法律英語(yǔ)第一課翻譯ppt課件

1、LessononeLegalsystem .Every law has no atom of strength, as far as no public opinion supports it.Wendell phillips, American leader against slavery假設(shè)是沒(méi)有公眾言論的支持，法律是絲毫沒(méi)有力量的。美國(guó)廢奴運(yùn)動(dòng)領(lǐng)袖 菲力普斯 W.Background Two periods of legal history:The Period of the English ColoniesThe Period of the United StatesOn May 14

2、, 1607, the Virginia Company explorers landed on Jamestown Island to establish the Virginia English colonyThe Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783).Characteristics Common law legal system普通法系DecentralizationCase lawStare decisis服從前例.TextPartOneTheUnitedStatesisat once averynewnationaveryoldnation

3、既年輕又古老的國(guó)家.itisconstantlybeingrenewedbytheadditionofnewelementsofpopulationandofnewStates不斷有新的人口成分和新州的參與ItisanewnationCompared with many other countries與其他國(guó)家相比.Itis theoldestofthenewnationsthefirstonetobemadeoutof anOldWorldcolony.第一個(gè)從舊大陸殖民地脫胎而出的國(guó)家theoldestwrittenconstitutiontheoldestcontinuousfedera

4、lsystem theoldestpracticeofself-governmentItisold.The wholeofitshistorybelongsintheperiodsincetheinventionoftheprinting press. 美國(guó)歷史是印刷發(fā)明以后的歷史。.foreventssuchas thosethatarelostinthelegendarypastofItalyorFranceorEngland arepartoftheprintedrecordoftheUnitedStates那些在意大利、法國(guó)或英國(guó)過(guò)去的傳說(shuō)中湮沒(méi)的那些事件，是美國(guó)有文字記載歷史的一部分

5、。Thewholeofitshistoryisrecorded.AndtheAmericanrecordComprehensive復(fù)雜Immense繁多 .Recordofthecolonialera殖民時(shí)代的記載Record oftheNationsince1776國(guó)家從1776年開(kāi)場(chǎng)的記載Record ofthepresentfiftyStates當(dāng)前50個(gè)州的記載Theintricatenetworkof relationshipsbetweenStatesand Nation各州與聯(lián)邦之間錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜關(guān)系的記載.Thereportsofthe UnitedStatesSupremeCour

6、tfill350volumesThereportsofsomeStatesarealmostequallyvoluminous. 聯(lián)邦最高法院判例匯編州法院判例匯編.ThereaderwhowantstotracethehistoryoflawinAmericaisconfrontedwithover5,000 stoutvolumesoflegalcases.想要探求美國(guó)法律歷史的人面對(duì)的是5000多巨冊(cè)的法律案例。 .Noonedocument,nohandfulofdocuments,canproperlybesaidtorevealthecharacterofapeopleorofth

7、eirgovernment.沒(méi)有哪一個(gè)或者少數(shù)幾個(gè)文件可以準(zhǔn)確地提示一國(guó)人民或政府的特征。.Whenhundredsandthousands ofdocumentsstrikeaconsistentnote，overmorethanahundredyears,wehavearighttosay thatisthekeynote. 當(dāng)一百多年來(lái)成百上千的文件敲擊出一直如一的音調(diào)時(shí)，我們可以說(shuō)這就是基調(diào)。.TheAmericanlegalsystem,liketheEnglish,ismethodologicallymainlyacase lawsystem. 判例法PartTwo .Civil

8、law legal system大陸法系/羅馬法系Common law legal system普通法系Statutory law法國(guó)和德國(guó)為代表，還有瑞士、意大利、奧地利、比利時(shí)、盧森堡、荷蘭、西班牙、葡萄牙、日本等Case law構(gòu)成于英國(guó)，包括加拿大，澳大利亞，新西蘭，愛(ài)爾蘭，印度、巴基斯坦，馬來(lái)西亞和新加坡，香港地域也采用英美法.Mostfieldsofprivatelawstill consistprimarilyofcaselawandtheextensiveandsteadily growingstatutorycontinuestobesubjecttobinding inte

9、rpretationthroughcaselaw. 私法的大多數(shù)領(lǐng)域主要包括判例法，以及廣泛的不斷添加的成文法，這些成文法繼續(xù)經(jīng)過(guò)判例法受制于有約束力的法律解釋。.KnowledgeTechniquecentralimportanceforan understandingofAmericanlaw andlegalmethodology.ThecommonlawishistoricallythecommongenerallawwithsupremacyoverlocallawwhichwasdecreedbytheitinerantjudgesoftheEnglishroyalcourt.普通

10、法在歷史上是普通綜合法，由英國(guó)皇家法院的巡回法官公布的普通綜合法位置高于地方法。. enforcement 強(qiáng)迫執(zhí)行； claim 懇求； action 訴訟行為； writ 法院令狀； classical Roman law 古羅馬法.The enforcement of a claim presupposed the existence of a special form of action, a writ, with the result that the original common law represented a system of action similar to that

11、 of classical Roman law.某項(xiàng)訴訟懇求的強(qiáng)迫執(zhí)行是以法院令狀這種特殊訴訟方式的存在為前提的，而這就使最初的普通法表現(xiàn)為由類(lèi)似于古羅馬法的“訴訟行為所構(gòu)成的體系。.Ifawritexisted(in1227)aclaimcouldbeenforced;有法院令狀，訴訟懇求就要強(qiáng)迫執(zhí)行；therewasnorecourseforaclaimwithoutawrit,theclaimdidnot exist. 沒(méi)有法院令狀為前提的訴訟懇求，就沒(méi)有追索權(quán)，因此該訴訟懇求也就不存在。.ThissystembecameinflexiblewhentheProvisionsofOxfo

