電大開放教育?？啤督y(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)原理》期末考試復(fù)習(xí)題及參考答案

1、電大?？平y(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)原理期末考試復(fù)習(xí)題及參考答案一、單選題1對(duì)某城市工業(yè)企業(yè)未安裝設(shè)備進(jìn)行普查，總體單位是(B )。 A工業(yè)企業(yè)全部未安裝設(shè)備 B工業(yè)企業(yè)每一臺(tái)未安裝設(shè)備 C每個(gè)工業(yè)企業(yè)的未安裝設(shè)備 D每一個(gè)工業(yè)企業(yè)2標(biāo)志是說明總體單位特征的名稱（A ）。A.它分為品質(zhì)標(biāo)志和數(shù)量標(biāo)志兩類B.品質(zhì)標(biāo)志具標(biāo)志值C.數(shù)量指標(biāo)具有標(biāo)志值 D.品質(zhì)標(biāo)志和數(shù)量標(biāo)志都具有標(biāo)志值3某市工業(yè)企業(yè)2003年生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營成果年報(bào)呈報(bào)時(shí)間規(guī)定在2004年1月31日，則調(diào)查期限為（B）A1日B1個(gè)月C1年D1年零1個(gè)月4全社會(huì)零售商品總額屬于（B）。A.數(shù)量標(biāo)志 B. 數(shù)量指標(biāo) C.品質(zhì)標(biāo)志 D.質(zhì)量指標(biāo)5工業(yè)企業(yè)的設(shè)備臺(tái)數(shù)、產(chǎn)

2、品產(chǎn)值是（D）。A.連續(xù)變量B.離散變量 C.前者是連續(xù)變量，后者是離散變量D.前者是離散變量，后者是連續(xù)變量6下列調(diào)查中，調(diào)查單位與填報(bào)單位一致的是（D）。A企業(yè)設(shè)備調(diào)查 B人口普查 C農(nóng)村耕地調(diào)查D工業(yè)企業(yè)現(xiàn)狀調(diào)查7對(duì)一批商品進(jìn)行質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)，最適宜采用的方法是（B）。A.全面調(diào)查 B.抽樣調(diào)查 C.典型調(diào)查 D.重點(diǎn)調(diào)查8統(tǒng)計(jì)調(diào)查是進(jìn)行資料整理和分析的( A )。 A基礎(chǔ)環(huán)節(jié) B中間環(huán)節(jié) C最終環(huán)節(jié) D必要補(bǔ)充9抽樣調(diào)查與重點(diǎn)調(diào)查的主要區(qū)別是（D）。A作用不同 B組織方式不同 C靈活程度不同 D選取調(diào)查單位的方法不同10下列調(diào)查屬于不連續(xù)調(diào)查的是（A）。A每月統(tǒng)計(jì)商品庫存額 B每旬統(tǒng)計(jì)產(chǎn)品道

3、題 C每月統(tǒng)計(jì)商品銷售額 D每季統(tǒng)計(jì)進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易額11全面調(diào)查與非全面調(diào)查的劃分是以（C）。A時(shí)間是否連續(xù)來劃分的B最后取得的資料是否全面來劃分的 C調(diào)查對(duì)象所包括的單位是否完全來劃分的D調(diào)查組織規(guī)模的大小來劃分的12下列分組中哪個(gè)是按品質(zhì)標(biāo)志分組（B）。A企業(yè)按年生產(chǎn)能力分組B產(chǎn)品按品種分組 C家庭按年收入水平分組D人口按年齡分組13簡(jiǎn)單分組和復(fù)合分組的區(qū)別在于（B）。A.選擇的分組標(biāo)志性質(zhì)不同B.選擇的分組標(biāo)志多少不同 C.組數(shù)的多少不同 D.組距的大小不同14在組距分組時(shí)，對(duì)于連續(xù)型變量，相鄰兩組的組限( A )。 A必須是重疊的 B必須是間斷的 C可以是重疊的，也可以是間斷的 D必須取整

