2023年高考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)講練測(cè)第11講 閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題（講）（全國(guó)通用學(xué)案）

1、2023年高考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)講練測(cè)第11講閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解題（講）【考綱考情】細(xì)節(jié)理解類在歷年高考卷中占很大比例，幾乎占據(jù)了閱讀理解總題量的“半壁江山九 這類題考查對(duì)閱 讀材料中的某一具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的理解，要求在快速閱讀文章的同時(shí)，能從中獲取某些特定的信息。抓住 文段中的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)是做好該類題的關(guān)鍵。命題方式：.特殊疑問(wèn)句形式。以when, where, what.which, who, how much/many等疑問(wèn)詞開(kāi)頭引出問(wèn)題。.填空題形式。通常涉及與主題有關(guān)的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)。題型和考查角度：.高頻考點(diǎn)：直接信息題；間接信息題。.低頻考點(diǎn)：數(shù)字計(jì)算題；細(xì)節(jié)排序題。【考點(diǎn)梳理】細(xì)節(jié)理解題考查考生對(duì)

2、閱讀材料中的某一具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的理解，特點(diǎn)是題干針對(duì)原文提到的某事 物、現(xiàn)象或理論進(jìn)行發(fā)問(wèn)。有些問(wèn)題可以直接從文中找到明確的答案，有些那么需要在理解的基礎(chǔ)上將有關(guān) 信息進(jìn)行處理.如計(jì)算、排序、判斷、比擬等。細(xì)節(jié)理解類題在高考試卷中占很大的比例，特別是在應(yīng)用 文、說(shuō)明文和記敘文中，更是側(cè)重對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)理解題的考查。解題步驟：采用尋讀法，解題分三步：.先讀題干，抓住關(guān)鍵詞；.帶著問(wèn)題快速閱讀短文，找出與問(wèn)題有關(guān)的詞語(yǔ)或句子；.仔細(xì)比照選項(xiàng)和原文信息，繼而找出答案。正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)：.語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)化：把原文中復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化，設(shè)置為答案。.同義替換：對(duì)原文句子中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義替換。.正話反說(shuō)：把原文中的意思

3、反過(guò)來(lái)表達(dá)而成為正確選項(xiàng)。干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)：L擴(kuò)縮范圍；以偏概全或以全概偏。.張冠李戴：為原文內(nèi)容，但非題目要求或要點(diǎn)。.無(wú)中生有：與原文不符或原文并未提及。.偷梁換柱：符合常識(shí)但不符合原文內(nèi)容。.顛倒黑白：與原文意思大相徑庭或完全相反。6,正誤參半：局部正確，局部錯(cuò)誤。解題原那么：忠實(shí)于原文及全篇的邏輯關(guān)系，決不能主觀臆斷?！窘忸}方法】（一）、原文定位破解直接信息題【例 1 （2021 新高考全國(guó)卷 I） Rome can be pricey for travelers, which is why many choose to stay in a hostel（旅 社）.The hostels i

4、n Rome offer a bed in a dorm room for around $25 a night, and for that,youll often get to stay in a central location（位置）with security and comfort.21. What is probably the major concern of travelers who choose to stay in a hostel?A.Comfort.B. Security.C. Price.D. Location.【答案】C第一步 題干關(guān)鍵詞:what,concern,

5、stay in a hostel第二步 原文定位點(diǎn)：Rome can be pricey for travelers, which is why many choose to stay in a hostel（旅社）. 第三步直接得答案：根據(jù)pricey可知“羅馬對(duì)旅行的人來(lái)說(shuō)可能很昂貴”，應(yīng)選C項(xiàng)。（二）、同義互釋破解間接信息題審讀題干，提取關(guān)鍵信息一速讀定位原文信息句，將試題信息與原文信息進(jìn)行語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)換（同義或近義詞 語(yǔ)）一逐一核對(duì)選項(xiàng)，仔細(xì)區(qū)分，得出答案。【例】（2021全國(guó)乙卷D 篇）So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The p

6、roblem may be that, in our offices, we cant stop ourselves from getting drawn into others* conversations while were trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certa

7、in level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?Personal privacy unprotected.Limited working space.Restrictions on group discussion.Constant interruptions.【答案】D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞open office unwelcome to many people”可定位原文信息句為本 段第一句So

8、 why do so many of us hate our open offices ?”其中 unwelcome 與 hate 為近義詞轉(zhuǎn)換。由此可知， 開(kāi)放式辦公室不受人們歡迎的原因是讓我們不斷地卷入別人的談話中，受到很多干擾。應(yīng)選D。（三）、整合推算破解數(shù)字計(jì)算題審讀題干，提取關(guān)鍵信息一速讀定位原文中包含該信息的相關(guān)段落一進(jìn)行推算，得出答案。【例】（2018江蘇高考A篇）Admission$25.00 recommended for adults, $12.00 recommended for students, includes the Main Building and The C

