精選四級(jí)考試三層突破-寫作完形翻譯

1、四級(jí)考試三層突破寫作完形翻譯PAGE PAGE 135第一局部 寫作核心體裁分析 1. 現(xiàn)象解釋型現(xiàn)象解釋類作文是與實(shí)際生活關(guān)系十分密切的命題類型?，F(xiàn)象解釋型作文明確描述社會(huì)生活中存在的一種現(xiàn)象，據(jù)此作者對(duì)現(xiàn)象的原因或者危害等做出說明，同時(shí)論述這種現(xiàn)象反映出的社會(huì)問題；最后針對(duì)現(xiàn)象做出評(píng)論，說明自己的態(tài)度以及如何在日常生活中有效地實(shí)踐以消除這種現(xiàn)象或其不利方面。此類作文所有的段落都圍繞某種現(xiàn)象展開，所以我們稱之為現(xiàn)象解釋型作文。寫作思路：第一段Nowadays, there exists a public controversy about the issue of引出現(xiàn)象.What amaz

2、es us most is典型的一個(gè)方面.It is true that進(jìn)一步闡述現(xiàn)象. 第二段There are many reasons explaining 這一現(xiàn)象 The main reason is 原因一. What is more, 原因二 . Thirdly, 原因三 . 第三段As a result, 總結(jié)上述觀點(diǎn). Considering all these, 講述導(dǎo)致結(jié)果及作者態(tài)度 . For one thing, 原因一 . For another, 原因二 .In conclusion,總結(jié)全文.現(xiàn)象引入段描述現(xiàn)象，引起話題；表現(xiàn)較為典型的一個(gè)方面；進(jìn)一步闡述現(xiàn)象。

3、說明原因段承上啟下,解釋這一現(xiàn)象的原因一；原因二；原因三；重申觀點(diǎn)，總結(jié)上述觀點(diǎn)?？偨Y(jié)觀點(diǎn)段講述導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果；作者的態(tài)度；例舉原因一；例舉原因二；總結(jié)全文。2. 問題解決型問題解決型作文通常要求考生通過提示性的文字或圖表來描述其反映的社會(huì)生活中的某個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)問題，提出解決方案和應(yīng)對(duì)措施。這類作文的所有段落都是以某個(gè)問題為主線展開，即提出問題分析問題和解決問題這一主線。這類作文中給出的問題通常是當(dāng)今社會(huì)的熱門話題。寫作思路一第一段Recently the issue /problem of_ _ has been in the limelight / brought into focus/ broug

4、ht to public attentive concern總述該問題. It is obvious that _ _危害或原因一. Additionally, _ _危害或原因二. So it is high time _ _解決該問題的緊迫性. 第二段The following ways can be adopted to 解決該問題. First of all, _方法因素一. The reason is _. Secondly, _方法因素二 . That is to say, _. Thirdly, _ _方法因素三. In fact, more than three ways ca

5、n be adopted. 第三段It is undeniable that 解決該問題的意義 . As for me, _我的觀點(diǎn)和建議 . When everyone is fully aware of the severity and take feasible measures, I firmly believe 做出展望 .闡述問題段總述該問題；問題的危害或原因可舉兩點(diǎn)；指出解決該問題的重要性和緊迫性。說明方法段承上啟下，引出對(duì)該問題的解決方法或重要影響因素；解決方法影響因素一；解決方法影響因素二；解決方法影響因素三可省略；對(duì)以上方法或因素進(jìn)行總結(jié)，強(qiáng)調(diào)重要性可省略。總結(jié)觀點(diǎn)段承接上

6、文，強(qiáng)調(diào)解決問題的意義；說明“我的觀點(diǎn)和建議；總結(jié)全文，發(fā)出呼吁或做出展望。寫作思路二第一段 has become a hot topic, and heated debates are right on their way 總述該問題 . 表現(xiàn)/作用一 . Additionally, 表現(xiàn)/作用二 . Therefore, it is of great importance for us to 解決該問題的重要性.第二段However, we have figured out many ways to 解決該問題 ./ However, there are many factors that

