn)定性;TEMStudy on the Stability of Na

25、nosized Fe3O4 Magnetic FluidsAbstract Theeffectofinteraction(attractioneffectandrepulsioneffect)betweenmagneticparticlesonthestabilityofnanometermagneticfluidswasanalyzedtheoretically.Itwaspointedthatthesizeandconcentrationofmagneticparticlesandthecoatingofsurfactantwereimportantfactorsaffectingthes

26、tabilityofmagneticfluids.NanosizedFe3O4magneticfluidswerepreparedbythechemicalco-precipitationmethod.CharacterizedbymeansofTEM,zetapotentialandsoon,themagneticfluidshadthemeansizeof10nmandexellentstability.Thestabilityofmagneticfluidswasresearchedexperimentallyastothefactorssuchasthemethodofaddingst

27、artingmaterials,thespeedofstirring,dispersioneffect,surfactantscoatingoccasion,coatingtimeandaddingamount,andpH.Theaffectingmechanismofthesefactorswasanalyzedfurther.Keywords NanosizedFe3O4,Magneticfluids,Surfactant,TEM7.碳納米管的純化碳納米管的純化摘要摘要目前制備碳納米管的方法很多,然而這些方法所制得的產(chǎn)物中除碳納米管外常常還含有無(wú)定形碳、碳納米粒子及催化劑顆粒等雜質(zhì),這些雜

28、質(zhì)的存在直接影響到碳納米管的性能測(cè)試及其應(yīng)用研究,因此碳納米管的純化研究十分必要與重要。而不同制備方法所得碳納米管的性質(zhì)以及所引入的雜質(zhì)都不相同,這就增加了碳納米管純化研究的難度。本文結(jié)合該領(lǐng)域研究前沿對(duì)碳納米管的純化機(jī)理及方法做了系統(tǒng)的介紹。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞碳納米管無(wú)定形碳純化氧化Purification of Carbon NanotubesAbstractCarbonnanotubeshavebeensynthesizedbymanydifferentmethods.However,theas-preparedproductsusuallycontainalargeamountofimpur

29、ities,suchasamorphous-carbon,carbonnanoparticlesandcatalystparticles,whichdirectlyaffectthepropertytestingandthefutureapplicationsofcarbonnanotubes.Sothepurificationprocessisnecessaryandimportant.Besides,thedifferenceofcarbonnanotubesandtheimpuritiesowingtothedifferentpreparationmethodsmakesthepurif

30、icationresearchcomplicated.Inthispaper,recentresultsaddressingrationalandefficientmethodstopurifycarbonnanotubesarediscussed.Andtheirpurificationmechanismsarealsodiscussed.Key wordsCarbonnanotubes,Amorphouscarbon,Purification,Oxidation8.超聲沉淀法制備納米超聲沉淀法制備納米Al2O3 粉體粉體摘要摘要:將超聲輻射應(yīng)用于以硫酸鋁銨(NH4Al(SO4)212H2O

31、)和碳酸氫銨(NH4HCO3)為原料的沉淀法制備Al2O3納米粉體的化學(xué)反應(yīng)工藝過(guò)程,制備了粒徑為12nm的-Al2O3納米粉體。通過(guò)SEM、TEM等分析手段研究了超聲輻射對(duì)前驅(qū)體NH4Al(OH)2CO3沉淀物及最終粉體尺寸、形貌及其團(tuán)聚行為的影響,并探討了其作用機(jī)理。結(jié)果表明:超聲輻射由于其自身的空化作用不僅細(xì)化了前驅(qū)體顆粒、抑制了其間的團(tuán)聚,而且延緩了其向凝膠的轉(zhuǎn)變過(guò)程,從而有效地細(xì)化-Al2O3顆粒,但過(guò)高的頻率卻易導(dǎo)致顆粒間的進(jìn)一步聚合。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞:超聲波;沉淀;納米Al2O3Al2O3 nanopowder prepared by precipitation under ultr

