虛擬語氣用法詳解17

1、第一章 虛擬語氣用法詳解虛擬語氣是動詞的一種特殊形式，用來表示說話人的愿望、請求、意圖、建議、驚奇、設想等未能或不可能成為事實的情況，以及在說話人看來實現(xiàn)可能性很小的情況。虛擬語氣在從句中的應用一、 條件句中的虛擬語氣1. 條件句中虛擬語氣的形式從句中提出一種與客觀現(xiàn)實不相符或根本不可能存在的條件，主句會產(chǎn)生的一種不可能獲得的結(jié)果。條件句中的虛擬語氣根據(jù)不同的時間有三種不同的形式。時間 從句謂語形式 主句謂語形式將來動詞過去式(be用were)should + 動詞原形were to + 動詞原形would / should / might / could + 動詞原形現(xiàn)在動詞過去式(be 用

2、 were)would / should / might / could + 動詞原形過去had +動詞過去分詞would / should / might / could have + 動詞過去分詞2. 中的虛擬語氣的舉例(1) 將來時的條件句中的虛擬語氣。如：If he should go to Qing Hua University, he would make full use of his time. 如果他要上清華大學的話，他就會充分利用他的時間了。If he were to come here, he would tell us about it. 如果他要來的話，他會通知我們一

3、聲。(2) 現(xiàn)在時的條件句中的虛擬語氣。如：If he were free, he would help us. 要是他有空的話，它會幫助我們的。If he studied at this school, he would know you well. 如果他在這所學校學習的話，它會對你很熟悉。(3) 過去時的條件句中的虛擬語氣。如：If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it. 我如果看過這場電影，我會把電影內(nèi)容告訴你了。If I had got there earlier, I would have met Mr. Li.如果

4、我早點到那兒，我就會會到了李先生。3. 運用條件句中的虛擬語氣時，須注意的幾個問題(1) 當從句的主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時，謂語動詞假設是系動詞be時，可用was代替were。但在倒裝虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)及if I were you, as it were中，只能用were。如：Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad. 要是我還年輕十歲的話，我會去國外學習。If I were you, I would try my best to grasp the chance. 要是我是你的話，我要盡力抓住這次時機。(2) 有時，虛擬條件句中，主、從句的動作假設不是同

5、時發(fā)生時，須區(qū)別對待。從句的動作與過去事實相反，而主句的動作與現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事實不符。如：If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在學校學習刻苦的話，我現(xiàn)在也會使工程師了If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他們通知過我們的話，我們現(xiàn)在就不會來這里了。從句的動作與現(xiàn)在事實相反，而主句的動作與過去事實不符。如：If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今

6、天有空的話，我們會已經(jīng)派他去北京了。If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他認識她的話，他肯定會去問候她了。從句的動作與過去發(fā)生的情況相反，而主句的動作與現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的情況相反。如：If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. 如果天不下太多的雨的話，莊家會長得更好。If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now. 要是他工作一直努力的話，他現(xiàn)在已進了

7、辦公室了。(3) 當虛擬條件句的謂語動詞含有were, should, had時，if可省略，而將were, should, had等詞置于句首。如：Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他容許去的話，我們就派他去。Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在這兒的話，她會同意我們的。Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果她懂一些電腦知識的話，我們會已經(jīng)聘用他來這里工作了(4

8、) 有時，句子沒有直接給出假設情況的條件，而須通過上下文或其他方式來判斷。如：I would have come to see you, but I was too busy. 我本該來看你了，然而我太忙了。But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的幫助，我們還會在工作呢。Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. 要是沒有你的指導，我不會取得如此大的進步。(5) 有時，虛擬條件句中，主、從句可以省略其中的一個，來表示說話人的一種強烈的感情。省略從

9、句He would have finished it. 他本該完成了。You could have passed this exam. 你應該會通過這次考試了。省略主句If I were at home now. 要是我現(xiàn)在在家里該多好啊。If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了該多好啊。二、其他狀語從句的虛擬語氣1. 目的狀語從句中的虛擬語氣(1) 在for fear that, in case, lest引導的目的狀語從句中，假設用虛擬語氣時，從句謂語為： should + 動詞原形。并且 should不能省略She examined the door again for

10、 fear that a thief should come in. 她又把門檢查了一遍，以防盜賊的進入。He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出發(fā)了以防遲到。(2) 在so that, in order that所引導的目的狀語從句中，從句中的謂語為： can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 動詞原形。如：He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近說話的人以便能挺得更清楚。He