7、 影響該問題的解決 . First of all, 解決方法一./The first role that should be blamed is 影響因素一.Secondly, 解決方法二./Another equally important factor lies in 影響因素二. Last but not least, 解決方法/影響因素三. 第三段As far as Im concerned, 我的觀點(diǎn)和建議. 理由一. Whats more, 理由二. I firmly believe that 做出展望.闡述問題段 開門見山，指出問題及現(xiàn)狀；表現(xiàn)或作用可舉兩點(diǎn)；指出解決該問題的重要

8、性和緊迫性。說明方法段承上啟下，引出對(duì)該問題的解決方法或重要影響因素；解決方法影響因素一；解決方法影響因素二；解決方法影響因素三可省略；對(duì)以上方法或因素進(jìn)行總結(jié)，強(qiáng)調(diào)重要性可省略?？偨Y(jié)觀點(diǎn)段承接上文，說明“我的觀點(diǎn)和建議；說明理由可舉兩點(diǎn)；總結(jié)全文，發(fā)出呼吁或做出展望。寫作思路三第一段Recently, 指出問題 has become a matter of a public concern, especially for those who are confronted with this problem. On the one hand, _表現(xiàn)一. On the other hand,

9、_表現(xiàn)二. 第二段There are many reasons accounting for 該問題. Firstly, _危害原因一. Secondly, _危害原因二. For example, _舉例說明. Thirdly, _危害原因三. In other words, _進(jìn)一步解釋. Therefore, how to is worth paying attention強(qiáng)調(diào)解決該問題的重要性.第三段However, we have figured out several effective measures to引出解決方法/影響因素. Firstly, 解決方法影響因素一. Sec

10、ondly, 解決方法影響因素二. Thirdly, 解決方法影響因素三. Its time that強(qiáng)調(diào)其重要性.闡述問題段開門見山，指出問題及現(xiàn)狀；問題具體表現(xiàn)可舉兩點(diǎn)；說明原因段承上啟下，引出對(duì)該問題的危害或重要原因；危害原因一；危害原因二；危害原因三可省略；承上啟下，強(qiáng)調(diào)解決該問題的重要性。提出方法段承上啟下，引出對(duì)該問題的解決方法或重要影響因素；解決方法影響因素一；解決方法影響因素二；解決方法影響因素三可省略；對(duì)以上方法或因素進(jìn)行總結(jié)，強(qiáng)調(diào)其重要性可省略。第一局部 寫作熱門話題分析1.校園生活相關(guān)話題：學(xué)生兼職/就業(yè)出國留學(xué)校外住宿大學(xué)生選課以及課外活動(dòng)等 熱門詞匯：part-tim

11、e job 兼職工作 economic burden經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān) working experience 工作經(jīng)歷 competition and cooperation競爭與合作 tuition學(xué)費(fèi) course arrangement 課程安排 extracurricular activities課外活動(dòng) distance education遠(yuǎn)程教育 required coursecompulsory course必修課 take an examinationsit an examination 參加考試live outside campus 住在校外 food services飲食 appli

12、cation form 申請(qǐng)表 withdrawdraw cash 取錢 instructor 輔導(dǎo)老師 student union 學(xué)生會(huì) undergraduate 本科生 postgraduate研究生 credit學(xué)分 degrees學(xué)位 經(jīng)典句式：In recent years, studying abroad has become a new craze among college students. 如今，留學(xué)在大學(xué)生中成為一種新的熱潮。With the admission expansion of colleges, a lot more graduates have to f

13、ace the fierce competition in the job market.隨著大學(xué)的擴(kuò)招，越來越多的畢業(yè)生在就業(yè)市場(chǎng)面臨劇烈的競爭。Diploma and certificates are still significant standards by which many employers measure a persons ability. In order to increase the qualifications for a job, the students compel themselves to run from one exam to another.學(xué)位和證