9、loisters （回廊）on the same day; free for children under 12 with an adult. 56. How much may they pay if an 11-year-old girl and her working parents visit the museum?B. $37.D. $62.A. $12.C. $50.【答案】C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞How much和pay可迅速定位到原文信息“$25.00 recommended for adults, $12.00 recommended for students, i

10、ncludes the Main Building and The Cloisters （同旗E） on the same day; 什ee for children under 12 with an adult.”可知，成人票價(jià)25美元，12歲以下兒童在大人的陪同下免費(fèi)。因而 11歲的女孩和其父母只需支付兩張成人票款即可。應(yīng)選C。（四）、首尾定位破解細(xì)節(jié)排序題審讀題干和四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容一利用首尾，排除掉局部選項(xiàng)，縮小范圍一如排序內(nèi)容較多，再查看剩余 選項(xiàng)的異同處，進(jìn)一步縮小范圍；如排序內(nèi)容較少，一般即可快速得出答案?！纠?A schoolgirl saved her fathers life

11、 by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic （過(guò) 敏的）reaction which stopped his heart.Izzy, nine, restarted father Colms heart by stamping （踩）on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing.Izzys mother, Debbie, immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would neve

12、r arrive in time to save her father, so decided to use CPR.However, she quickly discovered her arms werent strong enough, so she stamped on her fathers chest instead.Debbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions （按壓）until the ambulance arrived.Izzy, who has been given a braver

13、y award by her school, said, “I just kicked him really hard. My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasnt strong enough to use hands. I was quite scared. The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse. My mum said that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his chest.“Shes a little sta

14、r, “ said Debbie, I was really upset but Izzy just took over. I just cant believe what she did. I really think all children should be taught first aid. Izzy did CPR then the doctor turned up. Colm had to have more treatment on the way to the hospital and weve got to see an expert.”Truck driver Colm,

15、 35, suffered a mystery allergic reaction on Saturday and was taken to hospital, but was sent home only for it to happen again the next day. The second attack was so serious that his airway swelled, preventing him from breathing, his blood pressure dropped suddenly, and his heart stopped for a momen

16、t.He has now made a full recovery from his suffering.Whats the right order of the events?Izzy kicked Colm.Debbie called 999.Izzy learned CPR.Colms heart stopped.A.B.C.D.【答案】B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。通過(guò)速讀原文可知I,第一件事是Colm*s heart stopped,而最后一件事是Izzy kickedColm,應(yīng)選 B?！窘忸}技巧】.掌握技巧，靈活運(yùn)用細(xì)心審題，直接就題找答案提取“帶著問(wèn)題找答案”的方法，先從問(wèn)題中抓住關(guān)鍵

17、性尚（題眼），然后以此為 線索運(yùn)用略讀及查讀的技巧快速:得在文章中尋找與此問(wèn)題相關(guān)的段落、語(yǔ)句，仔細(xì)品味，對(duì)照比擬，確定 答案。變通理解，間接轉(zhuǎn)述找答案細(xì)節(jié)理解題通常采用詞語(yǔ)和句型轉(zhuǎn)換的形式來(lái)取代原文中的表述，命題者在出這類題時(shí)慣用“偷梁換柱、張 冠李戴”的手法來(lái)迷惑考生，即對(duì)原句細(xì)微處做改動(dòng)，摘取原文詞語(yǔ)或結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行改造，因果倒置，把A的觀點(diǎn)說(shuō) 成B的觀點(diǎn)等。多點(diǎn)歸納，綜合事實(shí)找答案細(xì)節(jié)理解題有時(shí)考查的并不是單一的信息，而是多處信息的整合。解答此類“綜合”信息細(xì)節(jié)題時(shí)，一定要全面 捕捉相關(guān)信息，進(jìn)行綜合分析、歸納，切忌根據(jù)“一面之詞”草率地得出結(jié)論。.明確干擾，破除陷阱擴(kuò)大或縮小范圍文章為了表