4、數(shù)15有一個(gè)學(xué)生考試成績(jī)?yōu)?0分，在統(tǒng)計(jì)分組中，這個(gè)變量值應(yīng)歸入( B )。 A6070分這一組 B7080分這一組 C6070或7080兩組都可以 D作為上限的那一組16由反映總體各單位數(shù)量特征的標(biāo)志值匯總得出的指標(biāo)是( B )。 A總體單位總量 B總體標(biāo)志總量 C質(zhì)量指標(biāo) D相對(duì)指標(biāo)17反映社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)象發(fā)展總規(guī)模、總水平的綜合指標(biāo)是( B )。 A質(zhì)量指標(biāo) B總量指標(biāo) C相對(duì)指標(biāo) D平均指標(biāo)18反映不同總體中同類指標(biāo)對(duì)比的相對(duì)指標(biāo)是( B)。 A結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)指標(biāo) B. 比較相對(duì)指標(biāo) C強(qiáng)度相對(duì)指標(biāo) D. 計(jì)劃完成程度相對(duì)指標(biāo)19在什么條件下，簡(jiǎn)單算術(shù)平均數(shù)和加權(quán)算術(shù)平均數(shù)計(jì)算結(jié)果相同(B)。

5、A權(quán)數(shù)不等 B權(quán)數(shù)相等 C變量值相同 D變量值不同20權(quán)數(shù)對(duì)算術(shù)平均數(shù)的影響作用，實(shí)質(zhì)上取決于( A )。 A作為權(quán)數(shù)的各組單位數(shù)占總體單位數(shù)比重的大小 B各組標(biāo)志值占總體標(biāo)志總量比重的大小 C標(biāo)志值本身的大小 D標(biāo)志值數(shù)量的多少21計(jì)算結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)時(shí)，總體各部分?jǐn)?shù)值與總體數(shù)值對(duì)比求得的比重之和（C）。A小于100%B大于100% C等于100% D小于或大于100%22相對(duì)指標(biāo)數(shù)值的表現(xiàn)形式有（D）。A無名數(shù)B實(shí)物單位與貨幣單位 C有名數(shù) D無名數(shù)或有名數(shù)23下列相對(duì)指標(biāo)中，屬于不同時(shí)期對(duì)比的指標(biāo)有（B）。A結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)指標(biāo) B動(dòng)態(tài)相對(duì)指標(biāo) C比較相對(duì)指標(biāo) D強(qiáng)度相對(duì)指標(biāo)24按照計(jì)劃，今年產(chǎn)量比上年

6、增加30%，實(shí)際比計(jì)劃少完成10%，同上年比今年產(chǎn)量實(shí)際增長程度為（D）。 A75%B40%C13%D17%25某廠2003年完成產(chǎn)值2000萬元，2004年計(jì)劃增長10%，實(shí)際完成2310萬元，超額完成計(jì)劃（B）。 %B.5%C.115.5%D.15.5%26甲、乙兩數(shù)列的平均數(shù)分別為100和145，它們的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差為128和37，則( A )。 A甲數(shù)列平均數(shù)的代表性高于乙數(shù)列 B乙數(shù)列平均數(shù)的代表性高于甲數(shù)列 C兩數(shù)列平均數(shù)的代表性相同 D兩數(shù)列平均數(shù)的代表性無法比較27對(duì)某種連續(xù)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)，要求每隔一小時(shí)抽出10分鐘的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)，這種抽查方式是（C）。A.簡(jiǎn)單隨機(jī)抽樣B.類型

7、抽樣 C.等距抽樣 D.整群抽樣28抽樣平均誤差是( A )。 A抽樣指標(biāo)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差 B總體參數(shù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差 C樣本變量的函數(shù) D總體變量的函數(shù)29對(duì)甲乙兩個(gè)工廠工人平均工資進(jìn)行純隨機(jī)不重復(fù)抽樣調(diào)查，調(diào)查的工人數(shù)一樣，兩工廠工資方差相同，但甲廠工人總數(shù)比乙廠工人總數(shù)多一倍，則抽樣平均誤差（ A ） A甲廠比乙廠大 B乙廠比甲廠大 C兩個(gè)工廠一樣大 D無法確定30在簡(jiǎn)單隨機(jī)重復(fù)條件下，當(dāng)抽樣平均誤差縮小為原來的1/2時(shí)，則樣本單位數(shù)為原來的（C）。A2倍B.3倍C.4倍 D.1/4倍31反映抽樣指標(biāo)與總體指標(biāo)之間的平均誤差程度的指標(biāo)是（C）。A.平均數(shù)離差B.概率度 C.抽樣平均誤差 D.抽樣極限誤差

