英語畢業(yè)論文范文

1、英語畢業(yè)論文X文Abstract:Onthebaseofthedefinitionofstylistics,thisthesisgivesadetailedanalysisofsometheofstylisticdevicesusedinthefamousspeechbythewell-knownAmericancivilrightsmovementleaderMartinLutherKing,Jr.,andthenprobesintothestylisticcharacteristicsofspeechasastyle.Keywords:Stylistics,Stylisticdevices

2、,analysis,speech.馬丁.路德.金我有一個(gè)夢(mèng)的文體分析摘要:本文首先闡述了文體學(xué)的定義,并在此基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)對(duì)美國(guó)著名黑人領(lǐng)袖馬丁.路德.金的著名演講我有一個(gè)夢(mèng)中所使用的文體手段進(jìn)行了詳盡的分析,進(jìn)而對(duì)演講文體的風(fēng)格進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)要的論述。關(guān)鍵詞:文體學(xué);文體手段;分析;演講Asaninterdisciplinaryfieldofstudy,stylisticspromisestoofferusefulinsightsintoliterarycriticismandtheteachingofliteraturewithitsexplicitaimsandeffectivetechniques

3、.Itisveryusefulintheanalysisofvariousstylesofwriting.Inthisthesis,theauthortriestoofferastylisticanalysisofthefamousspeechbyMartinLutherking,Jr.IHaveaDream.1.Introduction:DefinitionofStylisticsandStylisticAnalysisAsfarasthedefinitionofstylisticsisconcerneddifferentscholarsdefinethebranchofstudyindif

4、ferentways.Walesdefinesstylisticssimplyas“thestustyle”(1989:437),whileWiddowsonprovidesamoreinformativedefinitionas“thestudyofliterarydiscoursefromalinguisticorientation”andtakes“thatwhatdistinguishesstylisticsfromliterarycriticismontheonehandandlinguisticsontheotheristhatitisessentiallyameansoflink

5、ingthetwo”(1975:3).Leechholdsasimilarview.Hedefinesstylisticsasthe“studyoftheuseoflanguageinliterature”(1969:1)andconsidersstylisticsa-groundof“meetinglinguisticsandliterarystudy”(1969:2).FromwhatWiddowsonandLeechsay,wecanseethatstylisticsisanareaofstudythatstraddlestwodisciplines:literarycriticisma

6、ndlinguistics.Ittakesliterarydiscourse(text)asitsobjectofstudyanduseslinguisticsasameanstothatend.Stylisticanalysisisgenerallyconcernedwiththeuniquenessofatext;thatis,whatitisthatispeculiartotheusesoflanguageinaliterarytextfordeliveringthemessage.Thisnaturallyinvolvescomparisonsofthelanguageofthetex

7、twiththatusedinconventionaltypesofdiscourse.StylisticiansmayalsowishtocharacterizethestyleofaliterarytextbySystematicallycomparingthelanguageusesinthattextwiththoseinanother.Hallidaypointsout,“Thetextmaybeseeas,this?incontrastwith,that?,withanotherpoemoranothernovel;stylisticsstudiesareessentiallyco

8、mparativeinnature”7(19:341).Onthispoints,WiddowsonisofthesameopinionasHalliday.Hesays:“Allliteraryappreciationiscomparative,asindeedisarecognitionofstylesingeneral”(1975:84).Thus,wemayconcludethatstylisticanalysisisanactivitythatishighlycomparativeinnature.2.RelatedInformationoftheSpeechIHAVEADREAMa

9、ndItsAuthorMartinLutherKing,jr.wasbornonJanuary15,1929inAtlanta,Georgia,thesonofaclergymanandthegrandsonofaslave.AfterattendingseveralcollegeshereceivedhisPh.D.intheologyfromBostonUniversityin1955.HeledthebusboycottinMontgomery,Alabamain1955-1956.AspresidentoftheSouthernChristianLeadershipConference

