托福綜合寫作備考練習題-老美的四天工作制

1、【實例講解】托福綜合寫作備考練習題-老美的四天工作制托福綜合寫作(Integrated Writing)長期以來都是托?？荚嚨碾y點之一，全面考察考生快速閱讀、聽取關鍵信息和原文復述的能力。由于閱讀和聽力實力較弱導致綜合寫作失分嚴重，想要提升卻不得其法。從傳統(tǒng)備考思路看提升閱讀和聽力固然沒錯，但如何在有限的時間內加強針對性、高效提分才是關鍵。下面就為大家?guī)硗懈＞C合寫作的閱讀材料，希望在練習中能不斷提升大家的托福綜合寫作能力。托福綜合寫作閱讀材料： In the United States, employees typicallywork five days a week for eight h

2、ours each day. However, many employees want towork a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. Amandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of workinga four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay wouldbenefit the economy a

3、s a whole as well as the individual companies and the employeeswho decided to take the option.在美國，職員一般執(zhí)行的一周五天，每天八小時工作制。然而，很多職員希望能夠改為四天工作制，如果能夠滿足需要可以接受薪水降低。要求企業(yè)提供薪水八成工作四天的工作方式供員工選擇對于國家整個經濟都是有好處的，同時獲益的還有個人，以及執(zhí)行這個政策的公司。The shortened workweek would increasecompany profits because employees would feel mo

4、re rested and alert, and as aresult, they would make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff toensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result inadditional payroll costs because four-day employees would only be paid 80percent of the normal rate. In the end, co

5、mpanies would have fewer overworkedand error-prone employees for the same money, which would increase companyprofits.減少工作日會提高公司的利潤，因為員工們會感到很輕松和精神，這樣他們就會在工作中較少犯那些可能會帶來損失的錯誤。為了完成同樣的工作量將需要雇傭更多的人手，但是這不意味著需要支付更多的薪水，這是因為四天工作日只需支付給每個員工80%的工資。這樣，公司花同樣的錢，員工這會過于勞累和失誤連連了，這樣將會提高公司的利潤。For the country as a whole,

6、 one of theprimary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduceunemployment rates. If many full-time employees started working fewer hours, someof their workload would have to be shifted to others. Thus, for every fouremployees who went on an 80 percent week, a new employee

7、could be hired at the80 percent rate.對于國家整體來說，給職員提供這樣的選擇選擇的好處就是可以降低失業(yè)率。如果原來全職工作的人縮短了工作時間之后，他們的部分工作就需要轉給其他的員工。這樣，如果每個員工每周都只工作80%的時間，這樣就可以以同樣的工作時間來雇傭新員工了。Finally, the option of a four-day workweekwould be better for individual employees. Employees who could afford a lowersalary in exchange for more fr

8、ee time could improve the quality of their livesby spending the extra time with their families, pursuing private interests, orenjoying leisure activities.最后，這種四天工作日的選擇對于員工個人來說也是有利的。那些可以接受用降低薪水來增加休息時間的員工可以提高他們的生活質量，因為他們有更多的時間陪家人、追求自己的興趣、以及享受一些休閑生活。托福綜合寫作閱讀部分需要提取的觀點是： - Main point: A mandatory policy

9、requiringcompanies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweekfor four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as awhole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to takethe option.- Sub point 1: The shortened workweek wouldinc

10、rease company profits.- Sub point 2: the country as a whole willbenefits.- Sub point 3: the option of a four-dayworkweek would be better for individual employees.托福綜合寫作閱讀觀點抽出方法： - 這篇文章沒有在觀點抽取的時候為我們設置障礙，Main point就乖乖地出現在首段段尾，sub points都是在段首出現的。但是需要提醒的是千萬不要把support和detail作為point提取出來。在獨立寫作的時候，大家常犯的一個錯誤

11、就是把support和detail作為point放在段首，在閱讀部分也還是難以壓抑對support和detail的重視。在提取point的時候不要把細節(jié)攪和進來。比如就不能說第一個sub point是員工效率更高;第二個sub point是可以降低失業(yè)率，第三個sub point是可以提高生活質量。如果用細節(jié)當point，就會在聽力部分發(fā)現點對點對不上了，因為不是所有題目都是會反駁閱讀部分的細節(jié)的。即便是，你貌似對上了，但是邏輯層面不對還是錯的。所以，真正的理解point的含義是非常重要的，point的是觀點，不提煉出來的態(tài)度，而不應該是一些起支撐作用的細節(jié)。- 我們自查sub point的方

12、法就是它是否是支持mainpoint。有的時候sub point是main point 的一部分，這段就是一個典型，有的時候sub point從不同方面支持main point。但是如果抓到的是細節(jié)，那么就沒有這樣直接的邏輯關系，則不可用。這樣的視角也可以用在獨立寫作的自查上，看看自己找的sub point到底對不對。在聽力部分，我們可以預測到的就是這個四天工作制是沒有哪個方面可以從中獲益的，在聽的時候我們一定要注意那些表原因的詞匯，這樣我們才能找到重點。Offering employees the option of a four-dayworkweek wont affect the co

