應(yīng)用文寫作翻譯課件13年

1、 高分作文是這樣煉成的！高分作文是這樣煉成的！Components Good English writing powerful words (vocabulary) + grammar + sentence patterns (syntax) + logical/reasonable/convincing idea(s)+ orderly organizationI. Principles for diction Proper words in proper places Fewer general words, more concrete words More prepositions in

2、 E rather than more verbs in Chinese level of E words (small word, big words 高分高分詞詞)China has a long history.April 1 is Fools Day.Of the people, by the people and for the peopleThis article has 3 parts.This book is very good.This book is surprisingly good. (effectiveness for the use of intensifier語氣

3、加重詞)近期北京一直籠罩著霧霾天氣。參見英語寫作技巧新編P60 萬能開頭寫作 Recent days have/has seen/witnessed the phenomenon that+現(xiàn)象的陳述 It is universally acknowledged that +12 有害的：有害的： Bad, baneful, evil, harmful, detrimental, noxiousnks, toxic, malignantmlinnt 有益的有益的beneficial, profitable, helpful, rewarding, conducive 13 要求要求 ：requ

4、est, demand, needs, requisition14 消除消除 ：eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away, get rid of15 導(dǎo)致：導(dǎo)致： Lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate spark, trigger 16 因此：因此：So, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, accordi

5、ngly, as a result, because of this, as a result of this17 增長至：增長至：Grow to，rise to，increase to，go up to，climb to，ascend to，jump to，shoot to18降低至：降低至：Dip to，fall to，decline to，decrease to，drop to，go down to，reduce to， slump to，descend to，sink to，slide to19保持穩(wěn)定：保持穩(wěn)定：Level out，do not change，remain still

6、，remain steady，be stable，maintain the same level，remain unchanged，be still，remain the same level，stay constant，keep at the same level，level off，stabilize，keep its stability，even out20 急劇地：急劇地：Dramatically，drastically，sharply，hugely，enormously，steeply，substantially，considerably，significantly，markedly

7、，surprisingly，strikingly，radically，remarkably，vastly，noticeably21平穩(wěn)地：平穩(wěn)地：Steadily，smoothly，slightly，slowly，marginally，gradually，moderately，mildly22 宣稱：宣稱：Allege, assert, declare, claim23.有益的有益的 beneficial rewarding,23 發(fā)生：發(fā)生：Happen, occur, take place24 原因：原因：Reason, factor, cause25 發(fā)展：發(fā)展：Development,

8、 advance, progress26 有益的：有益的：Useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding， advantageous27 影響：影響：Influence, impact, effect28明顯的：明顯的：Clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear29占：占：Comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, make up, occupy, hold, compos

9、e30與與相比：相比：Compared with，compared to，in comparison with，in comparison to，by comparison with，by comparison to31對比而言：對比而言：By contrast，in contrast，on the other hand，on the contrary=conversely32展示、表明：展示、表明：show, indicate, reveal, illustrate, demonstrate, depict, present, represent, describe33 大約：大約：appr

10、oximately，almost，about，around，nearly，roughly34波動：波動：fluctuate，go ups and downs，display a fluctuation，demonstrate a fluctuation35事實上：事實上：Practically，in practice，essentially，in essence，in reality，in effect，in fact，as a matter of fact，it is a fact that36換言之：換言之：Namely，that is to say，in other words，to p

11、ut it like this，to put it differently，to put it from another way，to put it from another angle.表示表示增長增長 上升上升的詞的詞 及其反義詞及其反義詞 Go up, rise, increase, boom, swell, soar, grow, wax and wane, ascend Go down, decrease, descend, decline, diminish, fall, drop, ebb, fade37.提高提高 improve, raise, advance, lift hi

12、ghten, boost, increase, promote38. 強(qiáng)化強(qiáng)化 intensify, strengthen, consolidate39. 傾向于、有意去做：傾向于、有意去做： tend to , prefer to, be inclined to 40. 容易去（做某事）容易去（做某事）be apt to; be prone to; be liable to41. 說法說法 argument, statement, version(幾個版本幾個版本/說法說法)42. 看到、看見看到、看見 witness, see, catch sight of43. 利用，使用利用，使用 u