11、 read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信讀得很仔細以便不漏掉一個單詞。2. 讓步狀語從句中的虛擬語氣(1) 在even if, even though 所引導的讓步狀語從句中，可用虛擬語氣，主句、從句的結(jié)構(gòu)與if所引導的條件從句結(jié)構(gòu)相同。如：Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他親自來也不知該怎么辦。Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come

12、 here. 即使華佗在世也救不了他。(2) 在whatever， whichever，whenever，whoever, wherever，however, no matter wh-word 等引導的讓步狀語從句中，從句虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)為： may +動詞原形(指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?。如：We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管發(fā)生什么事，我們都要按時完成。We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 無論他在哪里，我們都要找到他。I will w

13、ait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他來的多么晚，我都會等他。 may +完成式(指過去) ，主句結(jié)構(gòu)不限。如：You mustnt be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的進步，你也不能驕傲。We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他翻過什么錯誤，我們必須尊敬他。(3) 在though, although等引導的

14、讓步狀語從句中，從句虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)為 should +動詞原形，主句結(jié)構(gòu)不限。如：Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good student. 盡管他經(jīng)常遲到，他還是個好學生。Although / Though he should be secretary, he must obey the rules. 盡管他是書記，他也必須遵守規(guī)定。3. 方式狀語從句中的虛擬語氣as if, as though引導的方式狀語從句常用虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：表示所發(fā)生的時間虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生在主句動作之前had + 過去分詞與主句動作同時發(fā)

15、生過去時(be 用were )發(fā)生在主句動作之后would / could / might / should+原形動詞例如：They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long. 他們開始熱烈的談論起來就好似他們已相互認識很久了。He coughed twice as if someone should come. 他咳嗽兩聲就好似有人要來了。4. 原因狀語從句中的虛擬語氣amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, ple

16、ased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset等后面的狀語從句中常用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為： should + 原形動詞(指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?。如：He was angry that you should call him by name. 他很生氣，你竟然對他直呼其名。I was astonished that he should not answer such an easy question. 我很驚訝他竟答不出如此簡單的問題。 should + 完成式, 指過去。如：Im very sorry that you should have failed the e

17、xam. 我很遺憾，你這次考試竟然失敗了。I was very surprised that Father should have known what I did yesterday. 我很吃驚，父親竟指導我昨天所作的事情。三、賓語從句中的虛擬語氣1英語中，如：advise, ask, demand, desire, decide, insist(堅決要求) , order, propose, request, suggest(建議) 表示請求、要求、命令或建議等意義的動詞所接的賓語從句一般用虛擬語氣，其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：(should) + 原形動詞。如：The teacher advis

18、ed that we should make good use of every minute here. 老師勸我們要好好地利用在這兒的每一分鐘。The Party asked that we should serve the people with our heart and soul. 黨要求我們要全心全意地為人民效勞。但是，當insist的意思為：堅決認為，堅持說；suggest的意思為：說明，暗含，暗示等時，賓語從句一般不用虛擬語氣。如：Tom insisted that he hadnt stolen the watch. 湯姆堅持說他沒有偷那塊手表。His smile sugge

19、sted that he had succeeded in this exam. 他的微笑說明他在考試中成功了。2. believe, expect, suspect, think, imagine等動詞的否認句或疑問句中的賓語從句常用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為： should + 原形動詞。如：Can you believe that he should kill a tiger? 你能相信他竟殺死了一只老虎？Can you imagine that he should take the first place in the long jump contest? 你能想象得到他在跳遠比賽中

20、竟獲得了第一名？3. 英語中，wish之后的賓語從句，表示一種沒有實現(xiàn)或根本不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望，常用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：表示所發(fā)生的時間虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生在主句動作之前(1)had + 過去分詞；(2)would / could / might / should + have + 過去分詞與主句動作同時發(fā)生過去時(be 用were )發(fā)生在主句動作之后would / could / might / should + 原形動詞例如：I wish I learnt English well. 我希望我已學好了英語。I wish I had been there with them last

21、week. 我希望上周跟他們一起在那兒。He wishes we could go and play games with him. 他希望我們能去跟他做游戲。4. 英語中，would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的賓語從句常表示與客觀事實不相符的一種愿望，故使用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：表示所發(fā)生的時間虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)過去had + 過去分詞； 現(xiàn)在過去時(be 用were ) 將來過去時(be 用were ) 例如：Id rather you had seen the film yesterday. 我倒想你昨天看過了這場電影。Id rather

