課程經(jīng)原講義

1、1企業(yè)的總收益與總成本A Firms Total Revenue and Total Cost總收益 Total Revenue企業(yè)因為出售其產(chǎn)出而得到的金額。The amountt the firm receives for the sale of its output.總成本 Total Cost企業(yè)為購買投入所支付的金額。The amountt the firm pays to buy inputs.4企業(yè)的目標(biāo)The Firms Objective企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟目標(biāo)是追求利潤最大。 The economic goal of the firm is toize profits.3生產(chǎn)成本Th

2、e Costs of Production2供給定律 The Law of Supply:當(dāng)某一物品的價格更高時，企業(yè)愿意生產(chǎn)和銷售的該種物品會更多。Firms are willing to produce and sell a greaterty of a good when the price of the good is high.其結(jié)果就是供給曲線向上傾斜。This results in a supply curvet slopes upward.第十三章生產(chǎn)成本The Costs of Production12經(jīng)濟利潤和會計利潤 Economic Profit versus Acco

3、unting Profit經(jīng)濟學(xué)家衡量的是企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟利潤， 它是總收益減去所有的機會成本（顯性和隱性的）。 Economists measure a firms economic profit as total revenue minus all the opportunity costs (explicit and implicit).會計師衡量的是會計利潤，它是企業(yè)的總收益僅減去顯性成本。也即他們忽略了隱性成本。 Accountants measure the accounting profit as the firms total revenue minus only the firms

4、 explicit costs. In other words, they ignore the implicit costs.8顯性和隱性成本Explicit and Implicit Costs企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)成本包括顯性成本和隱性成本。 A firms cost of production include explicit costs and implicit costs.顯性成本包括對生產(chǎn)要素直接的資金支出。Explicit costs involve a direct money outlay for factors of production.隱性成本不涉及直接的資金支出。Implici

5、t costs do not involve a direct moneyoutlay.7作為機會成本的成本Costs as Opportunity Costs6一個企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)成本包括其生產(chǎn)物品與服務(wù)的所有機會成本。 A firms cost of production includes all the opportunity costsof making its output of goods and servi.企業(yè)的利潤A Firms Profit利潤就是企業(yè)的總收益減去它的總成本。Profit is the firms total revenue minus its total cos

6、t.利潤總收益總成本Profit = Total revenue - Total cost53例：EVA與作為機會成本的資本成本從會計報表上看，2002年1214家中國上市公司平均會計凈利潤為6428萬元，即是普遍盈利的。用EVA衡量方法來看，2002年中國上市公司的平均EVA為-1564萬元，即是普遍虧損的。只有1/3的上市公司EVA為正數(shù)，即真正創(chuàng)造了價值。（參考文獻：“誰創(chuàng)造財富，誰毀滅財富2002年中國上市公司價值創(chuàng)造和毀滅排行榜”，財經(jīng)（雜志）， 2003年11月05日，8394頁。）12例：EVA與作為機會成本的資本成本傳統(tǒng)的公司業(yè)績衡量以會計利潤為核心，只考慮以利息形式表現(xiàn)的債務(wù)

7、融資成本，而忽略了股權(quán)資本的機會成本。這一衡量方法容易導(dǎo)致企業(yè)過度投資以換取會計利潤的增長。EVA（Economic Value Added，經(jīng)濟增加值）考慮股東投入股本的機會成本，即股東投資于其他風(fēng)險程度類似的企業(yè)所獲取的利益。經(jīng)濟增加值（EVA）稅后凈營業(yè)利潤資本使用成本11經(jīng)濟利潤和會計利潤 Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit經(jīng)濟學(xué)家如何看企業(yè)會計師如何看企業(yè)How an EconomistHow an AccountantViews a FirmViews a Firm收益收益Revenue總機會成本RevenueTotal Opportu

8、nity Costs10會計利潤 Accounting profit顯性成本 Explicit costs經(jīng)濟利潤 Economic Profit隱性成本 Implicit Costs顯性成本 Explicit Costs經(jīng)濟利潤和會計利潤 Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit9當(dāng)總收益超過顯性和隱性成本之和，企業(yè)就獲得了經(jīng)濟利潤。When total revenue exceeds both explicit and implicit costs, the firm earns economic profit.經(jīng)濟利潤小于會計利潤。Economic

9、 profit is smallern accounting profit.4邊際產(chǎn)量Marginal Product增加的產(chǎn)出邊際產(chǎn)量 = Additional output Marginal增加的投入 productAdditional input16邊際產(chǎn)量Marginal Product15在生產(chǎn)過程中，任一投入的邊際產(chǎn)量，就是從增加一單位的該種投入中所獲得的產(chǎn)量的增加量。The marginal product of any input in the production pros is the increase hety of output obtainedfrom an addi

