全站儀在公路導(dǎo)線和中線測(cè)量中的應(yīng)用 中英文

1、Abstract: The total station in the highway center line conductors and the application of measurementtechniques, the Total Station use matters needingattention.Key words: Total Station Road measuring techniquesTotal station in the wire measurementTotal Station Coordinate the advantages of Total Stati

2、on can be used directly with the measuring point coordinate method, rather than polar coordinates law required, so that heavy equipment operators from the calculation of the data out. Outside the industry are now virtually no records, only a simple mind and the next point with the point of the relat

3、ionship between the finishing industry for the reference period, but also do not have staff with a record of the calculation. Finishing in a time when the industry as long as the data transmission from the total station to PC2E500 calculator, or directly to the data input to a computer, after coordi

4、nate adjustment, on the computer using Auto CAD drawing software such as points, cut-off point, and calculated the angle value of each curve, the distance between the point of intersection as well as the coordinates of each pile and so.Note and the application of state-controlled three-dimensional c

5、oordinates of points Coordinates method used before, as far as possible the country to find control points and control points of these three-dimensional coordinates, and these control points through the join test, not only can test their measurement accuracy, and error-yun Xu scope can be carried ou

6、t through the adjustment of these coordinates, so that a higher measurement accuracy.Point set should take into account the need to take the middle lane In the set point, not only should be wire line control points, that is, to point the center line should also prepare for the release, depending on

7、the route pass conditions, 5 and higher terrain can be laid at a number of aircraft equipment, the benefits of doing so is to take the middle lane when there is a greater choice and do not have equipment for an additional two points to allow devices to stop several times.1. 4 Apparatus after the ope

8、ration and staffing, as the role of staff Total Station with the road generally traversing a total of 5 6 people, depending on the location of the previous 3 to 4 people, equipment operator 1, the latter depending on a person. After the total station as the staff can record more points, the center l

9、ine of the latter line of measurement and design can play a very large role. Works through the following specific examples to illustrate the importance of after, as the staff. Henan Provincial Highway 23 in Nan yang City Line to Bangladesh floor habitats Deng zhou secondary roads traversing alterati

10、on works, because it is the old GM, the measurement principle is to meet the regulatory requirements under the premise ofusing the old as much as possible. Easy to control the general line segment, and the Department in order to bend as much as possible along the old road on the bend radius must be

11、a very suitable choice. We measured the key is: the people, as after the after, after, as, to turn the corner along the old release 5 6 bend radius control point, so Total Station to record the coordinates of points, so within the industry to deal with wires, the Department of these bend lines such

12、as the use of design software in Haiti through the debug radius curves make as much as possible through these points. If both sides of a longer and a lot of flat curves Housing Department, later, as in the old curve measured 12 points to control the curve, including the industry deal with the positi

13、on found in the complex curve is the best option to avoid the set caused by the demolition of a multi-radius curves and linear non-ideal errors.1.5 Wires should be noted that the issue of measurement Total Station with the wire used to fight some of the areas in need of special attention, otherwise

14、large errors may arise even lead to rework. 1) When the latter, as we must pay attention to people after the legislation, as ) the latter point of view and coordinate with the importation of equipment and take the points Consistent standard, it is best to use walkie-talkie communications with each o

15、ther 6 like dots with a prism depending on the exhausted, the used equipment after the release point of view to see whether the same location, so that error probability can be reduced to a minimum. Henan Provincial Highway 48 in line Xixia throughout the wire measurement, as first-time coordinates,

16、apparatus, aircraft operators will view the site and post the coordinates of the anti-lost, resulting in Show map on your computer when the road at this location found that the 180 fold kok returned to make the work day has become work with no avail 2) Where possible, after the point of view from th

17、e plane farther from the site ) as possible, under normal circumstances, after the two sites and between the point of view Put up a station should not be less than the distance to the distance between the measuring point, so to ensure accuracy. 3) In the measurement of coordinates do not bring down

18、the mirror, because ) the whole point Miriam core essence of the coordinates of law or by thedeclination, the distance obtained internal calculation by the total station data processing modules are converted into coordinates, so bring down the mirror coordinate system is equivalent to rotating the w

19、hole 180 , that is to say less biased angle of 180 , the result of course is wrong. 4) Total height measurement has its limitations, the measurement error of the main elevation of the observation error for the vertical angle, ranging error, apparatus, high With high measurement error of the prism, w

20、hich is three kinds of errors in vertical angle observation the impact of the error the most, only to take appropriate measures to improve the accuracy of observation, such as the use of spy license allowed the goal to replace the prism as the appropriate measure to increase the number of short-dist

21、ance transmission of elevation,carefully check the amount of high equipment and higher prism. Under normal circumstances, traversing the measuring point in the elevation values for reference only, and can not be used as the standard of measurement.Total Station in the center line Measurement2.1put u

22、p a station in the location of choice 7 As far as possible to select those higher, depending on the conditions of a good pass, you can see more points in the online position. We have just started using Total Station, when not paid much attention to this point, the results tend to move off station Mo