32、asonic radiationAbstract : The-Al2O3particlewithanaveragediameterof12nmwaspreparedbyprecipitationmethodunderultrasonicradiationusingNH4Al(SO4)212H2OandNH4HCO3asrawmaterials.TheeffectsofultrasonicradiationonthesizeandappearanceofprecursorandAl2O3particlewereinvestigatedbymeansofSEMandTEM,themechanism

33、wasalsostudied.Theresultsshowthatbecauseofthecavitateultrasonicradiationcannotonlymaketheprecursorsmallerandreduceitsagglomeration,butalsoslowdownthespeedofchangetogel.Ultrasonicradiationcanrefine-Al2O3nanoparticleeffectively,buttoohighultrasonicfrequencywillcausefurtheragglomerationbetweenparticles

34、.Key words : ultrasonic;precipitation;Al2O3nanopowder9.Co/M gO 固體催化劑固體催化劑CVD 法合成單壁納米碳管的研究法合成單壁納米碳管的研究摘要摘要:分別用浸漬法、離子吸附沉淀法、溶膠2凝膠法制備了四組Co/MgO催化劑.1000時(shí),這些催化劑均能在CH4氣氛下合成單壁納米碳管,產(chǎn)量受催化劑活性組分尺寸影響明顯.經(jīng)透射電子顯微鏡(TEM)和熱重分析(TGA)結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),浸漬法中以乙醇作為溶劑制備的催化劑所制得的產(chǎn)物中含有最多的單壁納米碳管;離子吸附沉淀法所得的催化劑因沉淀的活性組分顆粒過(guò)大而不適合于單壁納米碳管的生長(zhǎng);溶膠2凝膠法通過(guò)

35、優(yōu)化工藝將有望獲得高產(chǎn)率的制備單壁碳管的催化劑.TEM和電子衍射觀測(cè)同時(shí)表明所制得的單壁納米碳管的直徑都分布在1nm左右,且大部分聚集成束.關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞:單壁納米碳管;化學(xué)氣相沉積;透射電子顯微鏡CVD synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes by Co/MgO solid catalystsAbstract:FourCo/MgOcatalystsforgrowingsingle-walledcarbonnanotubes(SWNTs)werepreparedbyimpregnation,ion-absorptionprecipitation,a

36、ndsol-gelmethodsrespectively.AllthefourcatalystscouldbeusedtosynthesizeSWNTsat1000 whenusingCH4ascarbonsource;theyieldwasremarkablyaffectedbythesizeofactivation-sitesofthecatalysts.Transmissionelectronmicroscopy(TEM)observationandthermogravimetricanalysis(TGA)showedthatwhenethanolwasusedassolventint

37、heimpregnationmethod,thecatalystachievedthehighestyield;andthation-absorptionprecipitationwasnotapromisingmethodforcatalysingSWNTspreparationduetothelargescaleoftheactivation-sitesobtainedbydeposition.Experimentalresultsalsoimpliedthatthesol-gelmethodwouldbeahopefultechniqueforcatalystpreparationaft

38、eroptimizingitsprocess.AllthoseSWNTsdiameterswereabout1nmandmostwereinbigbundlesasrevealedbytheTEMobservationandthediffraction.Key words:single-walledcarbonnanotubes(SWNTs);chemicalvapordeposition(CVD);transmissionelectronmicroscopy(TEM)2S十十V十十P句式句式:He is older than he looks他比看上去要老。 He seen interest

39、ed in the book他似乎對(duì)這本書感興趣。 The story sounds interesting這個(gè)故事聽起來(lái)有趣。The cake tastes nice餅嘗起來(lái)很香。 The flowers smell sweet and nice花聞起來(lái)香甜。 You have grown taller than before你長(zhǎng)得比以前高了。 He has suddenly fallen ill他突然病倒了。 He could never turn traitor to his country他永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)背叛他的祖國(guó)。 3S十十V十十O句式句式:Have you read the story