13、se, adopt, employ, utilize, apply44. 走 go ,walk, stride, stroll, dash,march,head for, advance, hustle and bustle(匆匆走)，wander from place to place(走四方), find/fight/elbow ones way, slip, travel, pace(踱方步)back and forth, sneak (溜), tip-toe,45. 大聲叫喊 cry, shout, clamor, yell, howl46. 笑 laugh, smile, giggl

14、e, grin, beam, sneer, mock, titter(傻笑)同意、贊成：agree, approve of, support, for, favor, affirm, pro觀點：opinion, idea, viewpoint, standpoint, argument, 許多的許多的/大量的大量的: a host of = a multitude of = a large/vast number of = a vast amount of (numerous, considerable, seas of, a wealth of, myriads of lights 萬家燈

15、火萬家燈火), a galaxy of1.貧窮的：貧窮的： poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken2. 富裕的：富裕的： rich = wealthy = affluent= well-to-do = well-off3. 優(yōu)秀的：優(yōu)秀的： excellent = eminent = top= outstanding4. 積極的，好的：積極的，好的： good = conducive = beneficial=advantageous:5. 消極的，不良的：消極的，不良的： bad = detrimental = baneful =unde

16、sirable6. 明顯的：明顯的： obvious = apparent = evident =manifest7. 健康的健康的 : healthy = robust = sound= wholesome8. 驚人的：驚人的： surprising = amazing = extraordinary = miraculous9. 美麗的：美麗的： beautiful = attractive = gorgeous = eye-catching10. 有活力的：有活力的： energetic = dynamic= vigorous =animated11. 流行的：流行的： popular

17、= prevailing = prent = pervasive高頻動詞：高頻動詞：提高，加強(qiáng)：提高，加強(qiáng)： improve = enhance= promote = strengthen = optimize2. 引起：引起： cause = trigger = endanger3. 解決：解決： solve =resolve =address = tackle =cope with = deal with4. 拆除：拆除： destroy = tear down = knock down = eradicate5. 培養(yǎng)培養(yǎng) : develop = cultivate = foster =

18、 nurture6. 激發(fā)，鼓勵：激發(fā)，鼓勵： encourage = motivate = stimulate = spur7. 認(rèn)為：認(rèn)為： think = assert = hold = claim = argue8. 完成：完成： complete = fulfill = accomplish= achieve9. 保留：保留： keep = preserve = retain = hold10. 有害于、破壞：有害于、破壞： destroy = impair = undermine = jeopardize11. 減輕減輕 : ease = alleviate = relieve =

19、 lighten高頻名詞：高頻名詞：1.影響：影響： influence= impact2.危險：危險： danger = perils =hazards3. 污染：污染： pollution = contamination4. 人類：人類： human beings= mankind = humane race5. 老人：老人： old people= the old = the elderly = the aged = senior citizens6. 幸福：幸福： happiness = well-being7. 老師：老師： teachers = instructors = educ

20、ators = lecturers8. 教育教育 education = schooling = family parenting = upbringing9. 青少年：青少年： young people = youngsters = youths = adolescents10. 優(yōu)點：優(yōu)點： advantage = merits = superiority = virtue11. 責(zé)任：責(zé)任： responsibility = obligation= duty = liability12 能力：能力： ability = capacity = power= skill13. 職業(yè)：職業(yè)：

21、job = career = employment = profession14. 娛樂：娛樂： enjoyment = pastimes = recreation= entertainment15. 孩子：孩子： children = Offspring = descendant = kid高頻短語：高頻短語：充滿了：充滿了： be filled with = be brimming with = be inundateinndeit with = be saturated with2. 努力：努力： struggle for = aspire after = strive for = sp

22、are no efforts for3. 從事：從事：embark in take up set about = go in for4. 在當(dāng)代在當(dāng)代 : in contemporary society = in present-day society= in this day and age5.許多的許多的/大量的大量的: a host of = a multitude of = a large/vast number of = a vast amount of (numerous, considerable, seas of, a wealth of, myriads of lights