23、re, not only affect the progress, but also accuracy. Especially in mountainous areas, such as on top of a mountain we can see a few kilometers around the location in the pile, and along both sides of the road often requires several stations put uo a station can only be deposited end of this set up t

24、he center line. Another example is the middle of the mountains edge streamlet actinomycete line, as the horizontal alignment is often not ideal, many hills to block line of sight, always need to stop several times to move, if we choose to route the other side of the river the mountain, The ground fl

25、oor or the roof of the residents do, such as the location for put up a station can be highly effective.points fewer processing Total Station, as the barrier encountered by the laying of the center line, in the case of small points should be taken from the machines can see the most recent release Poi

26、nts (generally not in the line of points) for the reference approach. Routes in the mountains and the obstacles were more buildings, and sometimes moving equipment will take a 12 point move is often no longer the other stations, But with the mobile reference point and reference point for measuring a

27、 combination of methods, each has made to save time, effort, and the results meet the accuracy requirements.Total Measurement Application of functional skills Although the level of total station measurements cumbersome procedures, and accuracy is not high, but sometimes the function of height can be

28、 measured effectively. As in Mountain edge streamlet line measurement of change, some routes in several midline point on the mountain, if measured by leveling to the elevation of these points, based on past experience, Level turn to the hilltop after two previous instruments Easily lead to error is

29、too large, resulting in closure between the standard points. Our approach is: in the mountains at the foot of the election of a fixed reference point for comparison, With total station read out the points of Z-axis height, and then release with Total Station in the midline point of these hills, when

30、 they point the way to measure the Z-axis height can be calculated in relation to these points, the reference point the foot of the hill .The 8 elevation, so that measured by leveling the height of the reference point, coupled with the height difference between them, they will have the hills on the

31、center line of the elevation points. This the benefit is: does not affect the measurement accuracy has been the high point of the mountain at the same time, the way to avoid leveling easily lead to the standard of the hill between the occurrence of non-closure.Total Station with other measurement me

32、thods used in conjunction Measuring Total Station can be centerline to improve the measurement speed, but because of its own measurement of the use of the mechanism of making it have some limitations, such as the barrier, when, as often required when moving points, in particular Measurement in the p

33、lains, as station equipment to move a lot of time to delay, the impact of the measurements. In fact, the process of laying the center line does not necessarily have to rely too much on total station, in conjunction with the previous tape under a flower, wear bar Law. We micro-hill in the plains area

34、s, especially in areas with more line segments, the method of measuring the center line is: only used to take control of Total Station Point, that is, line segments, one for every 300 m center line, the curve point above the center line of the release by the Total Station, straight from the points A

35、, B 2 personal expertise lay in front of the middle group, after the laying of A continue to the front 300 m down a center line pointB to stay under to take a flower behind the center line group when the Front View, from the center line group using binoculars, measuring tape, flower clubs, walkie-ta

36、lkies and other tools to wear bar, which line group to the The full Miriam released the centerline station point for review by 2:00 after passing in front of 300 m A Department Total points also to the well, B to A, as the Department before the legislature, A continues to move forward, it can be the

37、 middle of Total Station through the walkie-talkie Midline group to review their use of under law to wear the point release. Another very important point is: Total removal of the time points chosen the best straight Segment on the benefits of such a group is not waiting for equipment to move the cen

38、ter line and lay-off points. We use this method in 23 provincial line Nanyang City of Henan Dengzhou Habitat Bangladesh floor to paragraph (plain micro Hill area) the conversion of secondary roads Measurement of the center line, hit a 9 one-day speed of the laying of 10 km.Conclusion Total Station i

39、n China in recent years, there is only a matter of universal application of a large area has just begun, but it has brought us convenience is of very significant. In the use of Total Station, will have their own experiences, experience skills, if each user will be able to devote their own experience

40、s, for both of us will be a big asset.全站儀在公路導(dǎo)線和中線測(cè)量中的應(yīng)用摘要：全站儀在公路導(dǎo)線和中線測(cè)量等方面技巧和方法的介紹，和在使用全站儀中應(yīng)注意 的事項(xiàng)。關(guān)鍵詞：全站儀公路測(cè)量技巧1全站儀在導(dǎo)線測(cè)量中的應(yīng)用1.1全站儀坐標(biāo)法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)采用全站儀測(cè)點(diǎn)可直接用坐標(biāo)法，而不需用極坐標(biāo)法，使儀器操作員 從繁重的 數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算中解脫出來現(xiàn)在外業(yè)幾乎不用記錄，只是簡(jiǎn)單記一下點(diǎn)號(hào)和點(diǎn)與點(diǎn)之間 的關(guān)系,以備內(nèi)業(yè)整理時(shí)參考，也不必配備記錄計(jì)算員。內(nèi)業(yè)整理的時(shí)候只要將數(shù)據(jù)從全站 儀傳輸至PC2E500計(jì)算器或直接將數(shù)據(jù)輸入到計(jì)算機(jī)中，經(jīng)過坐標(biāo)平差,在計(jì)算機(jī)上用 Auto CAD