13、mpany profits, economic conditions or the lives ofemployees in the ways the reading suggests.給雇員提供四天工作日的選擇不會像閱讀部分上所說的對企業(yè)、經濟狀況和雇員個人的生活帶來積極的影響的。First, offering a four-day workweek willprobably force companies to spend more, possibly a lot more. Adding new workersmeans putting much more money into prov

14、iding training and medical benefits.Remember the costs of things like health benefits can be the same whether anemployee works four days or five. And having more employees also requires moreoffice space and more computers. These additional costs would quickly cut intocompany profits.首先，采用四小時工作制可能會對導

15、致企業(yè)支出增加，甚至大幅增加。增加新的員工以為這要再員工培訓和醫(yī)療保險上花費更多的錢。別忘了，無論是四天工作制還是五天工作制，每個人在諸如保健福利金方面的花費是一樣的。而新增的員工統(tǒng)一也需要更多的工位和更多的電腦。這些額外的支出很快就會影響到公司的利潤。Second, with respect to overall employment,it doesnt follow that once some employees choose a four-day workweek, manymore jobs will become available. Hiring new workers is c

16、ostly, as I argued amoment ago. And companies have other options. They might just choose to asktheir employees to work overtime to make up the difference. Worse, companiesmight raise expectations. They might start to expect that their four-dayemployees can do the same amount of work they used to do

17、in five days. If thishappens, then no additional jobs will be created and current jobs will becomemore unpleasant.第二，至于整個社會的就業(yè)問題，也不是像閱讀部分所說的，只要有雇員選擇四天工作制，就會創(chuàng)造更多的就業(yè)機會。鑒于我剛才說的，雇傭新員工花費頗多，很多公司都另作選擇了。他們可能就是要求他們的員工加班已完成任務差額。甚至公司可能會提高它們對員工效率的預期。它們可能會要求改成四天工作制的員工完成過去他們五天完成的任務。如果這樣，不但沒有新的工作機會，而且現有的工作也變得不那么令人

18、愉快了。Finally, while a four-day workweek offersemployees more free time to invest in their personal lives, it also presentssome risks that could end up reducing their quality of life. Working a shorter weekcan decrease employees job stability and harm their chances for advancingtheir careers. Four-day

19、 employees are likely to be the first to lose their jobsduring an economic downturn. They may also be passed over for promotionsbecause companies might prefer to have five-dayemployees in management positions to ensurecontinuous coverage and consistent supervision for the entire workweek.最后，雖然四天工作日給

20、員工更多的空閑時間去安排他們的私人生活，但是他們也會冒有一定風險，這些風險甚至可能會降低他們的生活質量。時間較短的工作制將會降低雇員工作的穩(wěn)定性，同時阻礙他們事業(yè)的發(fā)展。在面臨經濟危機的時候，選擇四天工作制的員工將會首當其沖地被裁掉。同時由于公司更傾向于把管理崗給那些五天工作的員工，這樣四天工作制的員工將會錯失進行集會。企業(yè)正陽的考慮是為了保證在整個工作周期中都有持續(xù)的管理覆蓋和持續(xù)的監(jiān)督機制。托福綜合寫作閱讀詞匯補充：(歡迎補充) 閱讀部分表達方法：passage, material聽力部分表達方法：lecture, the professors says同意: say, argue, cl

21、aim, opinion, hold the view that, figure, deem,believe, reckon, consider, opinion, proposition,反對：on contrary, by contrast, argue against, refute, object, hold atotally different view, oppose, be against.TIP：在行文過程中，需要變化的是表示同意或者反對的功能性詞匯，而表示閱讀部分和聽力部分的指代型詞匯請不要變化。就像你跟人介紹我，不能在整個過程中說沐浴、沐沐、達芙妮、muyuruc，這樣會讓

22、聽者或者讀者摸不到頭緒的，我們語言多樣性的表達要用在需要的地方。托福綜合寫作閱讀文章結構： 第一段：要表達的內容有：passage部分的主觀點，lecture 部分的主觀點，以及兩者之間的關系。第二段：passage部分的sub point 1，lecture部分對應的sub point，lecture里面相對應的support和details。第三段：passage部分的sub point 2，lecture部分對應的sub point，lecture里面相對應的support和details。第四段：passage部分的sub point 3，lecture部分對應的sub point，l

23、ecture里面相對應的support和details。TIP：沒有必要在文章中出現passage部分的support和details，或者說不能出現。托福綜合寫作范文(僅供參考)： The passage argues that four-day work weekwill benefit companies, the whole economy, and individuals. But in the lecture,the professor holds a totally different view that no one will be beneficialfrom the new

24、 work week.Firstly, the passage says that companieswill get more profits for employees can work more effectively. However, thelecture points out that four-day workweek will lead to spend more. That isbecause companies have to spend more money on training, medical benefits,office positions, even new computers.Secondly, the passage claims that the