23、萬家燈火萬家燈火), a galaxy of 口語詞匯與書面語詞匯實例口語詞匯與書面語詞匯實例：Put up with (colloq.) tolerateGive in surrenderPile up accumulate; amassCome in enterLook into investigateFind out (discover) Blow up (explode)Cut down (reduce)Leave (depart)詞匯加強(qiáng)辦法: 1. 背會并運用以上所給詞匯 2. 在學(xué)習(xí)閱讀中遇到的好的詞匯，狂背幾遍，積累詞匯。該景點的亮點 highlight 3. 多利用有道桌面詞

24、典，看看一個詞所提供的相關(guān)詞匯。工作扎實 down-to-earth4. 學(xué)會修辭詞匯, a difficult question (thorny)5. 避免英語詞匯與母語詞匯的生硬對應(yīng)I took it for granted and I 經(jīng)常向爸爸發(fā)脾氣fly a temper（lose ones temper）莫大的幸福（happiness,pleasure blessing） 英語寫作第二步：由詞到句 The second step for E writing: from words/phrases to sentence Principles for English sentence

25、s4.強(qiáng)調(diào) （emphasis）凡是重要的意思都應(yīng)在表達(dá)時予以強(qiáng)調(diào)。為此說話時人們可用各種方法，如提高聲音、放慢語速、使用短句或加上手勢。寫文章時，也可以使用倒裝、感嘆、重倒裝、感嘆、重復(fù)、反問復(fù)、反問等方法對應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞語和句子加重語氣。5.多樣性 (variety) 句型的多樣化，對好的文章來說是必不可少的。好幾句長短相同、結(jié)構(gòu)相似的句子連在一起，如又用同一個名詞或代詞作主語，必然會顯得很單調(diào)。為多樣化起見，短句和長句，簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句，圓周句和松 散句都應(yīng)錯雜使用。也可偶爾用一個問句、祈使句或感嘆句。但是不要只是為了多樣化而頻頻變換句型。句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和長度首先要由所要表達(dá)的思想來決定

26、。只有恰當(dāng)?shù)乇磉_(dá)思想時多樣化才可取 How to achieve Sentence Variety ?Variety in structure simple sentences compound sentences (并列句并列句) complex （復(fù)合句）（復(fù)合句） compound-complex (并列復(fù)合句并列復(fù)合句) 2. Variety in length (句子長短變化句子長短變化) 3. Avoid similar structure (避免雷同避免雷同) a series of simple sentences a series of compound sentences

27、(and, but,so 引引導(dǎo)的句子，變法：用分號，分號加連接副詞導(dǎo)的句子，變法：用分號，分號加連接副詞來代替并列連詞來代替并列連詞) avoid the same subjects 英語英語專業(yè)八級寫作怎樣使句子多樣化英語英語專業(yè)八級寫作怎樣使句子多樣化 一篇好文章的條件很多。除了內(nèi)容豐富和組一篇好文章的條件很多。除了內(nèi)容豐富和組織緊密之外，詞匯的運用和句子的處理，也起織緊密之外，詞匯的運用和句子的處理，也起著決定性作用。句子可長可短，著決定性作用。句子可長可短，同一件事，可同一件事，可以用不同的句式表達(dá)。以用不同的句式表達(dá)。如果句子清一色是簡單如果句子清一色是簡單句，文章必定很單調(diào)乏句，

28、文章必定很單調(diào)乏 味。如果全篇充滿了冗味。如果全篇充滿了冗長的復(fù)雜句，讀起來也很費力。長的復(fù)雜句，讀起來也很費力。 最好的方法是以簡單句為基礎(chǔ)，配合適當(dāng)?shù)淖詈玫姆椒ㄊ且院唵尉錇榛A(chǔ)，配合適當(dāng)?shù)牟⒘胁⒘?句和復(fù)雜句。簡單句可長可短，通常要加句和復(fù)雜句。簡單句可長可短，通常要加些附屬成分，如分詞短語、介詞短語、副詞短些附屬成分，如分詞短語、介詞短語、副詞短語、不定式動詞語、不定式動詞 短語，以及節(jié)縮成分?？傊陶Z，以及節(jié)縮成分?？傊?，作者可根據(jù)情況，使句子多樣化，使文章靈活作者可根據(jù)情況，使句子多樣化，使文章靈活多姿。例如下列五個句子的基本概念一樣，但多姿。例如下列五個句子的基本概念一樣，但 是