22、you were here now. 我倒想你現(xiàn)在在這兒。Wed rather you went here tomorrow. 我么倒想你明天去那兒。四、主語從句中的虛擬語氣在表達驚異、惋惜、遺憾、理應如此等意義的主語從句中常使用虛擬語氣，其虛擬語其的結(jié)構(gòu)為： should + 動詞原形，主句中的謂語動詞形式不限。句型：(1) It is admirable / dreadful / extraordinary / odd / remarkable / sad / advisable / annoying / disappointing / surprising / upsetting / f

23、rightening / better / best / curious / desirable / important / strange / peculiar / proper / necessary / natural that(2) It is a pity / a shame / no wonder. that(3) It is suggested / requested / desired / proposed /. that (4) It worries me that如：It is important that we should do well in our lessons

24、first. 我們先把功課學好很重要。It is strange that he should not come. 很奇怪，他竟沒有來。It is a pity that we should not meet last night. 真遺憾我們昨天晚上沒有見過面。It worries me that we should be blamed for that. 我們竟要受責備真讓人煩惱。五、表語從句及同位語從句中虛擬語氣英語中，表示請求、要求、命令、建議等名詞advice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, r

25、ecommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish充當句子的主語而后面接表語從句或它們后面接同位語時，表語從外表上看幾屗及同位語從句都須用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：(should) + 動詞原形。如：We followed his advice that we should ask our teacher for help. 我們接受了他的建議：我們應該請求老師的幫助。He told us his idea that he should go to university. 他告訴了我們他的想法：他想上大學。His suggestion

26、 is that we should do our work more carefully. 他的建議就是我們的工作要更細心些。Their plan is that they should build a new factory in their hometown. 他們的方案就是在家鄉(xiāng)建一座新工廠。六、定語從句中的虛擬語氣英語中，表示：“早該做某事了時，定語從句中的謂語動詞須用虛擬語氣，其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：It is (high / about) time that + 主語+ 動詞的過去式/ should + 動詞原形。如：It is time that I went to pick up

27、 my daughter at school. 我該去學校接我的女兒了。It is high time you should go to work. 你早該上班了。7. 簡單句中的虛擬語氣1. 說話時，為了表示客氣、謙虛、委婉而有禮貌，言語常使用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)形式常為：would / could / might / should + 原形動詞。如：Would you mind my shutting the door? 我把門關(guān)起來你介意嗎？You should always learn this lesson by heart. 你要把這個教訓牢記于心。I should agre

28、e with you. 我應該同意你的觀點。2. 表示“祝愿時，常用“may + 主語 + 動詞原形 + 其他。如：May you have a good journey! 祝你一路順風。May your youth last for ever! 祝你青春永駐。3. 表示強烈的“愿望、“祝愿時，常用動詞原形。如：God bless us. 上帝保佑。4. 習慣表達中常用的虛擬語氣。(1) 提出請求或邀請。如：Would you like to have a talk with us this evening? 今天晚上來跟我們聊天好嗎？Could I use your bike now? 我可

29、以用一下你的單車嗎？(2) 陳述自己的觀點或看法。如：I should glad to meet you. 見到你我會很快樂。I would try my best to help you. 我會盡力幫助你。 (3) 提出勸告或建議。如：Youd better ask your father first. 你最好先問一問你的父親。You should make a full investigation of it first. 你應該先全面調(diào)查一番。(4) 提出問題。如：Do you think he could get here on time? 你認為他能按時來嗎？Do you expec

30、t he would tell us the truth? 你期望他會告訴我們真相嗎？(5) 表示對過去情況的責備時，常用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：“情態(tài)動詞 + have + 過去分詞。如：You should have got here earlier. 你應該早就到這里了。1. “I still havent thanked Aunt Lucy for her present. “Its time you _. A. DoB. didC. hadD. would2. “Ive told everyone about it. “Oh, Id rather you _. A. DontB

31、. hadntC. couldntD. wouldnt3. It has been raining for a day, but even though it hadnt rained, we _ there by tomorrow. A. cant getB. wont getC. hadnt gotD. wouldnt get4. Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she _ something she would regret later. A. had saidB. saidC. might sayD

32、. might have said5. All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he _ badly wounded and that he _ at once. A. should be; be operated onB. were; must be operated onC. was; should be operatedD. was; be operated on6. I forget where I read the article, or I _ it to you now. A. will showB. would showC.