8、32在一定的抽樣平均誤差條件下（A）。A.擴(kuò)大極限誤差范圍，可以提高推斷的可靠程度 B. 擴(kuò)大極限誤差范圍，會(huì)降低推斷的可靠程度C.縮小極限誤差范圍，可以提高推斷的可靠程度 D.縮小極限誤差范圍，不改變推斷的可靠程度33反映抽樣指標(biāo)與總體指標(biāo)之間抽樣誤差可能范圍的指標(biāo)是（B）。 A抽樣平均誤差B抽樣極限誤差 C抽樣誤差系數(shù)D概率度。34按隨機(jī)原則直接從總體N個(gè)單位中抽取n個(gè)單位作為樣本，這種抽樣組織形式（A ） A簡(jiǎn)單隨機(jī)抽樣 B類型抽樣 C等距抽樣 D整群抽樣35統(tǒng)計(jì)指數(shù)按指數(shù)化指標(biāo)的性質(zhì)不同，可分為( B )。 A總指數(shù)和個(gè)體指數(shù) B數(shù)量指標(biāo)指數(shù)和質(zhì)量指標(biāo)指數(shù) C平均數(shù)指數(shù)和平均指標(biāo)指數(shù)

9、D綜合指數(shù)和平均數(shù)指36編制總指數(shù)的兩種形式是（B ）。 A數(shù)量指標(biāo)指數(shù)和質(zhì)量指標(biāo)指數(shù) B綜合指數(shù)和平均數(shù)指數(shù) C算術(shù)平均數(shù)指數(shù)和調(diào)和平均數(shù)指數(shù) D定基指數(shù)和環(huán)比指數(shù)37銷售價(jià)格綜合指數(shù)表示 ( C ) A綜合反映多種商品銷售量變動(dòng)程度 B綜合反映多種商品銷售額變動(dòng)程度 C報(bào)告期銷售的商品,其價(jià)格綜合變動(dòng)的程度 D基期銷售的商品,其價(jià)格綜合變動(dòng)程度38在銷售量綜合指數(shù)中, 表示 ( B ) A商品價(jià)格變動(dòng)引起銷售額變動(dòng)的絕對(duì)額 B價(jià)格不變的情況下,銷售量變動(dòng)引起銷售額變動(dòng)的絕對(duì)額 C價(jià)格不變的情況下,銷售量變動(dòng)的絕對(duì)額D銷售量和價(jià)格變動(dòng)引起銷售額變動(dòng)的絕對(duì)額39加權(quán)算術(shù)平均數(shù)指數(shù)變形為綜合指數(shù)

10、時(shí)，其特定的權(quán)數(shù)是（D ）。 A q1p1 Bq0p1 Cq1p0 Dq0p040加權(quán)調(diào)和平均數(shù)指數(shù)變形為綜合指數(shù)時(shí),其特定的權(quán)數(shù)是（A ）。 Aq1p1 Bq0p1 Cq1p0 Dq0p041某企業(yè)的職工工資水平比上年提高5%，職工人數(shù)增加2%，則企業(yè)工資總額增長（B ）。 A10% B7.1% C7% D11%42根據(jù)時(shí)期數(shù)列計(jì)算序時(shí)平均數(shù)應(yīng)采用（C） A幾何平均法 B加權(quán)算術(shù)平均法 C簡(jiǎn)單算術(shù)平均法 D首末折半法43數(shù)列中各項(xiàng)數(shù)值可以直接相加的時(shí)間數(shù)列是（ B）。A.時(shí)點(diǎn)數(shù)列 B.時(shí)期數(shù)列 C.平均指標(biāo)動(dòng)態(tài)數(shù)列D.相對(duì)指標(biāo)動(dòng)態(tài)數(shù)列44間隔相等的時(shí)點(diǎn)數(shù)列計(jì)算序時(shí)平均數(shù)應(yīng)采用（D） 幾何平均