10、,hethenledcivilrightsdemonstrationsinmanycities.In1963hehelpedorganizethemarchonWashington,whichbroughttogethermorethan200,000people.Aleaderinestablishinganonviolentcivilrightsmovement,KingwasawardedtheNobelPeacePrizefor1964.KingwasassassinatedinMemphis,Tennessee,in1968,shortlybeforehisfortiethbirth

11、day.Sincethen,hehasbecomeanAmericanfolkhero,andonNovember2,1983,alawhonoringDr.KingwassignedbyPresidentRigan,effectiveJanuary1986,makingthethirdMondayofJanuaryanationalholiday.HeistheonlyU.S.citizenotherthanGeorgeWashingtontoberecognizedinthisway.In1863PresidentAbrahamLincolnissuedtheEmancipationPro

12、clamationfreeingallslavesintheUnitedStates.Onehundredyearsafterthisdecreewassigned,however,thelifeofblackswasstill“sadlycrippledbythemanaclesofseGREgationandtheChainsdiscrimination.”O(jiān)nAugust28,1963,aquarterofmillionpeopleofallracescametoWashington,D.C.,toshowtheirsupportforfreedomandjusticeforallAme

13、ricans,andforblackpeopleinparticular.Atthatdemonstration,MartinLutherKing,jr.deliveredthisfamousspeechIHAVEADREAM,widelyregardedasthemosteloquentstatementoftheblackpeople?sdreamsandaspirationsevermade.Inhisspeech,Dr.Kingtoldtheworld,“Ihaveadream”thatequalitywouldcome“toallofGod?schildren.”Hesaidhewa

14、ntedeveryonetobeableto“joinhandsandsinginthewordsoftheoldNegrospiritual,Freeatlast!Freeatlast!?”3.AStylisticAnalysisoftheSpeech(Ananalysisofsomeofthestylisticdevicesusedinthespeech)MartinLutherKing?sspeechofAugust28,1963iswidelyregardedasoneofthemostpowerfuleverdeliveredintheUnitedStates.Althoughthi

15、saddresswasdeliveredorally,itwasreadfromawrittentextcomposedwithGREatcare.ItisanexampleofformalEnglishwithaconvincingstyle.Herearesomeofthestylisticdevices(whichmaybeconsideredtraditionallyasrhetoricaldevices)usedbyDrKingtoinspireandpersuade.3.1Repetition:Throughoutthespeech,Dr.Kingrepeatswordsandse

16、ntence.Thisisaveryoutstandingfeatureinthisspeechcalledrepetition.Itbelongstothestylisticdeviceofsyntacticover-regularity.Thetermrepetitionisrestrictedtomeanthecaseofexactcopyingofacertainpreviousunitinatextsuchasaword,phraseorevenasentence(Leech,1969),becausealltheover-regularfeaturesinliteratureare

17、insomesenserepetitious.Usedinspeech,repetitionnotonlymakesiteasyfortheaudiencetofollowwhatthespeakerissaying,butalsogivesastrongrhythmicqualitytothespeechandmakesitmorememorable.Inparagraphs8through16,forexample,Kingusesthewords“Ihaveadream”times.Thisrepetitionhelpstoachievethefunctionofcoherenceind

18、iscourseandthefunctionofreinforcementinmoodandemotion,expressingthespeaker?sstrongemotionoflongingforfreedom,justice,righteousnessandamuchmoreunitednationofallofGod?schildren.Ifwestudythewholespeechmorecarefully,itiseasyforustofindmanyotherexamplesofrepetitionused.Butonehundredyearslater,wemustfacet

19、hetragicfactthattheNegroisstillnotfree.Onehundredyearslater,thelifeoftheNegro.isstillsadlycrippledbythemanaclesofseGREgationandthechainsofdiscrimination.Onehundredyearslater,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.Onehundredyearslater,theNegroisstilllanguishin