33、am going to showD. am showing 7. Why didnt you go to yesterdays meeting?I would have but I _ too busy working on the important experiment.A. had beenB. wasC. wereD. am8.Dont you think it necessary that he _ to Miami but to New York? I agree, but the problem is _ he has refused to.A. will not be sent

34、; that B. not be sent; thatC. should not be sent; whatD. should not send; what9. The workers will go on strike if the demands they _ put forward are turned down. A. couldB. wouldC. 不填D. had10. _ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off. A. Would you beB. Should you

35、beC. Could you beD. Might you be答案與解析:1. B。Its time you did 為 Its time you thanked Aunt Lucy for her present 之略。按照英語語法，its time 后從句通常要用過去式。2. B。Id rather 后接從句時，從句謂語的時態(tài)規(guī)律是：用過去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?，用過去完成式表示過去。3. A。we cant get there by tomorrow 為客觀事實，故宜用陳述語氣。4. Dotherwise 在此相當于 if she had not walked away from the d

36、iscussion，即暗示一個與過去事實相反的虛擬條件句。5. D。insisted 接第一個賓語從句，表示“堅持認為(是怎么回事)，用陳述語氣；接第二個賓語從句，表示“堅決要求(做某事)，用虛擬語氣。6. B。根據(jù)上文的語境可知句中的 or 隱含有一個虛擬的條件，即 or=if I didnt forget where I read the article要是我沒忘記我在哪兒讀過這篇文章的話但事實上忘了。7. B。易受前面虛擬語氣的影響而誤選A。實際上前面虛擬語氣的答語采用了省略形式。可補充為：I would have gone to yesterdays meeting if I hadn

37、t been too busy. 所以be too busy是過去的一種實際情況，并不是虛擬的情況。故填空處用陳述語氣。8. B。因為necessary后的從句要用“(should+)動詞原形，排除選項A; 因he與send是被動關(guān)系，send要用被動式，排除選項D; 答句中的表語從句中不缺任何句子成分，用that。值得說明的是，refuse to后省略了be sent to New York。9. C。they put forward為修飾名詞demands的定語從句，按英語語法，當demand用作動詞后接賓語從句，或用作名詞后接定語從句或同位語從句時，從句謂語習慣上要用should+動詞原

38、形這樣的虛擬語氣，其中的should可以省略。10. B。Should you be fired是由If you should be fired變來的，又如：Should you require (=If you should require) anything give me a ring. 如果需要什么，可以給我打 。附：請看下面兩道題，雖然不是考查虛擬語氣，但其中的虛擬語氣對做題至關(guān)重要：題1：It looks as if he were drunk.So it does. _.A. Hed better give up drinkingB. He shouldnt have drunk

39、 so muchC. Health is more important than drinkD. I wonder why he is always doing so【分析】此題最正確答案為D，但A、B、C均有可能誤選，主要是受題中 drunk 一詞的影響。做此題的關(guān)鍵是要抓住It looks as if he were drunk 中的關(guān)鍵詞were，因為它說明此句的謂語為虛擬語氣，也就是說，“他喝醉了不是事實，只是他的言行好似是喝醉了，所以此題的最正確答案是D。另外注意，句中的 so it does 表示強調(diào)，意為：他看上去確實像是喝醉了。類似用法：The building looks b

40、eautiful. 這房子看上去很美。Yes, so it does. 是的，看上去確實很美。此句中的 so it does 也表強調(diào)。題2：I had hoped to see her off at the station, but I _ too busy.A. wasB. had beenC. would beD. would have been【分析】此題容易誤選B或D，認為前句用了had hoped，所以此句謂語要用B或D與之照應。正確答案為A：前一句謂語用had hoped，表示的是過去未曾實現(xiàn)的想法或打算，可以譯為“本想，而后一句說“我太忙，這是陳述過去的一個事實，所以要用一般過

41、去時。請看類例(答案均為A)：(1) We had hoped to catch the 10:20 train, but _ it was gone.A. foundB. had foundC. would findD. would have found(2) We had hoped that you would be able to visit us, but you _.A. didntB. hadntC. would notD. would not been(3) We had wanted to come to see him, but we _ no time.A. hadB.