11、法 B加權(quán)算術(shù)平均法 C簡(jiǎn)單算術(shù)平均法 D首末折半法45已知某企業(yè)1月、2月、3月、4月的平均職工人數(shù)分別為190人、195人、193人和201人。則該企業(yè)一季度的平均職工人數(shù)的計(jì)算方法為（B）。A（190195193201）/4 B（190195193）/3 C（190/2195193201/2）/41 D（190/2195193201/2）/446下列數(shù)列中哪一個(gè)屬于動(dòng)態(tài)數(shù)列（D）。A.學(xué)生按學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)分組形成的數(shù)列 B.工業(yè)企業(yè)按地區(qū)分組形成的數(shù)列C.職工按工資水平高低排列形成的數(shù)列D.出口額按時(shí)間先后順序排列形成的數(shù)47已知各期環(huán)比增長速度為2、5、8和7，則相應(yīng)的定基增長速度的計(jì)算方法

12、為 ( A )。A(102105108107)100 B102105108107C2587 D(2587)10048說明現(xiàn)象在較長時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)展的總速度指標(biāo)是（D）。A.發(fā)展速度 B.增長速度 C.環(huán)比發(fā)展速度 D.定基發(fā)展速49如果變量X和變量Y之間的相關(guān)系數(shù)為 1，說明兩變量之間存在( C )。 A. 微弱相關(guān)關(guān)系 B.顯著相關(guān)關(guān)系 C.完全相關(guān)關(guān)系 D.沒有相關(guān)關(guān)系50相關(guān)系數(shù)的取值范圍是( C )。 A. 0r 1 B. - 1 r 0.267故甲組工人的平均日產(chǎn)量更有代表性。 4某工廠有1500個(gè)工人，用簡(jiǎn)單隨機(jī)重復(fù)抽樣的方法抽出50個(gè)工人作為樣本，調(diào)查其月平均產(chǎn)量水平，得每人平均產(chǎn)量5

13、60件，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差32.45要求：（1）計(jì)算抽樣平均誤差（重復(fù)與不重復(fù)）； （2）以95%的概率（z=1.96）估計(jì)該廠工人的月平均產(chǎn)量的區(qū)間；（3）以同樣的概率估計(jì)該廠工人總產(chǎn)量的區(qū)間。 （1）重復(fù)抽樣： 不重復(fù)抽樣： （2）抽樣極限誤差 = 1.964.59 =9件月平均產(chǎn)量的區(qū)間： 下限: =560-9=551件 上限:=560+9=569件 （3）總產(chǎn)量的區(qū)間：（5511500 826500件； 5691500 853500件） 5采用簡(jiǎn)單隨機(jī)重復(fù)抽樣的方法，在2000件產(chǎn)品中抽查200件，其中合格品190件.要求：（1）計(jì)算合格品率及其抽樣平均誤差（2）以95.45%的概率保證程度（z=

14、2）對(duì)合格品率和合格品數(shù)量進(jìn)行區(qū)間估計(jì)。（3）如果極限誤差為2.31%，則其概率保證程度是多少？ 解：(1)樣本合格率p = n1n = 190200 = 95% 抽樣平均誤差 = 1.54%(2)抽樣極限誤差p=zp = 21.54% = 3.08%下限:p=95%-3.08% = 91.92%上限:p=95%+3.08% = 98.08% 則：總體合格品率區(qū)間：（91.92% 98.08%） 總體合格品數(shù)量區(qū)間（91.92%2000=1838件 98.08%2000=1962件） (3)當(dāng)極限誤差為2.31%時(shí)，則概率保證程度為86.64% (z=)6 某企業(yè)上半年產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量與單位成本資料如

15、下：月 份產(chǎn)量（千件）單位成本（元）123456234345737271736968要求：（）計(jì)算相關(guān)系數(shù)，說明兩個(gè)變量相關(guān)的密切程度。 （）配合回歸方程，指出產(chǎn)量每增加1000件時(shí)，單位成本平均變動(dòng)多少？ （）假定產(chǎn)量為6000件時(shí)，單位成本為多少元？ （）計(jì)算相關(guān)系數(shù)：說明產(chǎn)量和單位成本之間存在高度負(fù)相關(guān)。（）配合回歸方程 =-1.82 =-(-1.82)=77.37 回歸方程為：.產(chǎn)量每增加1000件時(shí)，單位成本平均減少.元（）當(dāng)產(chǎn)量為件時(shí)，即，代入回歸方程：.（元）7根據(jù)企業(yè)產(chǎn)品銷售額(萬元)和銷售利潤率(%)資料計(jì)算出如下數(shù)據(jù): n=7 =1890 =31.1 2=535500 2=