14、書仍然是很多雇主衡量一個(gè)人能力的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。為了增加找工作資格條件，學(xué)生們被迫不斷參加考試。During the holidays, a growing number of students choose to be volunteers, take part-time jobs, or take part in other practical activities alike. 在假期，大量的學(xué)生選擇做志愿者，做兼職工作或者參加其他類似的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。 Some students spend too much time in taking part-time jobs so as to ignor

15、e their study. Therefore, we are supposed to try to balance the relationship between social practice and study.有些學(xué)生花大量的時(shí)間做兼職工作，從而無視了他們的學(xué)業(yè)。因此我們應(yīng)該平衡社會(huì)實(shí)踐和學(xué)習(xí)之間的關(guān)系。2.網(wǎng)絡(luò)科技: 相關(guān)話題：電腦/互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的普及信息平安媒體廣告、通訊設(shè)備的進(jìn)步網(wǎng)絡(luò)教學(xué)及網(wǎng)上閱讀網(wǎng)上娛樂游戲博客開心牧場(chǎng)等熱門詞匯：cyber culture計(jì)算機(jī)文化 online love affairs網(wǎng)戀 net bar網(wǎng)吧 shopping online網(wǎng)上購物 cyber

16、 chat網(wǎng)上聊天 virtual net 虛擬網(wǎng)絡(luò) net partner網(wǎng)友 surf the Internet網(wǎng)上沖浪 net citizen網(wǎng)民 cyberspace網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間 cyber college網(wǎng)絡(luò)大學(xué) convenient and effective方便有效 e-bank電子銀行 kill time打發(fā)時(shí)間 information security信息平安 the popularity of computer電腦的普及 be addicted to對(duì)上癮 campus network校園網(wǎng)絡(luò) release ones pressure減輕壓力 e-mail電子郵箱 經(jīng)典句式：

17、No invention has received more praise and abuse than the Internet. 沒有一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造像互聯(lián)網(wǎng)一樣同時(shí)受到如此多的贊揚(yáng)和批評(píng)。It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.人們普遍認(rèn)為現(xiàn)代科技使我們的

18、社會(huì)發(fā)生了巨大的變化，近幾十年人類在科技方面取得了驚人的進(jìn)步。As a product of modern computer and the Internet, online games have become extremely popular among college students.作為現(xiàn)代電腦和網(wǎng)絡(luò)的產(chǎn)物，網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲已經(jīng)在大學(xué)生中變得相當(dāng)普及。But as we see, some students lacking self-discipline are too much indulged in these games so that their health and academi

19、c performances are affected. 但是，正如我們看到的，一些缺乏自律的學(xué)生沉迷于網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲以至于影響了健康和學(xué)習(xí)。More significantly, it does bring college students much pleasure and release their pressure greatly.更重要的是，它能帶給大學(xué)生們很多快樂并且極大地減輕壓力。3. 體育健康相關(guān)話題：體育運(yùn)動(dòng)、節(jié)食減肥、吸煙、流行性疾病、心理疾病熱門詞匯：lung cancer 肺癌 smoking-related diseases抽煙引起的疾病 lose weight減肥 go

20、on die節(jié)食 under the weather生病、不舒服 flight-headed頭昏眼花 drowsy昏昏欲睡 flu 流感 epidemics瘟疫 rampant猖獗的 contract infections得傳染病 pick up the habit 養(yǎng)成這種習(xí)慣 physical and mental condition身體與精神狀態(tài) overweight/fat(肥胖的) mentally unhealthy精神不健全的 be good for/do good to對(duì)有益處 good living habits良好的生活習(xí)慣 take regular exercise進(jìn)行有

21、規(guī)律的運(yùn)動(dòng) unhealthy eating habit不健康的飲食習(xí)慣 junk food垃圾食品 stay/keep healthy/fit保持健康 build up ones body/ improve ones health強(qiáng)身健體 經(jīng)典句式：Epidemics are rampant throughout the whole human history, and they have caused the most devastating impacts on us. 在整個(gè)人類歷史上瘟疫肆虐，他們給我們帶來了災(zāi)難性的影響。For example, the outbreak of H1

