高粱和大麥的營養(yǎng)特性及其應(yīng)用

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)專心-專注-專業(yè)精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)高粱和大麥的營養(yǎng)特性及其應(yīng)用萬建美高粱營養(yǎng)特性（1）營養(yǎng)成分含量與玉米相似，淀粉含量可高達(dá)70%以上；（2）CP含量略高于玉米，9-13%，變異大；（3）脂肪含量略低于玉米；（4）缺乏黃色素，70%以上的磷為植酸磷。（5）分為5大類描述：混合型、高單寧、低單寧、紅高粱、白高粱使用中潛在的限制因素單寧單寧影響腸道上皮細(xì)胞中依賴鈉離子的物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)，如葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)和Na，K-ATPase活性，干擾機(jī)體鈉的代謝。家禽：影響生長速度、產(chǎn)蛋率、損傷腸道上皮，影響蛋白質(zhì)吸收；豬：

2、影響采食量和生長速度，高、低單寧品種飼喂時(shí)料比相差可達(dá)5-10%；反芻：基本無負(fù)作用，并在一定程度上防止脹氣，增加過瘤胃蛋白；美國、歐洲、澳大利亞主要種植低單寧品種（約占產(chǎn)量的99%）。高粱醇溶蛋白高粱醇溶蛋白可點(diǎn)高粱總蛋白含量的50%以上，有、和三種類型。高粱醇溶蛋白含量高的高粱，硬度也比較高。高硬度的高粱氨基酸消化和淀粉消化率也比較低（淀粉顆粒外包裹的高粱醇溶蛋白影響淀粉的糊化和淀粉酶的作用）。植酸植酸在酸性的胃腸環(huán)境下易與帶正電的蛋白質(zhì)形成蛋白質(zhì)-植酸鹽復(fù)合物，影響蛋白質(zhì)的消化。霉菌毒素：麥角堿麥角菌硬粒達(dá)1-20%，母豬可能拒食或泌乳減少；家禽，麥角菌硬粒小于1.25%可能無影響。飼喂

3、價(jià)值配方單寧總含量不高于0.2%時(shí)，對(duì)動(dòng)物幾乎無不良影響；豬氨基酸消化率比玉米低，但配方中用量無明顯限制，根據(jù)市場(chǎng)接受度使用，低單寧用量可高達(dá)60-70%，高單寧高粱用量10-20%。禽低單寧品種用量上無明顯限制，高單寧用量限制與豬料類似。緩減單寧負(fù)面效應(yīng)的方法倍半碳酸鈉、碳酸鉀、尿素或氧化鈣高溫預(yù)處理；增加氨基酸的水平，0.15%的蛋氨酸或（膽堿+蛋氨酸）。配合使用植酸酸和蛋白酶。飼糧中添加碳酸鉀或小蘇打0.25%。大麥大麥分裸大麥和皮大麥。前者主要用于生產(chǎn)人用食品，飼料用大麥通常為皮大麥。營養(yǎng)特性（1）淀粉含量高，約60%DM（55-63%），略低于玉米和小麥；（2）蛋白含量9.5-13%

4、DM；（3）纖維含量高，CF4-6%，ADF5-7%，NDF18-24%；（4）品種多，營養(yǎng)特性差異大：高蛋白品種、低植酸品種、高支鏈淀粉品種、高直鏈淀粉品種、碏質(zhì)品種（-葡聚糖含量高）。飼料用主要是皮大麥，裸大麥主要做食品。使用中潛在的限制因素（1）有芒品種：芒未清理干凈時(shí)易造成家禽、牛等動(dòng)物的胃炎；（2）霉菌毒素：濕熱條件下大麥易得赤霉病，嘔吐毒素（DON）污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高，USDA規(guī)定限量10ppm；（3）戊聚糖：-葡聚糖含量高（通常4-7%），糞便粘濕，肉雞足墊或胸肉損傷，蛋雞臟蛋率增加。要考慮酶制劑的合理使用。（4）皮大麥用量大時(shí)，水泡料表面會(huì)有明顯的漂浮物。飼用價(jià)值豬料注意嘔吐毒素；適

