企業(yè)的組織形式4ppt課件

1、Chapter 6 Forms of Business Organization第六章 企業(yè)組織的方式Key Terms Introduced or Emphasized in Chapter 6 (page 281)Board of directors 董事會Capital stock 股本Closely held corporation 不公開招股公司Corporation 股份公司Dividend 股利Double taxation 雙重納稅或反復(fù)納稅Drawing account 提款帳戶General partner 普通合伙人Income (or loss) before inco

2、me taxes 所得稅前損益Income taxes expense 所得稅費用Key Terms Introduced or Emphasized in Chapter 6Limited liability partnership 有限責(zé)任合伙企業(yè)Limited partner 有限合伙者Limited partnership 有限合伙企業(yè)Limited personal liability有限的個人責(zé)任Mutual agency 共同代理Partnership 合伙企業(yè)Partnership contract: 合伙契約Public information公開的信息Publicly ow

3、ned corporation 上市公司Key Terms Introduced or Emphasized in Chapter 6Retained earnings 留存收益S Corporation S公司Sole proprietorship獨資個體企業(yè)Statement of partners equity合伙人權(quán)益報表Statement of retained earnings留存收益表Stockholder (or shareholders) 股東Taxable income 應(yīng)納稅所得Tax planning 稅務(wù)謀劃Unincorporated business非公司制企業(yè)U

4、nlimited personal liability無限的個人責(zé)任Board of directors 董事會 (p.263)Persons elected by the stockholders of a corporation to set corporate policies and hire managers and officers.董事會是由公司的股東選出來的人，他們擔(dān)任制定公司政策并雇傭管理者和辦公人員。Capital stock 股本(p.262)Transferable units of ownership in a corporation.股本是指一個公司中可轉(zhuǎn)讓的一切權(quán)

5、單位。Closely held corporation不公開招股公司(p.264)A corporation owned by a limited group of stockholders - that is, not publicly owned.不公開招股公司，是由很少股東擁有的公司-即非公眾擁有的公司。Corporation股份公司(p.262)A business recognized under the law as an entity separate and distinct from its owners. A corporation is chartered by a st

6、ate government and has transferable shares of ownership, called capital stock.股份公司，是一個根據(jù)法律成立的企業(yè)，是一個法律實體，它獨立于其業(yè)主。公司是由洲政府同意的，持有可轉(zhuǎn)讓的一切權(quán)股份，稱為股本。Dividend股利(p.267)A distribution of assets (usually cash) by a corporation to its stockholders.股利是一種股份公司向其股東分配的資產(chǎn)通常是現(xiàn)金。Double taxation雙重納稅或反復(fù)納稅(p.271)The concept

7、 of taxing corporate earnings to the corporation when earned, and then again to the stockholders when these earnings are distributed as dividends.雙重納稅或反復(fù)納稅，這個概念是指公司在賺得收益時交納公司所得稅；而股東個人收到分配的股利時還要交納所得稅。Drawing account提款帳戶(p.257)The account used to record the withdrawals of cash or other assets by an ow

8、ner of an unincorporated business.提款帳戶，是用來記錄不公開招股公司的業(yè)主從企業(yè)提出現(xiàn)金或其他資產(chǎn)的帳戶。General partner普通合伙人(p.259)A partner is a business organized as a partnership who possesses the traditional rights and responsibilities of a partner, including mutual agency and unlimited personal liability.普通合伙人，指合伙制企業(yè)的合伙人，擁有合伙人的

9、傳統(tǒng)權(quán)益和責(zé)任，包括相互代理關(guān)系和無限的個人責(zé)任。Income (or loss) before income taxes所得稅前損益 (p.265)A subtotal often appearing in a corporate income statement.所得稅前損益是一種通常出如今公司收益表上的小計。Represents total revenue, less all expenses other than income taxes. Income taxes then are deducted to determine net income or loss. 表示為總收入減不包

10、括所得稅的總費用。扣減所得稅后確定凈收益或虧損。 Income taxes expense 所得稅費用(p.264)The portion of a corporations taxable income owed to federal, state, and other income tax authorities.所得稅費用是公司欠聯(lián)邦政府、州政府、和其他所得稅權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)的應(yīng)稅所得的部分。Limited liability partnership 有限責(zé)任合伙企業(yè)(p.260)A partnership in which all partners may participate in man

11、agement, but have limited liability for the actions of fellow partners. 有限責(zé)任合伙企業(yè)是一種一切合伙人都參與管理，但對其聯(lián)屬合伙人的行為負(fù)有有限責(zé)任的合伙企業(yè)。A relatively new form of organization, now widely used in associations of professionals, such as accountants, physicians, and attorneys.它是一種目前廣泛運用于職業(yè)協(xié)會的相當(dāng)新的組織方式，例如會計師、醫(yī)師和律師協(xié)會。Limited