22、N1once killed lots of people and brought great economic loss to the whole country. 例如，H1N1甲型流感的爆發(fā)奪去了很多人的生命并且給整個(gè)國家?guī)砹酥卮蠼?jīng)濟(jì)影響。According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking. 依照最近的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查，每年有4，000，000人死于與吸煙有關(guān)的疾病。Children are undergoing fast physical developm

23、ent; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.孩子們正處于身體快速發(fā)育時(shí)期，缺乏體育鍛煉可能會(huì)對(duì)他們未來的生活造成嚴(yán)重的影響。Infact,wehavetoadmitthefactthatthequalityoflifeisasimportantaslifeitself. 事實(shí)上，我們必須成認(rèn)生命的質(zhì)量和生命本身一樣重要。第一局部 寫作寫作步驟核心指導(dǎo)2023年12月四級(jí)作文真題Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 mi

24、nutes to write a short essay on the topic of Creating A Green Campus.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:1.建設(shè)綠色校園很重要2.綠色校園不僅指綠色的環(huán)境3.為了建設(shè)綠色校園，我們應(yīng)該(一)審題立意1.首先審題目以及提綱，考生很容易判斷出這是問題解決類作文。2.該作文表達(dá)出一種較新的命題方式，首先在題材上，依然是我們所熟悉的校園類話題，同時(shí)兼顧社會(huì)的熱點(diǎn)：環(huán)保問題，這也與社會(huì)的大背景有關(guān)系，剛剛閉幕的哥本哈根世界氣候大會(huì)也

25、同時(shí)關(guān)注環(huán)保減排這個(gè)主題，因此我們的作文也與社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)有很大的關(guān)系。分析題目Green “綠色和Campus “校園是本作文的關(guān)鍵詞?？忌鷳?yīng)該考慮綠色校園具體是什么含義。重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在綠色校園的含義以及我們應(yīng)該采取的措施上?？季硪呀?jīng)列出了提綱，這是對(duì)“三段式提綱類作文寫作結(jié)構(gòu)的考查。(二)草擬提綱段落一闡述問題段開門見山，綠色校園引發(fā)人們關(guān)注；建立綠色校園對(duì)自己、他人及社會(huì)都有重要影響。段落二說明原因段綠色校園具有兩層含義；綠色，無污染；人文精神、文明建設(shè)、人文關(guān)心、和諧。段落三解決方法段為了建設(shè)綠色校園，個(gè)人、學(xué)校、政府和社會(huì)各界應(yīng)該采取哪些措施；對(duì)未來的展望。根據(jù)以上構(gòu)思，寫作提綱如下： Cre

26、ating A Green Campus Whats a green campus and how to creat a green campus?Creating A Green CampusI.Nowadays the topic of a green campus has aroused public attention.1.It is of vital importance to the students2.It has a profound impact on societyII.The idea of “a green campus is beyond a green enviro

27、nment.1.green environment preservation and protection2.a civilized atmosphere for students mental healthIII.It is imperative for us to take effective measures to creat a green campus.1.The law and regulations should be worked out2.Enhanced the awareness of the students themselves(三)落筆寫作1.闡述問題段 根據(jù)題目中

28、的提綱，首先強(qiáng)調(diào)建立綠色校園的重要性，最好在此句之前做一個(gè)鋪墊，介紹建立綠色校園受到人們廣泛關(guān)注這一背景信息，即the topic of a green campus has aroused public attention.常見問題：用詞匱乏。如：“很重要 important。使用對(duì)策：使用精彩替換詞。如：the indispensable part for, has a profound impact on, significance等。2.說明原因段 對(duì)綠色校園的兩方面含義進(jìn)行論述。另外在展開論證過程中，抽象句子要舉例說明，如：such as planting more trees an