41、等軟件繪出點(diǎn)位、取舍點(diǎn)位，求出每一彎道的偏角值、交點(diǎn)間距離以及逐樁坐標(biāo) 等即可。1.2注意應(yīng)用國(guó)家控制點(diǎn)及其三維坐標(biāo)在用坐標(biāo)法測(cè)點(diǎn)前，盡量找到國(guó)家控制點(diǎn)和這些控制 點(diǎn)的三維坐標(biāo)，通過和 這些控制點(diǎn)的聯(lián)測(cè)，不僅可以檢驗(yàn)自己的測(cè)量精度，而且在誤差允許 范圍內(nèi)可以通過這些坐標(biāo)進(jìn)行平差，使測(cè)量精確度更高。1.3點(diǎn)的設(shè)置應(yīng)兼顧放中線的需要在設(shè)點(diǎn)時(shí)，不僅應(yīng)設(shè)路線控制導(dǎo)線點(diǎn)，即轉(zhuǎn)點(diǎn),也應(yīng)為放中線 作準(zhǔn)備，在路線上通視條件好、地勢(shì)較高處可以布設(shè)一些架儀器的點(diǎn)，這樣做的好處是在放 中線時(shí)有了更多的選擇機(jī)會(huì)，不必為增設(shè)架儀器點(diǎn)而多次讓儀器轉(zhuǎn)站。1.4儀器操作人員配置及后視人員的作用一般用全站儀配合公路導(dǎo)線測(cè)量一共

42、需要 56 人,其中前視位置34人，儀器操作員1人，后視1人。后視人員可讓全站儀記錄更多的 點(diǎn),對(duì)后期中線測(cè)量和路線設(shè)計(jì)可以起到非常大的作用。下面通過具體的工程實(shí)例來說明后 視人員的重要性。在省道豫23線南陽市境鄧州至孟樓二級(jí)公路改建工程的導(dǎo)線測(cè)量中， 由于是老路改造，因此測(cè)量原則是在滿足規(guī)范要求的前提下盡可能利用老路。一般直線段1 容易控制，而彎道處要想盡可能地沿老路就必須讓彎道半徑選擇得非常合適。我們測(cè)量的做 法是:后視的人對(duì)完后視后，再到彎道處沿老路的彎道放56個(gè)控制彎 道半徑的點(diǎn)，讓全 站儀記錄下點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)，這樣在內(nèi)業(yè)處理導(dǎo)線時(shí)，到這些彎道處利用海地等路線設(shè)計(jì)軟件，通過 調(diào)試半徑使得曲線

43、盡可能多地通過這些點(diǎn)。如在一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)且兩側(cè)房屋很多的平曲線處，后視 人員在老路曲線上測(cè)得12個(gè)點(diǎn)來控制曲線，在內(nèi)業(yè)處理時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)該位置設(shè)復(fù)曲線是最佳方 案，避免了設(shè)一個(gè)曲線半徑造成拆遷多而且線形不理想的失誤。1.5導(dǎo)線測(cè)量應(yīng)注意的問題用全站儀配合打?qū)Ь€也有一些需要特別注意的地方，否則可能引 起較大誤差甚至導(dǎo)致返工。1）對(duì)后視的時(shí)候一定要注意后視人立的后視點(diǎn)的點(diǎn)號(hào)和坐標(biāo) 是否與儀器中輸入的點(diǎn)號(hào)和坐標(biāo)一致,最好用對(duì)講機(jī)互相通報(bào)一下點(diǎn)號(hào),用棱鏡對(duì)完后視后， 再用儀器放后視點(diǎn)，看位置是否一致,這樣可將出錯(cuò)幾率降至最小。在省道豫48線西峽境 的導(dǎo)線測(cè)量中，由于初次使用坐標(biāo)法,儀器操作員將架站點(diǎn)和后視點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)輸

44、反了，結(jié)果在電 腦上展圖時(shí)才發(fā)現(xiàn)路線在這個(gè)位置折了 180角返回了，使得全天的工作都成了無用功。2） 在可能的情況下，后視點(diǎn)離架站點(diǎn)的距離越遠(yuǎn)越好，一般情況下，架站點(diǎn)與后視點(diǎn)之間的距離 不應(yīng)小于架站至測(cè)點(diǎn)之間的距離，這樣可以保證測(cè)量精度。3）在坐標(biāo)法測(cè)量中不要打倒鏡, 因?yàn)槿緝x的坐標(biāo)法核心實(shí)質(zhì)還是將由偏角、距離得來的數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)全站儀內(nèi)部計(jì)算模塊處理 后換算成坐標(biāo)，所以打倒鏡等于將整個(gè)坐標(biāo)系旋轉(zhuǎn)180，也就是說偏角少偏了 180，結(jié)果當(dāng) 然是錯(cuò)誤的。4）全站儀測(cè)高程有它的局限性，其測(cè)高程的誤差主要為豎直角觀測(cè)誤差、測(cè) 距誤差、儀器高與棱鏡高量測(cè)誤差，而這3種誤差中豎直角觀測(cè)誤差的影響最大，只能采取 適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧﹣硖岣哂^測(cè)精度，