20、ginthecornersofAmericansocietyandfindshimselfanexileinhisownland.Herethephrase“onehundredyearslater”hasbeenrepeatedthreetimes,seeminglyindicatingthatitisreallyalongtimefortheNegrotowaitforthecomingofthetimeofjusticeandrighteousness.Butwerefusetobelievethatthebankofjusticeisbankrupt.Werefusetobelieve

21、thatthereareinsufficientfundsintheGREatvaultsofopportunityofthisnation.(Par.4)thephrase“werefusetobelievethat”hasbeenusedtwicetoindicatethespeaker?sgoodhope.Nowisthetimetomakerealthepromisesofdemocracy.NowisthetimetorisefromthedarkanddesolatevalleyofseGREgationtothesunlitpathofracialjustice.Nowisthe

22、timetoopenthedoorsofopportunitytoallofGod?sChildren.Nowisthetimetoliftournationfromthequicksandsofracialinjusticetothesolidrockofbrotherhood.(Par.4)Inthisshortpassage,theclause“Nowisthetimeto”hasbeenusedfourtimestoemphasizethefierceurgencyof“NOW”andtoencourageandpersuadetheblackstotakeimmediateactio

23、ntoriseaboveandgaintheirownrightsandfreedom.Otherexamplesofrepetitioncanstillbeeasilyfoundthroughoutthespeech.Inpar.7,thewords“wecannever/cannotbesatisfiedaslongas”hasbeenusedasmanyasfivetimestoshowthedeterminationandpersistenceoftheblackpeople;inpar.17,thewords“withthefaithwewillbeableto”hrepeatedt

24、wiceforthepurposeofshowinghowstrongthefaithoftheblackpeopleistostruggleforthebrotherhoodof“allofGod?schildren”,andhowstrongthefaithoftheblackpeopleistobelievethatthey“willbefreeonedayNowlet?senjoyanotherexample.AndifAmericaistobeaGREatnationthismustbecometrue.Soletfreedomringfromtheprodigioushilltop

25、sofNewHampshire!LetfreedomringfromtheheighteningAllegheniesofPennsylvania!LetfreedomringfromthesnowcappedRockiesofColorado!LetfreedomringfromthecurvaceousslopesofCalifornia!Butnotonlythat;letfreedomringfromStoneMountainofGeorgia!LetfreedomringfromLookoutMountainofTennessee.Letfreedomringfromeveryhil

26、landmolehillofMississippi.Fromeverymountainside,letfreedomring.Whenweletfreedomring,whenweletitringfromeveryvillageandeveryhamlet,fromeverystateandeverycity(Paragraphs19through25)thewords“LetFreedomring”hasbeenrepeatedasmaasnnyinetimestoindicatethatitisthewholeoftheUnitedStatesratherthananypartofitt

27、hatshouldbebathedinthesunshineoffreedom.3.2UseofParallelismParallelismisanothersyntacticover-regularity.Itmeansexactrepetitioninequivalentpositions.Itdiffersfromsimplerepetitioninthattheidentitydoesnotextendtoabsoluteduplication,it“requiressomevariablefeatureofthepattern-somecontrastingelementswhich

28、are,parallel?withrespecttotheirpositioninthepattern”(Leech,1969:66).Toputitsimply,parallelismmeansthebalancingofsentenceelementsthataregrammaticallyequal.Totakethemparallel,balancenounswithnouns,verbswithverbs,prepositionalphraseswithprepositionalphrases,clauseswithclauses,andsoforth.Inhisspeech,Mar

29、tinLutherKingusesparallelismtocreateastrongrhythmtohelptheaudiencelineuphisideas.Herearefewexamples:,bythemanaclesofseGREgationandthechainsofdiscrimination(Par.2,twoparallelnounphrases)“Thisisnotimetoengageintheluxuryofcoolingoffortotakethetranquilizingdragofgradualism.(P”ar.4,twoparallelinfinitivep