29、d flowers, for example, students will be severely punished in case of cheating in exams，這些具體信息使文章更生動(dòng)，容易理解。常見問題：結(jié)構(gòu)不清，缺乏層次感。使用對(duì)策：要注意各個(gè)理由之間的邏輯關(guān)系，適當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用表示層次關(guān)系的詞語，如：to begin with, in addition to; furthermore/not only but also / whats more; for example/for instance/such as; in other words/ in particular等。本

30、文的說明原因段可分為如下三個(gè)層次進(jìn)行論證：開門見山：首先對(duì)“綠色校園在下文要涉及的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總體概括：The idea of “a green campus is beyond a green environment.正面論證：說明“綠色校園的第一層含義，也就是我們最熟知的一層含義，即campus construction refers to green environment preservation and protection。然后舉例進(jìn)一步解釋此含義，并強(qiáng)調(diào)其重要性：which makes campus an ecological and natural resort.在這個(gè)過程中考生要

31、注意亮點(diǎn)詞匯以及句型的使用。反面論證：使用in addition to引出“綠色校園的第二層含義，即create a civilized atmosphere for the sake of students mental health.然后舉例進(jìn)一步解釋此含義。如：For example, students will be severely punished in case of cheating in exams and plagiarizing in academic papers.3.解決方法段 鑒于“綠色校園的重要性，說明采取措施的必要性，如：To bring “green camp

32、us to its full play, effective measures should be taken.常見問題：用語過于直白或極端。如：We must/ We should等。使用對(duì)策：要站在中庸的立場(chǎng)上，客觀地提出建議，可使用一些表示客觀立場(chǎng)的詞語，如：It is essential that ; Only by the coefforts of the whole society could “green campus work smoothly.這樣使自己的觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)得既委婉又客觀。Creating A Green CampusNowadays the topic of a gr

33、een campus has been widely debated which has aroused public attention.Undoubtedly, a green campus, the indispensable part for the development of college students, has a profound impact on both individuals and society, for its significance cannot be denied.The idea of “a green campus is beyond a gree

34、n environment.To begin with, campus construction refers to green environment preservation and protection, such as planting more trees and flowers, which makes campus an ecological and natural resort, and advocating green products.For example, students are encouraged to avoid using disposable plastic

35、 containers in campus dining hall and recycle wasted batteries and other electrical products properly.In addition to the environmentally friendly practice, we shall make every effort to improve the moral standard and ethical level of university students in order to create a civilized atmosphere for

36、the sake of students mental health.For example, students will be severely punished in case of cheating in exams and plagiarizing in academic papers.To bring “green campus to its full play, effective measures should be taken.First, based on its education function, campus should bring the theory of “s

37、ustainable development into classrooms, set environmental management rules and conduct environmental education activities.Second, it is essential that law and regulations be worked out and enforced by the government and school authorities.Only by the co-efforts of the whole society could “green camp

38、us work smoothly and bring benefit to peoples well-beings.(四)修改潤色作文根本完成以后，主要有以下兩項(xiàng)任務(wù)：1.檢查檢查是否包含考卷提綱列出的所有信息；各段落銜接是否連貫，使用In the first place, Furthermore, On the one hand， For instance， On the other hand等詞可以到達(dá)這種效果；語法上單詞拼寫上是否有誤，如較長單詞indispensable，environmentally friendly，preservation，plagiarizing等，以及短語ha

39、s a profound impact on，disposable plastic containers，in case of，bring to its full play, bring benefit to以及最后一段中虛擬語氣、倒裝句使用是否正確。防止使用“漢語式英語；檢查文章標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是否正確。2.潤色例如：Only by the coefforts of the whole society could “green campus work smoothly and bring benefit to peoples wellbeings中使用倒裝句的結(jié)構(gòu)，凸顯考生的語法功底。第一局部 寫作