29、句式不同，內(nèi)容重點也有些差別：是句式不同，內(nèi)容重點也有些差別：(1) The goats grazed peacefully in the farm and were unaware of the approaching hunter. (并列分句并列分句(1)+2) (2) Grazing peacefully, the goats in the farm were unaware of the approaching hunter. (現(xiàn)在分語短語現(xiàn)在分語短語+簡單句簡單句) (3) In the farm, the goats grazed peacefully and were una

30、ware of the approaching hunter. (副詞短語副詞短語+并列分句并列分句(1)-(2) )(4) There were goats grazing peacefully in the farm, unaware of the approaching hunter. (簡單句簡單句+形容語短語形容語短語) (5) As the goats grazed peacefully in the farm, they were unaware of the approaching hunter. (原因副詞從句原因副詞從句+主句主句) (6) The young pilot

31、was on his first overseas training. (7) He felt very uneasy.(a) The young pilot on his first overseas training felt very uneasy. (b) The young pilot felt very uneasy during his first overseas training. (c) The young pilots first overseas training made him feel very uneasy. (d) Extreme uneasiness sei

32、zed the young pilot on his first overseas training. (e) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, feeling very uneasy. (f) It being his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy. (g) Being on his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy. (h) The young pilot

33、 was on his first overseas training and felt very uneasy. (i) The young pilot, who was on his first overseas training, felt very uneasy. (j) When the young pilot was on his/first overseas training, he felt very uneasy. (k) As the young pilot was on his first overseas training, he felt very uneasy. (

34、l) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, so that he felt very uneasy.連句手段1.使用標(biāo)點符號2.分析句語句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，分清主次句子，主句與從句，然后按邏輯關(guān)系連接合并，即連詞的使用3.語法手段的使用，主要是非謂語動詞4.形容詞副詞位置的改變 此處連接 連句合句練習(xí)連句合句練習(xí)a.你的皮膚很好 Yr skin is very good.b. 我愛你c. 他干勁十足，工作扎實，深受同行尊重。d. 發(fā)展體育運動，增強(qiáng)人民體質(zhì)合句練習(xí)： 常見錯誤 1. Since private companies

35、dont care much about the public interests, so the government has a significant role to play in scientific research. (助動詞否定式不能縮寫) dont, didnt arent isnt havent hadnt 2. The mother tongues interference a. 走在田野里，空氣很新鮮。 Walking in the field, the air is fresh. grammatical errors/mistakes Big taboo: the e

36、rrors or mistakes in the first Pare. It is said that peoples life now is becoming more and more stressful. What are the causes and how to solve it? （引入）引入）The acceleration of industrialization and the prosperity of economy benefit our society a great deal. （轉(zhuǎn)折）（轉(zhuǎn)折）But with the speeding up of economi

37、c development, people are facing more and more pressure from various aspects of their life. （引出下面要寫的（引出下面要寫的內(nèi)容）內(nèi)容）This essay will explore the causes for the heavy pressure and put forward some feasible solutions. (52 words) （原因一）（原因一）One of the major causes is that peoples living rhythm has been pro

38、moted immensely with the upgrading of neo-knowledge and hi-tech. To keep abreast with the society, people have to work intensively on the one hand and improve their knowledge on the other. The economic globalization strengthened international cooperation and expand peoples scope of activity. The fie

39、rce social competition deprives people of their spare time and makes their life more stressful. (71 words) （原因二）（原因二）Another factor comes from the pressure of peoples family. People in the current society have to shoulder the responsibility of family maintenance. On the one hand, people have to care

40、 for their parents, creating for them a happy and comfortable life. On the other hand, they have to give their children good education. To earn more money, people have to work very hard to finance their family. (67 words) （解決方法三個）（解決方法三個）If people live in heavy pressure, they will have problems both

41、 physically and psychologically. To relieve the pressure, I think the following suggestions are feasible and practical. Firstly, people are suggested to go in for some sports games in their spare time or at the weekend. Sports can build up peoples physique and make them vigorous. Secondly, people sh