5、口性好，氨基酸、磷的消化率較佳；仔豬料中用量10-25%，中大豬用量小于40%。禽料幼禽料中長期使用影響生長，糞便濕，墊料濕，用量10%(加酶30%)。非幼禽料中用量達(dá)20-30%不影響生長，但用量達(dá)20%或以上時(shí)影響墊料質(zhì)量（糞便濕）；蛋禽中使用，可能增加臟蛋率，注意酶制劑的應(yīng)用。高粱和大麥主要營養(yǎng)成分價(jià)值表表 SEQ 表 * ARABIC 1 高粱主要營養(yǎng)成分價(jià)值表（第1部分）高粱（混合）高粱（高單寧）主要養(yǎng)分單位平均SD最小最大樣本數(shù)AvgSDMinMaxNb% as fed87.42.18393.6163488.6285.89340% DM10.81.18.114.3164810.21

6、8.612.543% DM2.80.61.74.67003.70.82.54.842% DM111.77.814.78612.21.910.614.76% DM4.31.12.77.1866.424.39.36% DM1.10.60.32.91042.91% DM3.40.42.44.45523.60.33.24.139% DM2.10.91.36.67771.80.31.42.433% DM74.51.969.878.773672.868.776.82% DM1.40.50.72.4701.11MJ/kg DM18.80.518.320.18618.90.618.620.525礦物元素Uni

7、tAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbg/kg DM0.30.20.10.91810.50.20.30.926g/kg DM3.30.42.64.32293.40.42.74.127g/kg DM4.30.62.85.372g/kg DM0.20.100.423g/kg DM1.80.41.12.5972.40.222.723mg/kg DM1248171671mg/kg DM247143818171mg/kg DM543171931mg/kg DM1201452449711241氨基酸UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb% protein90.58.2

8、9.9538.70.48.49.23% protein40.43.34.7634.20.53.54.98% protein6.90.467.6536.90.56.67.43% protein1.90.31.42.5521.60.11.41.87% protein20.9118.222.65321.10.620.621.83% protein3.20.32.73.7613.20.42.749% protein2.30.21.92.5572.30.21.92.69% protein40.33.54.56840.43.14.511% protein13.30.811.614.56613.70.512

9、.914.59% protein2.20.21.82.7832.20.21.82.611% protein1.70.21.32591.50.21.31.910% protein5.30.34.65.7615.50.355.99% protein8.40.76.29.5396.72.15.39.13% protein4.50.245584.60.445.29% protein3.30.22.93.7683.30.23.13.711% protein10.10.81.2351.20.60.81.83% protein40.33.34.4504.20.43.54.89% protein4.90.34

10、.45.5575.10.64.467次級(jí)代謝物UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbg/kg DM1.71.10.1638613.97.72.129.99g/kg DM28.631.40.11105955.731.32212133反芻動(dòng)物UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb%884.779.491586.2%85.44.278.588.2483.7MJ/kg DM1615.8MJ/kg DM13.5112.114.6413.3%68.466.8%41.21%58.81h-10.0391%70%6443642豬UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvg

11、SDMinMaxNb%85.74.376.691.91484.33.376.685.96MJ/kg DM16.10.814.516.81615.90.614.516.16MJ/kg DM15.70.315.516.3515.5MJ/kg DM12.512.3%70.67.758.586.41563.53.358.568.76家禽UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbMJ/kg DM1615.7MJ/kg DM15.714.415.7215.4兔UnitAvgSDMinMaxNb%77.7MJ/kg DM14.61MJ/kg DM14.2表 SEQ 表 * ARABIC 2

12、 高粱主要營養(yǎng)成分價(jià)值表（第2部分）高粱（低單寧）紅高粱白高粱主要養(yǎng)分單位AvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb% as fed87.40.785.389.34289.82.985.193.91690.7285.493.720% DM11.80.810.3132210.71.98.715.91811.21.19.513.622% DM2.20.21.92.4213.10.81.94.8172.90.81.84.222% DM9.618.2118102.17.41359.62.17.3136% DM4.20.14.14.333.50.72.74.863.1

13、0.62.64.26% DM1.91.81.920.50.20.40.850.60.50.21.66% DM3.60.23.13.8183.50.42.94.4183.80.62.6521% DM1.60.31.22.2101.90.31.42.61820.41.52.922% DM73.41.270.675.415751.772.977574.92.671.578.27% DM10.10.71.1150.80.10.70.841.10.50.71.75MJ/kg DM18.90.218.419.31318.918.419.1218.90.618.319.64礦物元素UnitAvgSDMinM