10、tionait oft input.生產(chǎn)函數(shù)The Production Function14生產(chǎn)函數(shù)表示生產(chǎn)某物品所使用的投入的數(shù)量和該物品產(chǎn)出的數(shù)量之間的關(guān)系。The production function shows the relationship betnty of inputs used to make a good and thety of output oft good.生產(chǎn)函數(shù)和總成本A Production Function and Total Cost工人數(shù)量產(chǎn)量勞動的邊際產(chǎn)量 工廠成本工人成本投入總成本Number of WorkersOutputMarginal Pr

11、oduct of LaborCost of FactoryCost of WorkersTotal Cost of Inputs00$30$0$302904030205031203030306045135從生產(chǎn)函數(shù)到總成本曲線From the Production Function to the Total-Cost Curve一個企業(yè)能夠生產(chǎn)的數(shù)量與其成本之間的關(guān)系，決定著它的價格決策。The relationshipbetn thety a firm can produce and its costs determines pricing decis.總成本曲線用圖形表示了這一關(guān)系。 Th

12、e total- cost curve shows this relationship graphically.20邊際產(chǎn)量遞減Diminishing Marginal Product生產(chǎn)函數(shù)的斜率衡量了某一投入（如工人）的邊際產(chǎn)量。The slope of the production function measures themarginal product of an input, such as a worker.當(dāng)邊際產(chǎn)量遞減時，生產(chǎn)函數(shù)變得越來越平坦。When themarginal product declines, the production functiones flatt

13、er.19生產(chǎn)函數(shù)A Production Function.ty of產(chǎn)量（每小utput時糕點數(shù)） (sper)150生產(chǎn)函數(shù)140Production function130120110100908070605040302010雇傭工人數(shù)012345 Number of Workers Hired 18邊際產(chǎn)量遞減Diminishing Marginal Product邊際產(chǎn)量遞減指的是某投入的邊際產(chǎn)量隨其投入量增加而下降的性質(zhì)。Diminishing marginal product is the property whereby the marginal product of an

14、input declines as thety of the input increases.例：隨著一個企業(yè)雇傭的工人越來越多，每一個新增的工人對產(chǎn)量的貢獻就越來越小，因為企業(yè)擁有的設(shè)備數(shù)量是有限的。Example: As more and more workers are hired at a firm, each additional worker contributes less and less to production because the firm has a limited amount of equipment.176固定和可變成本Fixed and Variable C

15、osts固定成本是指那些不隨生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品數(shù)量改變而改變的成本。Fixed costs are those costst do not vary with thety of output produced.可變成本是指那些隨企業(yè)改變生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品數(shù)量而變化的成本。Variable costs are those costst do change as the firm alters thety of output produced.24成本的不同衡量方法The Various Measures of Cost23生產(chǎn)成本可以分解為固定成本和可變成本。Costs of production may be

16、divided o fixed costs and variable costs.總成本曲線 Total-Cost Curve.總成本TotalCost總成本曲線$80Total-cost70curve605040302010020 40 60 80 100 120 140 產(chǎn)量ty of Ou2t2put(每小時糕點數(shù)s per hour)生產(chǎn)函數(shù)與總成本A Production Function and Total Cost工人數(shù)量產(chǎn)量勞動的邊際產(chǎn)量 工廠成本工人成本投入總成本Number of WorkersOutputMarginal Product of LaborCost of F

17、actoryCost of WorkersTotal Cost of Inputs00$30$0$302904030205031203030306045饑餓海倫的糕點廠gry HelensFactory217平均成本一族Family of Average Costs28平均固定成本 Average Fixed Costs (AFC)平均可變成本 Average Variable Costs (AVC)平均總成本 Average Total Costs (ATC)平均總成本平均固定成本平均可變成本ATC = AFC + AVC平均成本Average Costs平均成本由企業(yè)的成本除以生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的數(shù)

18、量得出。Average costs can be determined by dividing the firms costs by thety of output produced.平均成本是普通一單位產(chǎn)品的成本。The average cost is the cost of each typicait of product.27總成本一族Family of Total CoststyTotal CostFixed Cost Variable Cost0$ 3.00$3.00$ 0.0013.303.000.3023.803.000.8034.503.001.5045.403.002.405

19、6.503.003.5067.803.004.8079.303.006.30811.003.008.00912.903.009.901015.003.0012.0026總成本一族Family of Total Costs25總固定成本 Total Fixed Costs (TFC)總變動成本 Total Variable Costs (TVC)總成本 Total Costs (TC)總成本總固定成本總變動成本TC = TFC + TVC8邊際成本Marginal Cost總成本變動量MC = (Changeotal cost) 產(chǎn)量變動量(Change inty)= TC Q32邊際成本Mar