42、ould communicate with others frequently and confess their trouble and difficulty to others, which is a very magic way to release ones pressure. Finally, people have to find a balance between money and health. Otherwise, ones health will be overdrawn and spoiled by money earning. (103 words) In brief

43、, good life should not be obtained at the price of the deterioration of ones health. People should improve their living pattern and lead a life of high quality. (30 words) (323 words totally) 1.One is always on a strange road, watching strange scenery and listening to strange music. Then one day, yo

44、u will find that the things you try hard to forget are already gone. 一個人總要走陌生的路，看陌生的風(fēng)景，聽陌生的歌，然后在某個不經(jīng)意的瞬間，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)，原本是費盡心機(jī)想要忘記的事情真的就那么忘記了。 2.Happiness is not about being immortal nor having food or rights in ones hand. Its about having each tiny wish come true, or having something to eat when you are hun

45、gry or having someones love when you need love. 幸福，不是長生不老，不是大魚大肉，不是權(quán)傾朝野。幸福是每一個微小的生活愿望達(dá)成。當(dāng)你想吃的時候有得吃，想被愛的時候有人來愛你 3.Love is a lamp, while friendship is the shadow. When the lamp is off,you will find the shadow everywhere. Friend is who can give you strength at last. 愛情是燈，友情是影子，當(dāng)燈滅了，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)你的周圍都是愛情是燈，友情是影子

46、，當(dāng)燈滅了，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)你的周圍都是影子。朋友，是在最后可以給你力量的人。影子。朋友，是在最后可以給你力量的人。 4.I love you not for who you are, but for who I am before you. 我愛你不是因為你是誰，而是我在你面前可以是誰。我愛你不是因為你是誰，而是我在你面前可以是誰。 5.Love makes man grow up or sink down. 愛情，要么讓人成熟，要么讓人墮落。愛情，要么讓人成熟，要么讓人墮落。 6.If you can hold something up and put it down, it is called

47、weight-lifting; if you can hold something up but can never put it down, its called burden-bearing. Pitifully, most of people are bearing heavy burdens when they are in love. 舉得起放得下的叫舉重，舉得起放不下的叫負(fù)重?？上В笈e得起放得下的叫舉重，舉得起放不下的叫負(fù)重。可惜，大多數(shù)人的愛情，都是負(fù)重的多數(shù)人的愛情，都是負(fù)重的 寫作新動向：圖表類作文英語專業(yè)八級寫作滿分經(jīng)驗及技巧英語專業(yè)八級寫作滿分經(jīng)驗及技巧1. 注重寫好文

48、章的框架注重寫好文章的框架 我們不能老是采用大三段的形式我們不能老是采用大三段的形式-開頭，經(jīng)過，開頭，經(jīng)過， 結(jié)尾。我們可以多用用連接詞，結(jié)尾。我們可以多用用連接詞， 例如：例如：first of all, moreover, secondly, lastly等，另外可以多分等，另外可以多分自然段，自然段， 給考官一目了然的感覺。給考官一目了然的感覺。2. 句型的多樣化句型的多樣化 如果一篇文章，如果一篇文章， 從頭到尾，從頭到尾， 永遠(yuǎn)用的只有永遠(yuǎn)用的只有一種句型，一種句型， 那么這篇文章一定拿不到高分，我那么這篇文章一定拿不到高分，我們可以適當(dāng)?shù)母膿Q一下句型，們可以適當(dāng)?shù)母膿Q一下句型，

49、我給大家一定建我給大家一定建議，希望給大家有點幫助議，希望給大家有點幫助.3. 詞匯的詞匯的Variety 說實話做到這點真的很難，說實話做到這點真的很難， 首先你要有龐大的詞匯首先你要有龐大的詞匯量，第二你要用的恰當(dāng)，不出錯誤。我自認(rèn)做不到這量，第二你要用的恰當(dāng)，不出錯誤。我自認(rèn)做不到這點，所以我用的詞匯有時候會重復(fù)。當(dāng)然大家可以累點，所以我用的詞匯有時候會重復(fù)。當(dāng)然大家可以累計一些固定搭配的詞匯，例如：激烈的競爭計一些固定搭配的詞匯，例如：激烈的競爭 fierce competition等等 4. 多舉多舉EXAMPLE（重要）（重要）字?jǐn)?shù)不夠，例子湊字?jǐn)?shù)不夠，例子湊 一篇文章如果讓你從頭