30、hrases:“toengagetotake”)“therewillbeneitherrestnortranquilityinAmerica,”(Par.5,twoparallelnounsjoinedwith“neithernor”)“Weshallneverbesatisfiedaslongasourchildrenarestrippedoftheirselfhoodandrobbedoftheirdignityr.7,two”para(Pllealverbphrases)Itistraditionallybelievedthatparallelismisusedforthepurpose

31、ofemphasizingandenhancing,esp.inspeech,theideasexpressedbythespeaker(orauthorinwrittenversions),thusalwaysencouragingandinspiringtheaudience.WeneednottobeverycarefullytofindoutmanymoreexamplesofparallelismusedinKing?sspeechandclassifiedasisfollowed:3.2.1parallelnouns:Thisnotwasapromisethatallmenwoul

32、dbeguaranteedtheinalienablerightsoflife,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness.(Par.3,threeparallelnounsasattributive)1963isnotanend,butabeginning(Par.5,twoparallelnounsjoinedwith“notbut”)Againandagainwemustrisetothemajesticheightsofmeetingphysicalforcewithsoulforce.(Par.6),havecometorealizethattheirdestin

33、yistiedupwithourdestinyandtheirfreedomisinextricablyboundtoourfreedom.(Par.6,twopairsofparallelnouns).Isaytoyoutoday,myfriends,thatinspiteofthedifficultiesandfrustrationsofthemoment(Par.8),adesertstateswelteringwiththeheatofinjusticeandoppression,willbetransformedintoanoasisoffreedomandjustice.(Par.

34、11,twopairsofparallelnouns).3.2.2Parallelnounphrases:Sowehavetocametocashthischeck-acheckthatwillgiveasupondemandtherichesoffreedomandThesecurityofjustice.(Par.4)IhaveadreamthatonedayontheredhillsofGeorgiathesonsofformerslavesandthesonsofformerslave-ownerswillbeabletositdowntogetheratthetableofbroth

35、erhood(Par.10)3.2.3Parallelinfinitivephrases:ItwouldbefetalforthenationtooverlooktheurgencyofthemomentandtounderestimatethedeterminationoftheNegro.(Par.5,twoparallelinfinitivephrases)Withthisfaith,wewillbeabletoworktogether,topraytogether,tostraggletogether,togotojailtogether,tostandupforfreedomtoge

36、ther,knowingthatwewillbefreeoneday.(Par.7,fiveparallelinfinitivephrases).3.2.4ParallelprepositionalphrasesIhaveadreamthatmyfourlittlechildrenwillonedayliveinanationwheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.(Par.12),whenweletitringfromeveryvillageandeveryhamlet,from

37、everystateandeverycity,(Par.25)E.Parallelclauses:(21),havecometorealizethattheirdestinyistiedupwithourdestinyand(that)theirfreedomisinextricablyboundtourfreedom.(Par.6,twoparallelobjectiveclause)(22)Ihaveadreamthatonedayeveryvalleyshallbeexalted,everyhillandmountainshallbemadelow,theroughplacewillbe

38、madeplain,andthecrookedplaceswillbemadestraight,andthegloryoftheLordshallberevealed,andallfleshshallseeittogether.(Par.6,sixparallelclausesusedasappositionsofthenoun“dream”).3.3UseofSimilesandMetaphorsAstwoveryimportanttypesofmeaningtransferenceinliterature,similesandmetaphorsarecomparisonsthatshows

39、imilaritiesinthingsthatarebasicallydifferent,whichcanbeusedtoaddvividnessandvitalitytowriting.AsLeechpointsout,metaphorisassociatedwithaparticularruleoftransferencewhichmaybecalledthe“metaphoricrule”(1969:151).Thatis,thefigurativemeaningisderivedfromtheliteralmeaningoritis,asitwere,theliteralmeaning

40、.Throughoutthespeech,Kingmakesextensiveuseofsimilesandmetaphors.Inparagraph1,forexample,KingcomparesTheEmancipationProclamationtotwoformsofbrilliantlightcuttingthroughdarkness.Thefirst-“ajoyousdaybreak-”comparesittothesunrise,which(inthiscase)ends“thelongnightofcaptivity”.Inparagraph2,hespeaksof“the