20、ginal Cost邊際成本（MC）衡量的是當(dāng)企業(yè)增加一單位產(chǎn)量時總成本的增加量。 Marginal cost (MC) measures the amount total cost rises when the firm increases production by one unit.邊際成本有助于回答下面的問題：Marginalcost helps answer the following question:生產(chǎn)額外一單位產(chǎn)量的成本是多少？How much does it cost to produce an additionait of output?31平均成本一族Family of

21、 Average CoststyAFCAVCATC01$3.00$0.30$3.30231.501.000.400.501.901.50450.750.600.600.701.351.3060.500.801.30780.430.380.901.001.331.389100.330.301.101.201.431.5030平均成本一族Family of Average Costs固定成本AFC = Fixed cost= FC數(shù)量tyQ可變成本AVC = Variable cost= VC數(shù)量tyQ總成本ATC = Total cost= TC數(shù)量tyQ299成本 Costs總成本 Total

22、 Cost成本曲線及其形狀Cost Curves and Their Shs36邊際成本隨產(chǎn)量上升而上升。 Marginal cost rises with the amount of output produced.它反映了邊際產(chǎn)量遞減的性質(zhì)。This reflects the property ofdiminishing marginal product.平均成本和邊際成本曲線 Average-Cost and Marginal-Cost Curves.$3.50$3.00$2.50MC$2.00$1.50ATCAVC$1.00$0.50AFC$0.00024681012產(chǎn)量ty of O

23、utput(每小時檸檬水杯數(shù) glasses of lemonade per hour)35總成本曲線 Total-Cost Curve.$16.00總成本曲線$14.00Total-costcurve$12.00$10.00$8.00$6.00$4.00$2.00$0.00024681012產(chǎn)量ty of Output(每小時檸檬水杯數(shù) glasses of lemonade per hour)34邊際成本Marginal Cost數(shù)量總成本邊際成本數(shù)量總成本邊際成本33tyTotal CostMarginal CosttyTotal CostMarginal Cost0$3.0013.30

24、$0.306$7.80$1.3023.800.5079.301.5034.500.70811.001.7045.400.90912.901.9056.501.101015.002.1010成本 Costs成本 Costs成本曲線及其形狀Cost Curves and Their Shs$3.50$3.00$2.50$2.00$1.50ATC$1.00$0.50$0.00024681012產(chǎn)量ty of Output(每小時檸檬水杯數(shù) glasses of lemonade per hour)40成本曲線及其形狀Cost Curves and Their ShsU形曲線的底部出現(xiàn)在使平均總成本最

25、小的產(chǎn)量處。這一產(chǎn)量有時被稱作企業(yè)的有效率規(guī)模。The bottom of the U-shoccurs at thetyt minimizes average total cost. Thisty is sometimes called the efficient scaleof the firm.39成本曲線及其形狀Cost Curves and Their Shs38平均總成本曲線為U形。The average total-cost curve is U-shd.當(dāng)產(chǎn)量很低時，平均總成本很高，因為固定成本分?jǐn)偟絻H有的幾單位產(chǎn)量上。At very low levels of output

26、average total cost is high because fixed cost is spread over only a few units.當(dāng)產(chǎn)量增加時，平均總成本下降。Average total cost declines as output increases.平均總成本開始上升，因為平均可變成本大幅度上升了。 Average total cost starts rising because average variable cost risebstantially.成本曲線及其形狀Cost Curves and Their Shs$2.50MC$2.00$1.50$1.0

27、0$0.50$0.00024681012產(chǎn)量ty of Output(每小時檸檬水杯數(shù) glasses of lemonade per hour)3711成本 Costs成本的不同衡量方法The Various Measures of Cost44現(xiàn)在就可以考察各種不同的成本衡量方法之間的關(guān)系了。It is now time to examine the relationshipst exist betn the different measures of cost.邊際成本和平均總成本的關(guān)系 Relationship Betn Marginal Cost and Average Total

28、Cost$3.50$3.00$2.50MC$2.00$1.50ATC$1.00$0.50$0.00024681012產(chǎn)量ty of Output(每小時檸檬水杯數(shù) glasses of lemonade per hour)43邊際成本和平均總成本之間的關(guān)系 Relationship Bet n Marginal Cost and Average Total Cost42邊際成本曲線與平均總成本曲線在有效率規(guī)模處相交。The marginal-cost curve crosses the average-total-cost curve at the efficient scale.有效率規(guī)模是