50、到尾都在講道理，一篇文章如果讓你從頭到尾都在講道理， 你有這你有這么多話要說嗎？而且有時候還不一定說的清楚。那么么多話要說嗎？而且有時候還不一定說的清楚。那么這時候你就用例子來表明你的觀點。我認(rèn)識一個朋友，這時候你就用例子來表明你的觀點。我認(rèn)識一個朋友， 可以說她的英語基礎(chǔ)很差，可以說她的英語基礎(chǔ)很差， 但她的文章也拿了但她的文章也拿了6分，分， 我問她怎么寫的，我問她怎么寫的， 她告訴我說就是拼命的舉例子。就她告訴我說就是拼命的舉例子。就這點我也曾問過我的外教老師，這點我也曾問過我的外教老師， 他曾是他曾是IELTS的考官，的考官， 他說考官歡迎考生多舉例子。他說考官歡迎考生多舉例子。 5.

51、 吐血建議：吐血建議： 寫文章最關(guān)鍵的就是審題千萬不要出錯誤，寫文章最關(guān)鍵的就是審題千萬不要出錯誤， 不然就前功盡棄了。不然就前功盡棄了。 例如我積累的句子：例如我積累的句子： Cultivate independence Develop a strong sense of responsibility Enhance social awareness Build up ones confidence and offer ones a sense of achievementrealize ones value and capacity Widen ones horizon and sharp

52、 ones character With unprecedented advances in medical technology, a debate has developed over whether or not a person on life support has the right to die. On one side of the debate are those who argue that. On the other side is the view that. In my mind, I completely agree/disagree the latter . Th

53、ere is no denying that.has many positive effects. To begin with, .Secondly, .Finally, . However, every coin has its two sides. .is no exception. Many opponents say that. To conclude, Approach to English writing in TEM-8 Structure of an article Part I Thesis Sentence 1. State the phenomenon (by rewri

54、ting, not copying the original sentences) S2 pro S3 Con S4 your standpoint (in favor of/against the alternativeformer/latter ; or your compromise) 引出主題及拓展，引出主題及拓展， Part II DevelopmentPara 1 Pro Sentence 1 ( Topic Sentence -this sentence should be a short and a simple sentence ) S2Sx ( supporting sen

55、tences) S(x+1) examples or figures (you can invent any numbers you like)Para 2 ConOr Para 3 Your compromisePart III Conclusion In conclusion, S1 (one-sidedness of pro ). S2 (one-sidedness of con ) . S3 Your attitude (or more scientific ideas). S4 (ending sentence by adopting an emphatic sentence)總結(jié)及

56、補(bǔ)充說明總結(jié)及補(bǔ)充說明 中國學(xué)生喜歡在最后一段發(fā)出感慨，呼吁各方攜手為美好的明天努力 大家寫到最后一段，不要再發(fā)揮了 Discussion: 1. How to collect the hot topic from life? 2. How to classify the pros and cons ? 3. How to distinguish facts from ideas?Prejudice against women is still a problem in modern society.Schools place too much emphasis on testing.Pets

57、 should not be allowed on campus.Im perfectly satisfied with the style of the new design.Teachers should give Ss homework, but not much.The First Lady may occasionally get involved in making decision.Examples: Polluted air does great harm to peoples respiratory resprtri organs.Facts: My brother has

58、had a bad cough since he began to work in the workshop. The workshop has been producing chemical products. Conclusion: My brother is a victim of the air pollution in the workshop.Example 2Some people believe that they can do anything if they have enough money. They can buy beautiful houses and cars,

59、 they can travel first-class around the world, and they can become famous in the world. However, money cannot buy them everything. They cannot buy real friendship, neither can they buy true love. 2010年專八作文題年專八作文題 Recently newspapers have reported that officials in a little-known mountainous area nea

60、r Guiyang, Guizhou Province wanted to turn the area into a “central business district” for Guiyang and invited a foreign design company to give it an entirely new look. The design company came up with a blueprint for unconventional, super-futuristic buildings. This triggered off different responses.