12、partner有限合伙者(p.259)A partner in a limited partnership who has the right to participate in profits, but whose liability for losses is limited to the amount of his or her investment, and who does not have the right to participate in management. 有限合伙者是有限合伙制企業(yè)中的一種合伙人。他們有參與企業(yè)利潤分配的權(quán)益，但對企業(yè)債務(wù)以本人的出資額為限承當(dāng)個人責(zé)任

13、，他們沒有參與企業(yè)管理的權(quán)益。有限合伙者： A limited partners role is that of an investor, rather than that of a traditional partner.一個有限合伙者實踐在企業(yè)中承當(dāng)?shù)氖峭顿Y者的角色，而不是傳統(tǒng)意義上的合伙人普通合伙人。Limited partnership有限合伙企業(yè)(p.259)A partnership which has one or more limited partners, as well as one or more general partners.有限合伙企業(yè)是擁有一個或多個有限合伙者及

14、一個或多個普通合伙者的合伙制企業(yè)。Limited personal liability有限的個人責(zé)任(p.263)The concept that some or all of the owners of a business are not personally responsible for the debts of the organization, and their potential losses, therefore, are “l(fā)imited to the amount of their equity investment. 有限的個人責(zé)任：指對企業(yè)債務(wù)不承當(dāng)個人責(zé)任的部分或全

15、部一切者，即他們在企業(yè)中最大的損失以個人投資額為限。有限的個人責(zé)任：This concept normally applies to stockholders in a corporation and to the limited partners in a limited partnership.這個概念適用于公司的股東及有限責(zé)任合伙企業(yè)中的有限合伙人。Mutual agency共同代理(p.259)The right of each partner to act as an agent for a partnership and to bind the business to contra

16、cts.共同代理：每個合伙人所擁有的、可作為合伙企業(yè)代理人及企業(yè)合同簽署人的權(quán)益。Partnership合伙企業(yè)(p.258)An unincorporated business owned by two or more persons voluntarily associated as partners.合伙企業(yè)：由二個或更多人自愿的組成合伙人所擁有的非公司制企業(yè)。Partnership contract合伙契約(p.261)An agreement among partners as to the operation of a partnership. Usually includes t

17、he plan for sharing profits and losses.合伙契約：合伙人之間達(dá)成的關(guān)于合伙企業(yè)運營的協(xié)議。普通包括對利潤或損失的分配。Public information公開的信息 (p.258)Information which by laws available to the general public. Includes the annual financial statements of publicly owned companies.公開的信息：由法律規(guī)定的普通公眾有權(quán)獲得的信息。它包括上市公司的年度財務(wù)報表。Publicly owned corporati

18、on上市公司 (p.264)Any corporation whose capital stock is available for purchase by the general public. Includes most large, well-known corporations.上市公司公開招股公司、公眾擁有的公司：是任何可由普通公眾購買股票的公司。它包括許多大的知名公司。Retained earnings留存收益(p.267)That portion of stock holders equity resulting from retaining profits in the bus

19、iness. Consists of the lifetime profits (or losses) of a corporation, less all dividends.留存收益：是股東權(quán)益中的一部分，來源于公司的留存利潤。由公司存續(xù)期內(nèi)的利潤或損失組成，減去一切的股利。S Corporation S公司(p.271)A corporation which, for tax purposes, is treated as if it were a partnership.S公司：是一種為了納稅目的而組成的類似合伙制企業(yè)的公司。Sole proprietorship獨資個體企業(yè)(p.25

20、5)An unincorporated business owned by one person.獨資個體企業(yè)：由一個人擁有的非公司制企業(yè)。Statement of partners equity合伙人權(quán)益報表(p.261)A financial statement, for a partnership showing the changes during the accounting period in each partners capital account.合伙人權(quán)益報表：是一種反映某一會計期間，每個合伙人資本賬戶變化的財務(wù)報表。Statement of retained earnin

21、gs留存收益表 (p.269)A financial statement for a corporation showing the changes during the accounting period in the amount of retained earnings.留存收益表：用于反映公司某一會計年度留存收益數(shù)額變化的財務(wù)報表。Stockholder (or shareholders)股 東 (p.262)Owners of a corporation whose ownership is represented by the shares of stock they own. 股

22、東是公司的一切者，股東對公司的一切權(quán)由他們所持有的公司股票代表。股東：They take no part in the active management of the corporation, and their liability is limited to the amount of the investment in their shares of stock, but they receive any profits that are distributed as dividends.股東不參與公司的運營管理活動，對公司的債務(wù)以投入股票金額為限，但是他們接受以股利方式分配的公司利潤。