29、使平均總成本最小的產(chǎn)量。Efficient scale is thetyt minimizes average total cost.邊際成本和平均總成本之間的關(guān)系 Relationship Bet n Marginal Cost and Average Total Cost只要邊際成本小于平均總成本，平均總成本就是下降的。Whenevermarginal cost is lessage total cost, average total cost is falling.只要邊際成本大于平均總成本，平均總成本就是上升的。Whenever marginal cost is greaterage

30、totalcost, average total cost is rising.4112成本 Costs總成本 Total Cost成本曲線的三個重要性質(zhì) Three Important Properties of Cost Curves邊際成本隨產(chǎn)量增加最終會上升。 Marginal cost eventually rises with thety of output.平均總成本曲線為U形。The average-total-cost curve is U-shd.邊際成本曲線與平均總成本曲線相交在平均總成本的最小值處。The marginal-cost curve crosses the

31、average- total-cost curve at the minimum of average total cost.48大鮑勃的成本曲線Big Bobs Cost Curves.3.532.5MC21.5ATCAVC10.5AFC0024681012141647產(chǎn)量 ty of Output大鮑勃的成本曲線Big Bobs Cost Curves.$20.00$18.00$16.00總成本$14.00Total Cost Curve$12.00$10.00$8.00$6.00$4.00$2.00$0.000246810121416產(chǎn)量ty of Output(每小時面包數(shù) bagel

32、s per hour)46成本的各種衡量方法The Various Measures of Cost大鮑勃的面包房 Big Bobs Bagel Bin平均固定 平均可變 平均總面包圈數(shù)量 總成本 固定成本 可變成本成本成本成本邊際成本ty of BagelsTotal CostFixed CostVariable CostAverage Fixed CostAverage Variable CostAverage Total CostMarginal Cost0$2.00$2.00$0.001$3.00$2.00$1.00$2.00$1.00$3.00$1.002$3.80$2.00$1.8

33、0$1.00$0.90$1.90$0.803$4.40$2.00$2.40$0.67$0.80$1.47$0.604$4.80$2.00$2.80$0.50$0.70$1.20$0.405$5.20$2.00$3.20$0.40$0.64$1.04$0.406$5.80$2.00$3.80$0.33$0.63$0.97$0.607$6.60$2.00$4.60$0.29$0.66$0.94$0.808$7.60$2.00$5.60$0.25$0.70$0.95$1.009$8.80$2.00$6.80$0.22$0.76$0.98$1.2010$10.20$2.00$8.20$0.20$0.8

34、2$1.02$1.4011$11.80$2.00$9.80$0.18$0.89$1.07$1.6012$13.60$2.00$11.60$0.17$0.97$1.13$1.8013$15.60$2.00$13.60$0.15$1.05$1.20$2.0014$17.80$2.00$15.80$0.14$1.13$1.27$25 .2013規(guī)模經(jīng)濟與規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟 Economies and Diseconomies of Scale規(guī)模經(jīng)濟發(fā)生在長期平均總成本隨產(chǎn)量增加而下降時。Economies of scale occur when long-ruage total cost declines

35、 as output increases.規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟發(fā)生在長期平均總成本隨產(chǎn)量增加而上升時。Diseconomies of scale occur when long-ruage total cost rises as output increases.規(guī)模報酬不變發(fā)生在長期平均總成本不隨產(chǎn)量增加而改變時。Constant returns to scale occur when long-run average total cost does not vary as output increases.52短期和長期的平均總成本 Average Total Costhe Short and Lo

36、ng Runs.平均總成本 ATC in shortATC in short ATC in short Averagerun withrun withrun with Totalsmall factorymedium factorylarge factoryCostATC in long run0產(chǎn)量1ty of每日汽車數(shù) Cars per Day長期成本Costshe Long Run50因為許多成本在短期內(nèi)是固定不變的，而在長期內(nèi)是可以改變的，企業(yè)的長期成本曲線就有別于它的短期成本曲線。Because many costs are fixedhe short run but variabl

37、ehe long run, a firms long-run cost curves differ from its short-run cost curves.長期成本Costshe Long Run對于許多企業(yè)來說，總成本如何在固定和可變成本之間進行分解，取決于所考慮問題的時間范圍。For many firms, the diviof total costs betn fixed and variable costs depends on the time horizon being considered.在短期內(nèi)，某些成本是固定不變的。In the short run some costs are fixed.在長期內(nèi)，固定成本變成可變成本。In the long run fixed costse variable costs.4914總結(jié)Summary平均總成本是總成本除以產(chǎn)量。 Average total cost is total cost divided by thety of output.邊際成本是產(chǎn)量增加一單位時總成本上升的數(shù)量。Marginal cost is the amount by which total cost would rise if output were increased b