40、? 你讀過(guò)這個(gè)故事嗎?They found their home easily他們很容易找到他們的家。 They built a house last year他們?nèi)ツ杲艘凰孔印?Theyve put up a factory in the village他們?cè)诖謇锝艘蛔S。 They have taken good care of the children這些孩子他們照看得很好。 You should look after your children well你應(yīng)該好好照看你的孩子。 4S十十V十十O1十十O2句式句式:Hegavemeabook/abooktome他給我一本書。He

41、broughtmeapen/apentome他帶給我一枝鋼筆。Heofferedmehisseat/hisseattome他把座位讓給我。注意下邊動(dòng)詞改寫后介詞的變化：Motherboughtmeabook/abookforme.媽媽給我買了一本書。Hegotmeachair/achairforme他給我弄了一把椅子。注意，下邊動(dòng)詞只有一種說(shuō)法：Theyrobbedtheoldmanofhismoney他們搶了老人的錢。Heswarnedmeofthedanger.他警告我注意危險(xiǎn)。Wemustridthehouseoftherats我們必須趕走屋里的老鼠。5S十十V十十O十十C句式句式:Th

42、ey made the girl angry他們使這個(gè)女孩生氣了。 They found her happy that day他們發(fā)現(xiàn)那天她很高興。 I saw him in我見他在家。 They saw a foot mark in the sand他們發(fā)現(xiàn)沙地上有腳印。 They named the boy Charlie他們給這個(gè)男孩起名為查理。 They felt the car moving fast他們感到汽車行駛得很快。 I heard the glass broken just now我剛才聽到玻璃碎了。 He found the doctor of study closed

43、to him他發(fā)現(xiàn)研究所的大門對(duì)他關(guān)閉了。4. 怎樣寫好英語(yǔ)句子怎樣寫好英語(yǔ)句子 How to Write English Sentences存在問(wèn)題：存在問(wèn)題：第一、英語(yǔ)底子太薄。第一、英語(yǔ)底子太薄。第二、詞匯量太小，且對(duì)已學(xué)詞匯記憶不清。第二、詞匯量太小，且對(duì)已學(xué)詞匯記憶不清。第三、表達(dá)思想不清楚。第三、表達(dá)思想不清楚。舉例舉例1） Some one consider that fresh water will not touch its end. 2） One mans life lack of money, he will impossible to live on. 3） As is

44、 know, that there are much fake commodities in todays society. 表達(dá)思想不清楚的主要原因：1.作文中嚴(yán)重漢化的英語(yǔ)，即中式英語(yǔ)比如：mancanlivehappiness.Manisiron,andfoodissteel.Womenarehalfsidesky.2.語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤的普遍性和嚴(yán)重性十分驚人(!):主謂不一致，名詞單復(fù)數(shù)不分，動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)濫用，常用詞拼寫錯(cuò)誤比比皆是。結(jié)論:多數(shù)人在寫作上的主要欠缺不是系統(tǒng)的寫作理論和方法，而是最基本的單句寫作能力。1含有否定意義的詞匯和短語(yǔ):介詞:against,beyond,but,exce

45、pt,without,.形容詞和動(dòng)詞:absent,deny,differ,different,fail,free,ignore,miss,refuse,thelast,usedto,reluctant,lack,want,.短語(yǔ):keep.from,protect.from,prevent.from,letalone,ataloss,invain,insteadof,outofthequestion,ratherthan,too.to,bynomeans,anythingbut,. 例句：1）Womenfailtogettheequalrightsinsomecountries.在一些國(guó)家里

46、婦女沒有得到平等的權(quán)利。2）Thisisbynomeansthebestwaytosolvetheproblemofenergycrisis.這不是解決能源危機(jī)的最好的辦法。3）Weshouldprotecttreesfrombeingdestroyed.我們應(yīng)保護(hù)樹木，不讓它們受破壞。4）InoldChinawecouldnotmakeanail,letalone(make)machines.在舊中國(guó)，我們連一個(gè)釘子都造不了，更不用說(shuō)制造機(jī)器了。 2含有半否定意義的詞語(yǔ):barely,hardly,few,little,rarely,scarcely,seldom,notall,noteve