42、had hadC. would haveD. would have had(4) I had expected to come over to see you last night, but someone _ and I couldnt get away.A. calledB. had calledC. would callD. would have called第二章 復合句的用法詳解復合句是由主句和一個或一個以上的從句構(gòu)成的復合句。根據(jù)功能可分為名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句。一、名詞性從句的根本概念在復合句中起名詞作用的從句叫名詞性從句，包括作主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。

43、什么是名詞性從句的三要素1. 引導詞也就是引導名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。這些引導詞可分為三類,一是that類，二是if / whether類，三是疑問詞類。既然是引導詞，所以這些詞就總是位于名詞性從句的最前面。2. 語序名詞性從句都必須與陳述句語序相同，即“主語謂語。事實上，任何一種從句，其語序都必須與陳述句的語序相同。3. 時態(tài)假設主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時時，賓語從句的謂語動詞可根據(jù)情況使用各種時態(tài)；假設主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時，賓語從句假設不是一個客觀事實或真理，其謂語動詞也必須用某種過去時態(tài)。(1)主語從句就是在復合句中作主語的從句。主語從句常用that, whether, who, wh

44、om, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why, whatever, whoever等引導。如：Whether he will be able to come remains a question. 他是否來還是問題。That China is a great socialist country is well known. 眾所周知，中國是一個偉大的社會主義國家。注：為防止頭重腳輕，使句子平衡，常用it作形式主語，而將主語從句后置。如上述第二例常說成：It is well known that China is a great socialist

45、country.但是，由連接代詞what, whatever, whoever等引導的主語從句一般不能用形式主語。如：What he found surprised me greatly. 他的發(fā)現(xiàn)使我非常吃驚。Whoever is finished may rest. 但凡做完工的人都可以休息。(2)表語從句就是在連系動詞之后作表語的從句。引導表語從句的連接除與引導主語從句的連接詞外，還有as if， as though。如：The question is whether he is able to do it alone. 問題是他能否單獨做這件事。It looks as if (thou

46、gh) it is going to snow. 天好似要下雪似的。注意：要區(qū)分以下句式：1. thats why+結(jié)果；thats because+原因。2. the reason why /foris thatHe is absent. Thats because he is ill. 他缺席，這是因為他生病了。He is ill. Thats why he is absent. 他病了，這就是他缺席的原因。The reason why he is absent is that he is ill. 他缺席的原因是他生病了。(3)賓語從句就是在復合句中作賓語的從句。引導這賓語從句的連接詞與

47、引導主語從句的連接詞根本相同。如：They didnt say which they wanted. 他們沒有說他們想要哪一個。I am sure (that) no harm will ever come to you. 我肯定你永遠不會受傷害。I was surprised at what has happened.我對發(fā)生的事感到驚訝。注意：當think, believe, suppose等的疑問式后面跟連接代詞或連接副詞引導的賓語從句時，習慣上將這些連接詞置于句首，即“連接代/副詞do you think /believe /expect賓語從句的其余局部？如：Who do you t

48、hink is the best player this year? 你認為今年誰是最正確運發(fā)動? What do you suppose you will do after school? 你想放學后干什么？(4)同位語從句就是在句中作同位語的從句。它通常有放在thought, idea, news, word(=news), plan, doubt, question, fact, suggestion, belief等抽象名詞的后面，說明這些詞的具體內(nèi)容或含義。同位語從句大多由that引導，也可由whether, how, when, where, why等引導，但不能由which引導。

49、如：The idea that the earth is round is not a new one. “地球是圓的這種觀點并不新鮮。He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必須答復他是否同意此事這們一問題。I have no idea when he will set out. 我不知他什么時候出發(fā)。注：有時，同位語從句并不緊跟在它所說明的詞的后面。如：The whole truth came out at last that he was a wolf in sheeps clothing. 真相終于大白了

50、，他原來是一只披羊皮的狼。二、名詞性從句的根本要素A. 連接詞就是引導名詞性從句的關(guān)連接詞。共有四類：1. 連詞that：只起連接作用，沒有任何意思，不作任何句子成分，在賓語從句中可省略。2. 連詞whether：有“是否之意，但不作句子成分；引導賓語從句時，還可用if。3. 連接代詞：who(m), whose, which, what等均有各自的意義，在從句中作主語、賓語、定語等。4. 連接副詞：when, where, why, how等，有意義，在從句中作狀語。5. whoever, whatever, whichever等也可引導名詞性從句，意為“無論/不管。注意：連接詞必須位于從句

51、的最前面。關(guān)于連接詞的用法，請參見后文。B. 語序必須與陳述句語序相同：主語謂語動詞。如：譯：我不知道他去哪里了。誤：I dont know where has she gone.正：I dont know where she has gone.C. 時態(tài)一致假設主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時時，賓語從句的謂語動詞可根據(jù)情況使用各種時態(tài)；假設主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時，其謂語動詞必須用某種過去時態(tài)。如：She said that his father had gone to Beijing. 他說他父親去北京了。(had不能用has)注：賓語從句是一個客觀真理時，可以不一致。如：She told