40、出現(xiàn)亮點(diǎn)四級(jí)作文在追求明白、通順、完整的同時(shí)，還要力求語言的生動(dòng)、形象、讓開頭結(jié)尾更新穎脫俗，為作文增色，取得高分。(1)詞匯選擇標(biāo)新立異1)盡量使用同義詞防止簡單重復(fù)。在使用同義詞的時(shí)候需要考生在選詞時(shí)斟酌其含義的微妙差異，辨析同義詞在具體語境中的不同用法。如“認(rèn)為可用harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that等；“好的可用conducive /beneficial/advantag

41、eous等。但要注意詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性，即必須還要考慮適合的語境。比方形容眼睛“大,很顯然，great, large, huge, vast, titanic, enormous這些“大都是不恰當(dāng)?shù)模荒苁褂胋ig。2)盡量使用詞性變化來豐富自己的表達(dá)手段。如to voice some different opinions 替代to give/express some different opinions; to double/triple 替代twice or three times;3)盡量使用派生形式來點(diǎn)綴文章亮點(diǎn)。如be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,b

42、e fearful of替代indicate, suggest ,fear；it is of great importance/ help/ use/ significance 替代 it is very important/ significant/ helpful/ useful；not unnecessary/ not unimportant。4)四級(jí)考試詞匯缺乏采取措施：在四級(jí)作文寫作過程中，很多考生往往有很多話要說，但是詞匯量缺乏無法完整表達(dá)自己的意思。為了應(yīng)付這種情況，我們總結(jié)簡便易行的應(yīng)急措施：試用籠統(tǒng)詞英語中有些具體詞音節(jié)較多，使用頻率不高，容易遺忘，而英語中籠統(tǒng)詞有have,

43、 take 等，它的意義廣泛，搭配性強(qiáng)，構(gòu)成詞組后可以替代眾多具體動(dòng)詞，大致表達(dá)意思。例如：這個(gè)男孩跟他爸爸長得很像。The boy resembles his father.分析：這個(gè)句子中，如果考生想不起resemble這個(gè)單詞時(shí)，用take after代替。如：The boy takes after his father.其效果及表達(dá)的意義決不亞于第一句。這樣的例子還很多。如：I experienced a terrible hard time.= I had a terrible hard time.I will preside over the meeting.= I will ta

44、ke the meeting.聯(lián)想有關(guān)詞匯當(dāng)遺忘單詞時(shí)，發(fā)揮想象力，想出一切與之有關(guān)的單詞，多角度地運(yùn)用語言。一般情況下，聯(lián)想可按以下思路進(jìn)行：1聯(lián)想同義詞；2聯(lián)想反義詞。英語語言中眾多的同義詞在許多情況下是可以通用的。但也要注意英語同義詞并不是完全對(duì)等，要根據(jù)具體語境選擇同義詞。The driver stepped on the gas and accelerated the car.分析：accelerate 使用頻率不太高，很容易遺忘。而其同義詞quicken；speed up卻很容易記。以后者取代前者絲毫不影響原句的意義。再如：the prevailing economic condi

45、tions in Northern Ireland= the current economic conditions in Northern Ireland同樣，用其反義詞來取代某一遺忘了的詞也是可行的，例如：He is stubborn.= He is not tame.She is talkative.= She is never quiet.試用解釋性語句解釋性語句能幫助我們巧妙地避開一些大詞，難詞，又能使意思表達(dá)流暢。英語當(dāng)中多功能解釋性語句，就可以起到這一作用。例如：He is a dumb.= He is a person who can not speak.Ive never s

46、een such a stubborn person.= Ive never seen such a person who never listens to others advice.四級(jí)作文的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一般側(cè)重于能清楚地表達(dá)意義，段落，層次有系統(tǒng)性，語法正確，而并不過分強(qiáng)調(diào)用詞的精確度。當(dāng)考生碰到難詞或遺忘詞時(shí)，不要鉆牛角尖，應(yīng)該采取靈活的思維方法，運(yùn)用有限的詞匯作出美妙的文章。(2)恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用修辭英語作文中常用的修辭方式是比喻。比喻包括明喻、暗喻和換喻三種。明喻：一種修辭手法，把兩種根本不相像的東西進(jìn)行比擬.用like, as, asas, as if(though)或用其他詞語指出兩個(gè)不同