16、174.15 =9318 要求: (1) 確定以利潤率為因變量的直線回歸方程. ( 2)解釋式中回歸系數(shù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)含義. (3)當(dāng)銷售額為500萬元時(shí),利潤率為多少? （1）配合直線回歸方程： b= = =0.0365 a= =-5.41 則回歸直線方程為： yc=-5.41+0.0365x （2）回歸系數(shù)b的經(jīng)濟(jì)意義：當(dāng)銷售額每增加一萬元，銷售利潤率增加0.0365% （3）計(jì)算預(yù)測(cè)值： 當(dāng)x=500萬元時(shí) yc=-5.41+0.0365=12.8% 8 某商店兩種商品的銷售資料如下：商品單位銷售量單價(jià)（元）基期計(jì)算期基期計(jì)算期甲乙件公斤50150601608121014要求：（1）計(jì)算兩種商品

17、銷售額指數(shù)及銷售額變動(dòng)的絕對(duì)額；（2）計(jì)算兩種商品銷售量總指數(shù)及由于銷售量變動(dòng)影響銷售額的絕對(duì)額；（3）計(jì)算兩種商品銷售價(jià)格總指數(shù)及由于價(jià)格變動(dòng)影響銷售額的絕對(duì)額。 （1）商品銷售額指數(shù)= 銷售額變動(dòng)的絕對(duì)額：元 （2）兩種商品銷售量總指數(shù)= 銷售量變動(dòng)影響銷售額的絕對(duì)額元 （3）商品銷售價(jià)格總指數(shù)= 價(jià)格變動(dòng)影響銷售額的絕對(duì)額：元 9某商店兩種商品的銷售額和銷售價(jià)格的變化情況如下：商品單位銷售額（萬元）1996年比1995年銷售價(jià)格提高（%）1995年1996年甲乙米件12040130361012要求： (1)計(jì)算兩種商品銷售價(jià)格總指數(shù)和由于價(jià)格變動(dòng)對(duì)銷售額的影響絕對(duì)額。 (2)計(jì)算銷售量總

18、指數(shù),計(jì)算由于銷售量變動(dòng)，銷售額的影響絕對(duì)額。 （1）商品銷售價(jià)格總指數(shù)= 由于價(jià)格變動(dòng)對(duì)銷售額的影響絕對(duì)額：萬元 （2）)計(jì)算銷售量總指數(shù):商品銷售額總指數(shù)=103.75% 銷售額總變動(dòng)-=166-160=6萬元 商品銷售量總指數(shù)=銷售量變動(dòng)銷售額的影響絕對(duì)額: 15.67-6=9.67萬元 10某地區(qū)1984年平均人口數(shù)為150萬人，1995年人口變動(dòng)情況如下：月份1369次年1月月初人數(shù)102185190192184計(jì)算：（1）1995年平均人口數(shù);（2）1984-1995年該地區(qū)人口的平均增長速度.（1）1995年平均人口數(shù)=181.21萬人（2）1984-1995年該地區(qū)人口的平均增

19、長速度： 11某地區(qū)19951999年糧食產(chǎn)量資料如下：年份1995年1996年1997年1998年1999年糧食產(chǎn)量（萬斤）434472516584618要求：（1）計(jì)算各年的逐期增長量、累積增長量、環(huán)比發(fā)展速度、定基發(fā)展速度；（2）計(jì)算1995年-1999年該地區(qū)糧食產(chǎn)量的年平均增長量和糧食產(chǎn)量的年平均發(fā)展速度；（3）如果從1999年以后該地區(qū)的糧食產(chǎn)量按8%的增長速度發(fā)展，2005年該地區(qū)的糧食產(chǎn)量將達(dá)到什么水平？ 解年 份1995年1996年1997年1998年1999年糧食產(chǎn)量（萬斤） 環(huán)比發(fā)展速度 定基發(fā)展速度逐期增長量累積增長量434-4721087610876383851610