23、Taxable income應(yīng)納稅所得(p.265)The amount of a corporations income which is subject to income taxes. 應(yīng)納稅所得是公司的應(yīng)納稅所得金額。應(yīng)納稅所得Taxable income is determined in conformity with income tax regulations, rather than generally accepted accounting principles. But in most cases, taxable income is similar in amount t

24、o income before income taxes.應(yīng)納稅所得是根據(jù)所得稅規(guī)那么非公認(rèn)會計原那么計算的。但在多數(shù)情況下，應(yīng)納稅所得在數(shù)額上與會計稅前收益差不多。Tax planning稅務(wù)謀劃(p.271)Structuring transactions in a manner that legally minimizes the impact of income taxes.稅務(wù)謀劃：是以合法降低所得稅影響的方式所方案的買賣。Unincorporated business非公司制企業(yè)(p.264)Any business that is not organized as a corpo

25、ration. Includes both sole proprietorships and partnerships.非公司制企業(yè)：任何以非公司組織方式存在的企業(yè)。包括獨資和合伙企業(yè)。Unlimited personal liability無限的個人責(zé)任(p.256)The concept that a business owner has unlimited personal liability for the debts of the business. Applies to sole proprietorships and general partners in partnership

26、s.無限的個人責(zé)任：用于表示一個企業(yè)的一切者對企業(yè)債務(wù)承當(dāng)無限個人償付責(zé)任的概念。這一概念適用于獨資企業(yè)主和合伙企業(yè)中的普通合伙者。Learning Objective1. Describe the basic characteristics of sole proprietorship.2. Identify factors to consider in evaluating the profitability and solvency of a sole proprietor ship.1、描畫單獨企業(yè)的特點；2、論證在評價單獨企業(yè)的獲利才干和償債才干時應(yīng)該思索的要素。Learning O

27、bjective3. Describe the basic characteristics of a general partnership and of partnerships that limit personal liability.3、論述普通合伙人與有限責(zé)任合伙人的根本特點。Learning Objective4. Describe the basic characteristics of a corporation.5. Account for corporate income taxes；explain the effects of these taxes on before-

28、tax profit and losses.4、描畫一個股份公司的根本特征。5、公司所得稅的核算，解釋這些稅收對稅前利潤和損的影響。Learning Objective6. Account for the issuance of capital stock.7. Explain the nature of retained earnings, account for dividends, and prepare a statement of retained earnings.6、發(fā)行股票的核算。7、闡明留存收益的本質(zhì)、股利的核算，以及編制留存收益表。Learning Objective8.

29、Explain why the financial statements of a corporation are interpreted differently from those of an unincorporated business.8、解釋為什么股份公司的財務(wù)報表與非股份公司企業(yè)的財務(wù)報表不同。9. Discuss the principal factors to consider in selecting a form of business organization.10. Allocate partnership net income among the partners.

30、9、討論在選擇企業(yè)組織方式時，應(yīng)該思索的主要要素。10、在合伙人之間分配合伙企業(yè)的凈利潤。1、Sole proprietorships(p255)Definition: a sole proprietorship is an unincorporated business owned by one person.A sole proprietorship is an accounting entity, not a legal entity. p256Under the law, the proprietor is the “entity, and a sole proprietorship

31、merely represents some of this individuals financial activities. (1) Characteristics:(p256)The legal status of a sole propriety result in the following characteristics.A. Easy of formation.B. “Business assets actually belong to the proprietor.C. The business pays no income taxes.D. The business pays

32、 no “salary to the owner.E. The owner is personally liable for the debts of the business.(2) Unlimited personal liability(p256)Unlimited personal liability -the greatest disadvantage to sole proprietorship.Unlimited personal liability means the owner of a sole proprietor ship is personally responsib

33、le for all the companys debts.(3) Accounting practice in sole proprietorships(p257)(a) Capital account (balance sheet account) DR: debit balance transferred from Drawing a/c and the Income Summary a/cCR: investment from the owner (b) Drawing account (temporary account) DR: withdrawal of assets by th

34、e owner.CR: balance transferred to Capital a/c2. Evaluating the Financial Statements of a ProprietorshipNet Income (p257)The net income of sole proprietorship should be sufficient to compensate the owner for three factors:Personal services rendered to the businessCapital investmentThe degree of fina

35、ncial risk which the owner is taking.Evaluating the Financial Statements of a ProprietorshipSolvency(p257)Since the owner of a proprietorship has unlimited personal liability for the companys debts, the ability of such business to pay its debts depends upon solvency of the owner. The solvency of a s

36、ole proprietorship may be affected by many things which do not appear in financial statements of the business.3. Partnershipsp258(1) Definition: A partnership is an unincorporated business owned by two or more partners. A partnership often is referred to as a firm.Example: Price Waterhouse founded i