47、事物的相似之處。例如：The man cant be trusted.He is as slippery as an eel.那個(gè)人不可信賴。他像鰻魚一樣狡猾。Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream.童年就像一場(chǎng)即逝的夢(mèng)。暗喻：用一個(gè)詞來指代與該詞所指事物有相似特點(diǎn)的另外一個(gè)事物。例如：The world is a stage.世界是一個(gè)大舞臺(tái)。a sea of troubles 憂愁之海換喻：用某一事物的名稱代替另外一個(gè)與它關(guān)系密切的事物的名稱，只要一提到其中一種事物，就會(huì)使人聯(lián)想到另一種。比方用the White House 代替美國政府或者總統(tǒng)

48、， 用the bottle來代替wine 或者alcohol， 用the bar 來代替the legal profession，用 crown代替 king等。 例如：The mother did her best to take care of the cradle.母親盡最大努力照看孩子。He succeeded to the crown in 1848.他在1848年繼承了王位。(3)開頭結(jié)尾新穎脫俗文章的開篇方法多種多樣，大家必須根據(jù)文章的題材、體裁、讀者等來加以選擇。作文常見的開頭形式大致有以下幾種：開門見山,直入主題開始段可用簡潔的語言直陳主題思想，既可以吸引讀者的注意力，又可以

49、防止跑題。例如：主題：Euthanasia(安樂死)It has been said that euthanasia is quietly being practiced in some urban areas of China, despite a lack of legal protection for the death option.In my opinion, it is right to exercise mercy killing.該段第一句引入安樂死這一討論的主題，第二句接著直接陳述作者對(duì)安樂死的看法。從這個(gè)開始段不難看出，全文將闡述“為什么實(shí)行安樂死是對(duì)的。以問句形式開頭,點(diǎn)

50、明主題文章的開頭還可用設(shè)問的方式點(diǎn)明主題，提示全文內(nèi)容，激發(fā)讀者讀下去，探個(gè)究竟。例如：主題：Water ShortageChina, a country blessed with a great number of rivers, has abundant water resources. However, Chinas many cities are going thirsty. What has caused the shortage?本段第一句說中國水資源豐富，第二句指出中國許多城市卻缺水，第三句提出了讀者心中的疑問：是什么原因?qū)е氯彼?從而激發(fā)讀者的興趣，吸引讀者讀下去，尋找問題的

51、答案。引用名言、諺語，點(diǎn)明主題開始段還可以巧妙引用與主題相關(guān)的名言、常用習(xí)語、諺語、格言等，既可增強(qiáng)文章的感染力，也可點(diǎn)題或說明作者的觀點(diǎn)。例如：A proverb says, “You are only young once. (適用于已記住的名言)It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.(適用于自編名言)引用名言，使文章很自然進(jìn)入主題，同時(shí)也增強(qiáng)了文章的感染力。運(yùn)用數(shù)字統(tǒng)計(jì)原那么上在議論文當(dāng)中不應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)虛假數(shù)字，可是在考試的時(shí)候可以編造數(shù)字。例如：According to a recent survey, about 7

52、8.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.A recent statistics shows that tens of billions of pounds is spent on cigarettes every year in our country.文章開頭使用數(shù)字，這樣吸引讀者的注意，并且是描寫顯得生動(dòng)有力。描寫共有經(jīng)歷，引起共鳴開始段還可通過描寫與讀者共有的經(jīng)歷，引起讀者的共鳴，增強(qiáng)說服力。例如：主題：Daydreaming“Daydreaming again,

53、Barb? Youll never amount to anything if you spend your time that way! Cant you find something useful to do? Many youngsters have heard words like those from their parents.And until recently this hostile attitude towards daydreaming.本段通過許多年輕人常常從他們父母那聽到的話開頭，引出“白日做夢(mèng)這一主題，很容易引起讀者的共鳴，激發(fā)他們的興趣，同時(shí)又能增強(qiáng)了文章的說服力