41、manaclesofseGREgationandthechainsofdiscrimination,com”paringsegregationanddiscriminationunderwhichtheNegropeoplelivetothemanaclesandchainsonceusedonslaves.Therefore,itisveryclearthattheusingofsimilesandmetaphorscandefinitelyaddvividnessandvitalitytowritingandmakeiteasyforthereadersoraudiencetounders

42、tand.Nowlet?scitesomeofthesimilesandmetaphorsusedinKing?sspeech.(23)Onehundredyearslater,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.(Par.2,metaphors)(24)Butwerefusetobelievethatthebankofjusticeisbankrupt.WerefusetobelievethatthereareinsufficientfundsintheGREatvau

43、ltsofopportunityforthisnation(Par.4,metaphors)(25)Thisisnotimetotakethetranquilizingdragofgradualism.(Par.4,metaphor)(26)ThisswelteringsummeroftheNegro?slegitimatediscontentwillnotpassuntilthereisaninvigoratingautumnoffreedomandequality.(Par.5,Metaphors)(27)wewillnotbesatisfieduntiljusticerollsdownl

44、ikewatersandrighteousnesslikeamightystream.(Par.7,Similes)(28)asituationwherelittleblackboysandblackgirlswillbeabletojoinhandswithwhiteboysandwhitegirlsandwalktogetherassistersandbrothers.(Par.14,Similes)3.4UseofContrastAlthoughmaybearhetoricaldeviceinsteadofastylisticone,contrasthasalsobeenusedeffe

45、ctively,likerepetition,inthisspeech,achievingthefunctionofmakingcleartheideasofthespeaker.Inparagraphl,forexample,“GREatbeaconlightofhope”iscontrastedwith“flamesofwitheringinjustice,and”“joyousdaybreak”withlongnightofcaptivity.”Asitisdefined,contrastisusedtoshowthedifferencebetweentwothings.Therefor

46、e,itisnotverydifficultforustounderstandwhythespeakerkingusessomanycontrastsinhisspeech.(29)Onehundredyearslater,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.(Par.2)(30)NowisthetimetorisefromthedarkanddesolatevalleyofseGREgationtothesunlitpathofracialjustice.(Par.4)

47、(31)Nowisthetimetoliftournationfromthequicksandsofracialinjusticetothesolidrockofbrotherhood(Par.4)(32)ThisswelteringsummeroftheNegro?slegitimatediscontentwillnotpassuntilthereisaninvigoratingautumnoffreedomandequality.(Par.5)(33)1963isnotanend,butabeginning.(Par.5)(34)Againandagainwemustrisetothema

48、jesticheightofmeetingphysicalforcewithsoulforce.(Par.6)(35)Andaswewalk,wemustmakethepledgethatweshallalwaysmarchahead.Wecannotturnback.(Par.7)(36)thesonsofformerslavesandthesonsofformerslave-ownerswillbeabletositdowntogetheratthetableofbrotherhood.(Par.10)(37)adesertstateswelteringwiththeheatofinjus

49、ticeandoppression,willbetransformedintoanoasisoffreedomandjustice.(Par.11)(38)wheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.(Par.12)(39)Withthisfaithwewillbeabletohewoutofthemountainofdespairastoneofhope.(Par.17)(40)Withthisfaithwewillbeabletotransformthejanglingdiscor

50、dsofournationintoabeautifulsymphonyofbrotherhood.4.ConclusionAswehaveanalyzedabove,stylisticdevicesarefrequentlyusedinthediscourseofliteraryworksespeciallyinspeech,toachievecertainspecificpurposes.Thusmakingthestyleofaspeechsomewhatparticulartotheothers.Generallyspeaking,aspeechmayhavethefollowingstylisticcharacteristics:Tobeginwith,itmustbeverypersuas