52、me that the earth goes around the sun. 他告訴我地球圍繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)。that與whether (if)引導名詞性從句的區(qū)別兩者均可引導賓語從句，也可引導語從句和表語從句(if 通常不行)，但兩者含義不同，whether (if) 表示“是否，that 卻不表示任何含義。在它們所引出的從句中，that 表示一種肯定、明確的概念，而 whether (if) 那么表示一種不肯定、不明確的概念。比擬：Whether hell come is not known yet. 他是否來還不清楚。That hell come is known to us all. 我們都

53、知道他會來。類似地，動詞doubt (疑心)后接賓語從句時，由于 doubt的含義不確定，故通常用 whether (if) 來引導其賓語從句，但假設 doubt為否認式，那么其后的賓語從句用 that 來引導。如：I doubt if you are honest. 我疑心你是否老實。I dont doubt that you are honest. 我不疑心你是老實的。that, why 與 because 引導表語從句時的區(qū)別雖然三者均可引導表語從句，但 that 沒有詞義，而 why 和 because 有自己的意思；另外，雖然why和 because 都可引導表語從句，但前者強調(diào)結(jié)果

54、，后者強調(diào)原因。如：The reason was that you dont trust her. 原因是你不信任她。The fact is that they are angry with each other. 事實是他們生彼此的氣。He was ill. Thats why he was sent to the hospital. 他病了，所以被送到醫(yī)院來。He was sent to the hospital. Thats because he was ill. 他被送到醫(yī)院，是因為他生病了。whether 和if引導名詞性從句的區(qū)別兩者均可用于及物動詞后引導賓語從句，表示“是否，常可

55、互換。但除此(用于動詞后引導賓語從句)之外，在其他情況下表示“是否時，通常要用 whether 而不用 if，如用于引導主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句、讓步狀語從句、與or連用分別引導兩個分句等，或用于不定式前、用于介詞后、直接與 or not 連用等等。如：Ask him whether if he can come. 問他能不能來。The question is whether he can do it. 問題是他能不能做。Answer my question whether you can help him. 答復我你是否能幫助他。It depends on whether the le

56、tter arrives in time. 這取決于信是否來得及時。注：在某些動詞后(如 discuss 等) 通常只用 whether。如：We discussed whether we should hold a meeting. 我們討論了是否要開一個會。that與what引導名詞性從句的區(qū)別that引導名詞性從句只起連接作用，在從句中不作任何成分，無意義，在賓語從句通常省略，但在主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中均不能省略；what除引導從句外，還在從句中作成分，意為“所的(東西)，在含義上等于“名詞+that。如：1. 用that的例子That she lacks experience

57、 is obvious. 她缺少經(jīng)驗，這是顯然的。The police learned that he wasnt there at that time. 警察獲知他那時不在場。He realized that she too was exhausted. 他意識到她也精疲力盡。My idea is that you shouldnt have left the country. 我的意見是你不應該離開那個國家。Bob has the mistaken idea that tomorrow is a holiday. 鮑勃錯誤地認為明天是一個假日。It was quite plain that

58、 he didnt want to come. 很明顯他不想來。It is natural that they should have different views. 他們看法不同是很自然的。2. 用what的例子What (=The thing that) he said was true. 他所講的是事實。What he had hoped at last came true. 他希望的事終于成為現(xiàn)實。What he said is beneath contempt. 他說的話不值一理。What he says is true, possibly. 或許他說的是對的。What she s

59、aw gave her a fright. 她看到的情況嚇了她一跳。What I want to say is this. 我想說的是這一點。Im sorry for what I said. 我為我說的話表示歉意。Thats what I want to know. 這是我想知道的。You had better hear what I have to say. 你最好聽聽我的意見。I managed to get what I wanted. 我設法得到了我要的東西。It was what he meant rather than what he said. 這是他的原意而不是他的原話。Th

60、eres something in what he says. 他的話有些道理。Her interest was roused by what he said. 他的話引起了她的興趣。He was always conscious of the fact that she did not approve of what he was doing. 他一向清楚她不太贊成他的做法。注：that 可引導同位語從句，what不能。如:Have you any idea what time it starts? 你知道什么時候開始嗎? 第三章 主謂一致的用法詳解1. 語法一致原那么該原那么要求謂語動詞必