37、n 1865, only 2 partners, Samuel Price & Edwin Waterhouse. In PW now there are more than 3,000 partners. PW combined with Coopers & Lybrand in 1999. General PartnershipPartnerships that Limit Personal LiabilityLimited PartnershipsLimited liability partnershipsPartnerships(2) Types of Partnerships (p2

38、59):(2) Characteristics of Partnerships (p258-9) aGeneral characteristics: (p258)-Not a separate legal entity, but an accounting separate entity.-Assets of the business belong to all partners.-Income from the business is taxable to partners not to the business.bCharacteristics of a general partnersh

39、ip(p259)In a general partnership, each partner has rights and responsibilities similar to those of a sole proprietor.Combining the characteristics of unlimited personal liability and mutual agency makes it more dangerous than other forms of business, because one general partner is unconditionally re

40、sponsible for the losses brought by other partners unwise decisions.cCharacteristics of limited partnerships(p259)Limited Partnership- limited partners - general partners.The general partners has unlimited personal liability for the debts of the business, and also the right to make managerial decisi

41、ons.The limited partners share in the profits of the business, but they do not participate in management and are not personally liable for debts of the business.dCharacteristics of limited liability partnerships(p260)A limited liability partnership is a relatively new form of business organization.

42、Each partner has unlimited personal liability for his or her own professional activities, but not for the actions of other partners. Unlike a limited partnership, all partners in a limited liability partnership may participate in management of the firm, but have limited liability for the actions of

43、fellow partners. (3)Accounting practices in partnershipsSeparate capital A/Cs and drawing A/Cs is maintained for each partner.DR Capital account CR(1) Allocation ofbusiness losses to this partner(1) Paid in capital by a certain partner.(2) Allocation of business income to this partner.Drawing accoun

44、t for partnershipDR Drawing account CRThe amount withdrew by this partner during a year.Balance transferred to Capital a/c(4) Note for Allocation(p261):Allocation does not mean distributions of cash or other assets to the partners.The amount of allocation does not necessarily equal to the amount of

45、withdrawing.All partners pay personal income taxes on the amount of partnership income allocated to the them.How to allocate is specified in the partner contract in advance.Evaluating the Financial Statement of a partnershipNet Income(p261)The net income of a partnership should compensate for:(1)par

46、tners personal services;(2)invest capital(3)assuming the risk of ownership.Note: the individual partners must separately evaluate their respective shares of the net income in light of their personal contributions to the firm.Evaluating the Financial Statement of a partnershipsolvency (p262)(1) In a

47、general partnership or a limited partnership, creditors should pay more attention to the solvency of the general partners rather than that of the business. (2) In a limited liability partnership, liability for negligence or malpractice extends only to those partners directly.4. Corporations (p262)(1

48、) Definition: A corporation is a legal entity, having an existence separate and distinct form that of its owners. A corporation issues capital stocks to its stockholders.(2) Characteristics of corporation (p262)A corporation is more difficult and costly to form.A corporation is a separate legal enti

49、ty, and has legal status in court.On a daily basis, corporations are run by salaried professional managers.The stockholders are primarily investors, rather than active participants.BOD were elected by stockholders. Its function includes setting company policy and appoint managers and corporate offic

50、ers.The corporate ownership is transferable.Stockholders has no personal liability for corporate debts (limited personal liability)Characteristics of three forms of business organizations A summary of characteristics of three forms of business organizationsSee page 263(3) Types of corporations(p264)

51、 companies shares are traded on organized securities markets and anyone may purchase the stock. corporations which are not publicly owned.Closely held corporations不公開招股公司Publicly owned corporations公開招股公司5. Accounting for Corporate Income Taxes (p265):Corporations, separate legal entities, should pay

52、 for their own income taxes.Notice that income taxes reduce the amounts of both profits and losses (see p266).Formulation:Taxable income (determined accounting to tax regulations) tax rate (set by law)=income taxes expenseAccounting entries(a) Accounting entry for a profitable period:DR. Income Taxe

53、s Expense CR. Income Taxes Payable(b) Accounting entry for an unprofitable period:DR. Income Taxes Payable. CR. Income Taxes Expense.The debit balance of Income Taxes Payable account at the year-end should be reclassified as an assets in the balance sheet, called “Income Tax Refund Receivable.6. Acc

54、ount for Issuance of Capital Stock(p267)Capital Stock account represents “invested capital, or “paid-in capitalDR. Cash/other assets CR. Capital Stock7. Retained Earnings(p267)Retained Earning account represents the owners equity created through profitable operation of the business.Increases in Reta

55、ined Earning is the result of profitable operations.Decreases in Retained Earning is caused by losses or distribution of dividends.Year-end balance of retained earnings = beginning balance of retained earnings + yearly net income (-yearly net losses) - dividends of the year.The balance of Retained Earnings represents the earnings which have been retained in the c