47、ryone,noteverything,.例句：1）Wecouldhardlyseeanyfreshvegetablesinwinteronmarketseveralyearsago.幾年前在冬天市場(chǎng)上很難見到新鮮蔬菜。2）Theseyoungpeopleknowlittleabouthowtochoosegoodbookstoread.這些年輕人幾乎不知道如何挑選優(yōu)秀的書籍來(lái)讀。3不含否定意義的否定結(jié)構(gòu):有些詞和詞組形式上是否定結(jié)構(gòu)，但其含義是肯定的，比如：cannotbut,canthelp,nosooner.than,not.until,innotime,noneotherthan,no

48、thingbut,等等。例句：1）Wecantbutfacethereality.我們只有面對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)。2）Theseoldbuildingswillbereplacedbymodernapartmentbuildingsinnotime.這些舊建筑將很快為現(xiàn)代化的公寓所代替。4否定結(jié)構(gòu)的倒裝語(yǔ)序:我們有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)而把否定詞和詞組放在句首，這時(shí)句子結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)倒裝。例如：1）Onnoaccountshouldwefollowblindly.我們決不應(yīng)當(dāng)盲從。2）Nowherehastheworldeverseensuchgreatenthusiasmforlearningasinourcountry.沒

49、有任何其他地方有我國(guó)這樣高的學(xué)習(xí)熱情。五、含有it的結(jié)構(gòu)病句：1.Asisknowntoallofusthatscienceandtechnologyplayanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofsociety.2.Itisknowntous,practicemakesperfect.正確表達(dá)：1.Itisknowntoallofusthatscienceandtechnologyplayanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofsociety.(或:Asisknowntoallofus,science.)2.Itisknowntoustha

50、tpracticemakesperfect.(或:Asisknowntous,practice.)It在英語(yǔ)中是個(gè)相當(dāng)活躍的代詞，在寫作中我們常要使用它。以下幾種用法應(yīng)熟練掌握，并能靈活運(yùn)用。1作形式主語(yǔ)Itisnecessaryforustomasteraforeignlanguageskillfully.Itmakesdifferencewhetherwecouldpurifytheairornot.2.作形式賓語(yǔ)Wefinditratherdifficulttopreventpeoplefromdoingthat.Modernsciencehasmadeitpossibleforbabi

51、estogrowhealthilyandforpeopletolivelonger.3.引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句Itisonlybythiswaythatwecanachievesuccess.Itwasthenthatpeoplebegantorealizetheimportanceofcontrollingpopulation.六、“Therebe”結(jié)構(gòu):病句：1.Therearemanypeopleliketogotothemovies.2.Therearedifferentkindsofvegetablescanbeboughtonthemarketbypeople.正確表達(dá)：1.Therearem

52、anypeoplewholiketogotothemovies.2.Therearedifferentkindsofvegetablesthatpeoplecanbuyonthemarket.七、 比較結(jié)構(gòu):病句：1.Comparingwiththebike,thecarrunsmuchfaster.2.TheclimateinWaltoniscolderthanothercities.正確表達(dá)：1.Comparedwiththebike,thecarrunsmuchfaster.2.TheclimateinWaltoniscolderthanthatofothercities.比較結(jié)構(gòu)的一些

53、常用的表達(dá)方法:1同級(jí)比較1）In1998weproducedasmanycarsaswedidinthepreviousfiveyears.2）Wehaveaccomplishedasmuchinthepastthreeyearsaswouldhavetakentenyearsinthepast.2比較級(jí)1）Childrennowenjoybettermedicaltreatmentthanbefore.2）Wecanlivelongerwithoutfoodthanwecan(live)withoutwater.3最高級(jí)1）ThisisthemostinterestingbookIveev