54、。另外，結(jié)尾段(Concluding Paragraph)同開篇一樣重要。結(jié)尾段對(duì)全文要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行概括總結(jié)、表達(dá)作者的目的，以求留給讀者一個(gè)深刻完整的印象，增強(qiáng)文章的效果。文章結(jié)尾的形式常見的有以下幾種:總結(jié)全文,得出結(jié)論結(jié)尾段可用總結(jié)全文的方式強(qiáng)調(diào)、概括全文的主要內(nèi)容，加深讀者對(duì)全文的深刻了解與認(rèn)識(shí)。例如：主題：Physical exerciseIn a word, I benefit a lot from doing physical exercise.I seldom get sick but feel vigorous even after a whole days work.I shal

55、l keep up doing physical exercise so as to live happily and fruitfully.本段總結(jié)了全文，加深讀者對(duì)“體育鍛煉有益于健康這一主題的認(rèn)識(shí)。提出建議,號(hào)召行動(dòng),表達(dá)決心或展望未來結(jié)尾段還可以在總結(jié)全文要點(diǎn)的根底上，對(duì)文中所提的暫時(shí)無法解決或尚無定論的問題適當(dāng)引申，或提出建議，號(hào)召別人采取行動(dòng)，或展望未來。這種方法可以啟發(fā)讀者思考并予以鼓舞，有助于增強(qiáng)文章的感染力。例如：主題：Generation gapIn order to reconcile the differences, some forms of organization

56、 should be established to help the young and the old to exchange their ideas and strengthen their mutual understanding so as to bridge the gap.該段就怎樣彌補(bǔ)代溝方面提出一些建議。建議與結(jié)論文章的結(jié)尾常結(jié)合兩種寫法。有的先提出建議或解決方法，再做結(jié)論。有的那么先做出結(jié)論，再提出建議，例如：主題：Shortage of natural resources(自然資源短缺)The prolonged development of human society p

57、roves that population and economic and social progress eventually cannot be achieved without natural resources.To save the limited resources, we must take some measures to handle appropriately the relationship between the population and resources.該段首先進(jìn)行總結(jié)：人類社會(huì)持續(xù)的開展證明，如果沒有自然資源，人口的繁衍、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)的開展最終都是不可能的。

58、作者接著建議，為了節(jié)約有限的資源，我們必須采取一些措施，正確處理人口與資源的關(guān)系。提醒讀者事物的兩面性文章的結(jié)尾還可以以轉(zhuǎn)折的形式，提醒讀者任何事物都有兩面性，從而認(rèn)識(shí)到其缺乏或負(fù)面的影響。例如：主題：Solar Energy(太陽能)However, solar energy has its disadvantages.One is that it is still very expensive for widespread practical use.Besides, solar systems would not work in cloudy or rainy days as well

59、as at night.But in sunny areas, solar energy could help solve the energy crisis.該段指出了太陽能的兩個(gè)缺點(diǎn)：一、太貴；二、太陽能系統(tǒng)在陰雨天和晚上無法工作，從而讓人們更全面地了解太陽能。值得注意的是，在指出某一事物的另一面時(shí)，不能用太多筆墨，否那么會(huì)喧賓奪主，淡化主題思想。(4)巧妙運(yùn)用名言警句名言警句的巧妙運(yùn)用不僅會(huì)使文章有一定的文采，論證更加有說服力，更能顯示考生的英語功底。另外能夠適時(shí)引經(jīng)據(jù)典，必定會(huì)讓閱卷人眼前一亮。1)開頭段：名言警句或俗語諺語等作為文章的開頭，既文采斐然，又能突出中心。例如：Just a

60、s the saying goes, “ so many people, so many minds, it is quite understandable that views on this issue vary from person to person.To this issue, different people come up with various attitudes.2)中間段：中間段主題句之后引用名言警句，有力證明論點(diǎn)，起到錦上添花的效果。例如：As a classic proverb goes that no garden has no weeds.Computers d