14、axNbAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbg/kg DM0.20.10.20.330.30.10.10.4120.30.10.20.518g/kg DM2.80.72.23.643.80.635134.10.53.44.918g/kg DM3.63.63.624.60.83.15.7104.40.92.45.315g/kg DM0.40.40.420.210.31g/kg DM1.111.121.70.31.32.3101.90.412.517mg/kg DM1513830399102118142mg/kg DM17414213241341mg/kg DM313433131m

15、g/kg DM701801791氨基酸UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb% protein8.60.58.29.658.80.68.29.658.80.58.39.65% protein3.90.23.64.163.60.52.94.253.50.72.24.15% protein6.50.466.956.50.35.96.856.40.35.96.75% protein1.80.31.62.341.90.41.62.551.70.41.32.35% protein20.31.318.721.7519.91.118.221.25200.918

16、.8215% protein30.32.83.553.10.22.83.3530.22.73.25% protein2.40.22.32.762.10.41.62.4420.51.52.74% protein3.70.62.34.173.80.33.64.253.70.23.54.15% protein12.41.110.113.4712.20.411.812.9512.30.611.713.15% protein2.20.222.582.20.222.552.20.12.12.55% protein1.70.21.51.981.90.21.6251.70.21.425% protein5.1

17、0.24.85.464.70.34.45.254.80.34.65.35% protein6.81.55.58.538.518.61% protein4.30.244.554.40.34.2554.40.34.255% protein3.20.42.73.983.20.233.553.10.22.93.45% protein0.90.20.71.171011.141011.14% protein3.80.634.664.214.21% protein4.80.44.55.244.70.44.45.354.60.34.45.15次級(jí)代謝物UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxN

18、bAvgSDMinMaxNbg/kg DM0.50.10.40.876110.22.540.80.50.21.34g/kg DM0.50.60140002反芻動(dòng)物UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb%89.18291287.387.7%86.878.588.2284.785.2MJ/kg DM16.41616.1MJ/kg DM13.812.114.6213.413.5%70.567.568.3%h-1%豬UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb%86.785.285.5MJ/kg DM16.416

19、.416.6216.116.2MJ/kg DM1615.615.7MJ/kg DM12.712.412.5%83.480.486.4267.4175.51家禽UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbMJ/kg DM1616.116.3MJ/kg DM15.715.715.9兔Unit%MJ/kg DMMJ/kg DM表 SEQ 表 * ARABIC 3 大麥主要營養(yǎng)成分價(jià)值表裸大麥皮大麥主要養(yǎng)分UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb% as fed86.81.185.788.6787.11.382.891.617310% DM

20、14.42.29.816.61511.81.18.516.115723% DM2.30.31.72.8105.20.83.18.214398% DM12.82.610.116.3721.73.214.7301068% DM2.9125.286.40.94.48.71090% DM0.60.20.5151.10.30.62987% DM2.30.12.12.4420.31.22.94388% DM2.10.11.92.4112.60.31.93.44720% DM616.0752.566.1459.72.352.266.897062.80.71.44.4594MJ/kg DM18.60.218.

21、11914*18.40.118.118.7304礦物元素UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbg/kg DM0.510.80.40.11.8974g/kg DM4.313.90.334.916135.70.64.57.2870.10.100.3233g/kg DM1.511.30.20.9288mg/kg DM151193132454mg/kg DM301304244465mg/kg DM5112552056mg/kg DM5511841195246857氨基酸UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb% protein4.514.10.33.54.61

22、03% protein5.40.45.15.944.70.43.95.5108% protein615.80.456.6104% protein2.70.52.33.442.20.21.92.7109% protein21.6122.81.519.626102% protein4.4140.23.54.5105% protein2.50.52.23.242.20.21.82.890% protein3.80.13.63.943.60.23.24117% protein7.20.36.87.446.80.36.17.5117% protein3.80.13.63.943.70.33.24.3315% protein1.80.11.61.941.70.21.42.1117% protein5.20.34.75.444.90.34.35.4113% pro