12、rd(1258) prohibitedthecreationofnewwrits,exceptfortheflexibilitywhichthewrituponthecaseallowedandwhichlaterledtothedevelopmentofcontractandtortlaw. 這一制度在1258年“牛津條例制止新令狀產(chǎn)生以后變得固定下來(lái)；除非“本案令狀允許了靈敏性的例外，后者后來(lái)開(kāi)展成合同與侵權(quán)法。.Thenarrowlimitsoftheformsofactionandthelimitedrecoursetheyprovidedledtothedevelopmentofeq

13、uitylaw andequitycaselaw. 訴訟方式的限制及其提供的有限追索權(quán)導(dǎo)致了衡平法和衡平判例法的產(chǎn)生。.衡平法 由英國(guó)衡平法法院的大法官在處置專(zhuān)門(mén)的申訴案件時(shí)，為防止過(guò)分注重令狀和程序方面的技術(shù)性問(wèn)題，而集中思索案情的理?yè)?jù)得失，最終開(kāi)展出有別于普通法的法律規(guī)范，就是衡平法。.“Equitydoingequity公平行為公平decidingexaequoetbono決議公平且仁慈拉丁語(yǔ)wasfirstgrantedbytheKing,andlaterbyhisChancelloraskeeperoftheKingsconscience, to afford relief in h

14、ardship cases.首先由國(guó)王，以后由作為“國(guó)王良知守護(hù)人的大法官作出，以便對(duì)難以處理的案例提供救援。.Inthefifteenthcentury,however,equitylawandequitycaselaw developedintoanindependent legalsystemandjudiciary(Court ofchancery)whichcompetedwiththeordinarycommonlawcourts. 15世紀(jì)，衡平法和衡平判例法開(kāi)展成獨(dú)立的法律制度和司法制度大法官法庭，大法官法庭與普通法法庭并列存在。.普通法衡平法普通法專(zhuān)指英國(guó)在11世紀(jì)后由法官經(jīng)

15、過(guò)判決方式逐漸構(gòu)成的適用于全英格蘭的一種判例法。而衡平法是指英國(guó)在14世紀(jì)后對(duì)普通法的修正和補(bǔ)充而出現(xiàn)的一種判例法。 .Itsrulesandmaximsbecamefixedand,toadegree,inflexibleasin anylegalsystem. 衡平法的規(guī)那么和原那么逐漸確定，與任何法律制度一樣，具有一定程度的固定性。equitylaw.reliefintheformofspecificperformance特殊履行的救援方式theinjunction禁令暫時(shí)或最終的采取或不采取某種行為的命令thedevelopmentofsocalled maximsofequityla

16、w構(gòu)成所謂的衡平法座右銘Specialcharacteristicsofequitylaw：.However,equitablereliefregularlywill lieonlywhenthecommonlawreliefis inadequate.不過(guò)，只需當(dāng)普通法救援不充分時(shí)，才適用衡平救援。.Forinstance,specificperformanceforthepurchaseofrealproperty willbegrantedbecausecommonlawdamagesaredeemedtobeinadequatesince theycannotcompensatethe

17、buyer inviewoftheuniquenessattributedto realproperty. 例如，對(duì)購(gòu)買(mǎi)不動(dòng)產(chǎn)提供特殊履行的救援，由于普通法的賠償被以為不充分，由于不動(dòng)產(chǎn)具有特殊性，普通法的賠償無(wú)法補(bǔ)償買(mǎi)方。.Asthecommonlaw,equitylawbecamepartofAmericanlaw eitherthroughjudicialacceptance司法接受orthroughexpressstatutory provision明確的成文法條款.Today,bothlegalsystemshavebeenmergedinmanyAmericanjurisdicti

18、ons普通法衡平法thereisonlyoneformofcivilsuit inthesejurisdictionsaswellas infederalpractice. 在美國(guó)司法管轄區(qū)和聯(lián)邦實(shí)際中只需一套民事訴訟方式.美國(guó)紐約州立法機(jī)構(gòu)于1848年經(jīng)過(guò)了由戴維菲爾德起草的，稍后更成立了一個(gè)“法典化委員會(huì)來(lái)“將紐約州的全部法律簡(jiǎn)化為成文的、系統(tǒng)化的法典。.OnlyfewStatescontinuetomaintainaseparatechancerycourt. 獨(dú)立大法官法庭.Reference to the historical development is important參考?xì)v史

19、開(kāi)展非常重要It explains the origin and significance of many contemporary legal conceptsthedivisionoftitleinthelawofproperty財(cái)富法上的一切權(quán)分割.itisstillrelevantforthedecisionofsuchquestionsReference to the historical development is important參考?xì)v史開(kāi)展非常重要a righttoatrialbyjury陪審團(tuán)的審問(wèn)權(quán).“ordinarycommonlawreliefofdamages普通

20、法規(guī)定的賠償金救援“extraordinaryequityremedyofspecificperformance衡平法規(guī)定的特定履行救援.Caselawdescribestheentirebodyofjudgemadelawandtodayincludescommonlawandequityprecedents. “判例法指一切的法官定法，目前既包括普通法，也包括衡平法先例。.Inimpreciseandconfusingusage theterms commonlawandcaselawareoftenusedsynonymously,withtheterm“commonlawin this usageconnotingjudge-madelawingeneralascontrastedwith