54、erread.2）OfallhisnovelsIlikethisonebest.4themorethemore結(jié)構(gòu)1)Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.2)Themoreamanknows,themorehediscovershisignorance.5選擇比較1)Ipreferstayingathometogoingout.2)Theyprefertoworkratherthan(to)sitidly.3)Hepreferstoworkalone.6對(duì)比1)Motionisabsolutewhilestagnationisrelat

55、ive.2)Heistiredout,whereassheisfullofvigour.八、表達(dá)原因的結(jié)構(gòu):病句：1.Therealreasontoourfailureisnotfartoseek.2.Thereasonforthisisbecausesomepeoplewanttoearnplentyofmoneywithoutworkinghard.正確表達(dá)：1.Therealreasonforourfailureisnotfartoseek.2.Thereasonforthisisthatsomepeoplewanttoearnplentyofmoneywithoutworking ha

56、rd.英語(yǔ)中用來(lái)表達(dá)原因這一概念的結(jié)構(gòu)有多種。我們可用as,because,since,seeingthat,consideringthat,nowthat,notthat.等詞組引出表示原因的從句。例如：1.Nowthatwehaveseenthesegreatachievementswithourowneyes,wefeelmoreproudthaneverofourcountry.2.ProfessorLiuisstrictwithusbecausehewantsustomakerapidprogress.3.Sincewelivenearthesea,weenjoyahealthycl

57、imate.4.Pollutionisstillaseriousproblem,notthatwedonthavetheabilitytosolveit,butthatsomepeoplehavenotrealizedtheconsequencesoftheproblem.我們還可以借助某些詞語(yǔ)用簡(jiǎn)單句表達(dá)原因結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：1.Thereasonforthischangeisquiteobvious.2.Diligenceisthekeyfactorofsuccess.3.Idlenessistherootofallevils.4.Hewasashamedtohavemadethemistake

58、.(=Hewasashamedthathehadmadethemistake.=Hewasashamedbecausehehadmadethemistake.)九、否定結(jié)構(gòu):病句:1.Somepeoplethinkweneednttoworryaboutfreshwater.2.Nowadaysmanypeopledontliketogotothemovies,too正確表達(dá)：1.Somepeoplethinkweneedntworry(或dontneedtoworry)aboutfreshwater.2.Nowadaysmanypeopledontliketogotothemovies,ei

59、ther.5. 英漢表達(dá)差異英漢表達(dá)差異 Difference of expression between English and Chinese例子例子:歐美人:寫作文500字，意思表達(dá)基本明了，但拼寫語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤不勝 枚舉，改動(dòng)處不多。中國(guó)人:不到三百字，拼寫錯(cuò)誤不多，但語(yǔ)法改動(dòng)不下二十余處， 使人難以流暢地閱讀。差異：前者只注意思想的表達(dá)，后者則有很強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)法意識(shí)生怕犯語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，這種意識(shí)在相當(dāng)程度上影響了思想的表達(dá)。中國(guó)人與西方人看問(wèn)題的方法的確在許多方面存在著差異，而且這種差異的的確確在束縛著中國(guó)學(xué)生，成為他們英文寫作中的攔路虎，使他們不能暢所欲言，不能準(zhǔn)確而簡(jiǎn)潔地表達(dá)思想。 一、首先，讓我

60、們關(guān)注一下英美人與中國(guó)人思維方式的不同。英美人的思維方式是直線式的，他們?cè)谇苍~造句謀篇上遵循著從一般（general）到具體（specific），從概括（summarize）到舉例（exemplify），從整體（whole）到個(gè)體（respective）的原則。請(qǐng)看短文：Soccerisadifficultsport（1）Aplayermustbeabletorunsteadilywithoutrest（2）Sometimesaplayermusthittheballwithhisorherhead（3）Playersmustbewillingtobangintoandbebangedinto