20、932118894482584113181345668150618105821424034184平均增長量=（萬斤）（萬斤） （2）平均發(fā)展速度（3）=980.69（萬斤） 請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(_)O謝謝！2016年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts

21、 a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of

22、its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one

23、at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basket-balls range in size from 28.5-30 in (72-76 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is use

24、d, but the ball in mens games measures 29.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a womens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, composition, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams ag

25、ree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the balls bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to

26、 a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 49-54 in (1.2-1.4 m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft (1.80 m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test

27、 is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere commands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung t

28、wo half-bushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismith (1861-1939) was a physical education

29、teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vac

30、ation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismiths five basic principles center on the

31、ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players; the ball

32、was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the organization grew rapidly. The size o

33、f the local gym dictated the number of players; smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 10-2

34、0 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues

35、. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismiths original players were Canadians, and the game spread to Canada immediately. It was played in France by 1893; England in 1894; Australia, China, and India between 1895 and 1900; and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer

36、ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the n

37、eed for laces was introduced in 1948; its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were ruled official in 1949. The rule-setters came from several groups early in the 1900s. Colleges and universities established their rules committees in 1905, the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a se

38、t of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there were two professional sets of rules. A Joint Rules Committee for colleges, the AAU, and the YMCA was created in 1915, and, under the name the National Basketball Committee (NBC) made rules for amateur play until 1979

39、. In that year, the National Federation of State High School Associations began governing the sport at the high school level, and the NCAA Rules Committee assumed rule-making responsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the Armed Forces, with a similar committee holding jurisdiction over wome

40、ns basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of th

41、e NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) became nationally famous at the college level

42、and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The womens game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resemble the mens game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning i

43、n the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably become the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the womens game by rec

44、ognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. The first professional mens basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Player

45、s were paid on a per-game basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the ever-changing players on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was organized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was organized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that

46、 players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game; under these premises, the two joined to form the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. A rival American Basketball Association (ABA) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the NBA for co

47、llege talent and market share for almost ten years. In 1976, this league disbanded, but four of its teams remained as NBA teams. Unification came just in time for major television support. Several womens professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the Womens Professional Basketball Lea

48、gue (WBL) and the Womens World Basketball Association, before the WNBA debuted in 1997 with the support of the NBA. James Naismith, originally from Al-monte, Ontario, invented basketball at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. The game was first played with

49、peach baskets (hence the name) and a soccer ball and was intended to provide indoor exercise for football players. As a result, it was originally a rough sport. Although ten of Naismiths original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evo

50、lution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first five-man teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine nets but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of

51、the nets were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to

52、limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Nonetheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was

53、 played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would barnst

54、orm into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were played in arenas with chicken wire separating the players from fans,

55、 thus the word cagers, others with posts in the middle of the floor and often with balconies overhanging the corners, limiting the areas from which shots could be taken. Until the late 1930s, all players used the two-hand set shot, and scores remained low. Basketball in the 1920s and 1930s became bo

56、th more organized and more popular, although it still lagged far behind both baseball and college football. In the pros, five urban, ethnic teams excelled and played with almost no college graduates. They were the New York Original Celtics; the Cleveland Rosenblums, owned by Max Rosenblum; Eddie Got

57、tliebs Philadelphia SPHAs (South Philadelphia Hebrew Association); and two great black teams, the New York Renaissance Five and Abe Sapersteins Harlem Globetrotters, which was actually from Chicago. While these teams had some notable players, no superstars, such as Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, or Red Gr

58、ange, emerged to capture the publics attention as they did in other sports of the period. The same was true in college basketball up until the late 1930s, with coaches dominating the game and its development. Walter Doc Meanwell at Wisconsin, Forrest Phog Allen at Kansas, Ward Piggy Lambert at Purdu

59、e, and Henry Doc Carlson at Pittsburgh all made significant contributions to the games development: zone defenses, the weave, the passing game, and the fast break. In the decade preceding World War II, five events changed college basketball and allowed it to become a major spectator sport. In 1929,

60、the rules committee reversed a decision that would have outlawed dribbling and slowed the game considerably. Five years later, promoter Edward Ned Irish staged the first intersectional twin bill in Madison Square Garden in New York City and attracted more than 16,000 fans. He demonstrated the appeal