18、達(dá)準(zhǔn)確嚴(yán)密,經(jīng)常通過(guò)加上相應(yīng)的詞語(yǔ)限制如涉及數(shù)量時(shí)常用many, almost all, nearly, more than, over, only a few, normally等限制。有些干擾項(xiàng)改變或去掉限定詞語(yǔ)，甚至是擴(kuò)大或縮小語(yǔ)言范圍。（2）偷換概念命題者設(shè)計(jì)試題時(shí)往往把原文的概念偷換成另一個(gè)不同的概念。望文生義是造成錯(cuò)誤的主要原因。 正誤并存在干擾項(xiàng)中，某個(gè)句子或詞語(yǔ)是正確的，其他分句或詞語(yǔ)是錯(cuò)誤的或表達(dá)不全面，正誤并存，命題者常會(huì)借此 以假亂真?！绢}型剖析】閱讀理解AIm May. high school seniors all around the U. S. scramble

19、（爭(zhēng)搶）to get ready for prom. Prom, short for promenade, is a formal dance held by a high school before graduation. Its an important aspect of American school culture because its the last high-school dance seniors will ever attend.Prom entails （牽涉）countless traditions. First a guy must ask a girl to go

20、 to prom with him. Most guys choose to do special prom proposals in hopes of winning the girfs heart with their creativity. Then he will rent a tuxedo （燕尾月艮），and the girl will often get their hair, nails and makeup done professionally. That night couples will take pictures, and then they will often

21、take a limousine （豪華轎車(chē)）to dinner and to the dance. Several reports state that parents can spend upward of $ 2,000 to give their kids the perfect prom experience.The history of prom can be traced back to the last half of the 1800s. At that time, American universities and colleges organized dances eac

22、h year for their graduating students. The purpose was not only to entertain the students but also to prepare them for the wider world by teaching them proper manners for men and women.Later, high schools took over the prom tradition. In the 1950s, high schools began moving the dance from their gyms

23、to beautiful hotels or country clubs to make the event even more special. Perhaps the most amazingprom took place in 1975, when Susan Ford, the daughter of the countrys president, received permission to hold her high schoofs prom at the White House. So far, no other prom has managed to top that.What

24、 does this article mainly explain about prom?A. Its unusual atmosphere.B , Its present and future.C. Its educational benefits.D. Its customs and roots.According to this article, what do the participants in prom mainly pay attention to?A Their appearance.B. Their possessions.C, Their transportation.D

25、. Their supervisors.What were people supposed to learn from prom at one time?A. What marketing plan to use.B , How to behave around others.C. Which food was best to eat.D. When to earn a great degree.According to this article ,where was a special event held more than four decades ago?A. In an offici

26、al residence.B. In an international court.C. In a motion picture studio.D. In a modern gallery.BFuture City CompetitionFuture City starts with a questionhow can we make the world a better place? To answer it, 10th, 11th, and 12th grade students imagine, research, design, and build cities of the futu

27、re that showcase their solution to a citywide sustainability issue. Past topics include Urban Agriculture, Public spaces, and Green energy while the topic of this year is Living on the Moon. Teams will design a futuristic lunar city and provide examples of how the city uses Moon resources to keep it

28、s residents safe and healthy.Participants complete five deliverables: a 1,500-word city essay: a scale model; a project plan; a presentation video; and a virtual/online Q&A session with /judges. Regional winners represent their region at the international Finals. After completing Future City, studen

29、t participants are not only prepared to be citizens of todays complex and technical world, but also ready to become the drivers of tomorrow.What you can learnThis flexible, cross-curricular（跨課程的）educational program gives students an opportunity to do the things that engineers do-identify problems: b

30、rainstorm ideas; design solutions; test, retest and build; and share their results. With this at its center, Future City is an engaging way to build students, 21st century skills. Students participating in Future City also learn how their communities work and become better citizens and develop stron

31、g time management and project management skills.What you needFuture City costs just $25 per organizationand you can register I team or 100. The price always stays the same.We keep the price affordable so everyone can participate. Not only that, we limit the budget for materials for the City Model an

32、d City Presentation to $ 100 and encourage teams to use recycled materials. You dont need expensive equipment to excel. Creativity, hard work, and commitment are all you need to get ahead.Please note: Some regions limit the number of teams an organization can bring to the Regional Competition. Pleas

33、e check with your Regional Coordinator to find out the guidelines in your region.In Future City Competition 2021, students need plete more than five tasksdesign a city with green energyC , address problems on the moonD. make use of lunar resourcesWhat lies at the core of Future City Competition?Desi

34、gning cities.Identifying problems.Training better citizensEngineering design processIf you want to succeed in the competition, you need.A. to be creative and devoted.B , to use the recycled materials.C. to buy some expensive equipment.D. to ask more people to join in your team.C（2020海南高考真題）Pali Over

35、night Adventures offers children and teens exciting experiences this summer. From broadcasting to street art, these are just 4 of the 17 highly unique camps being offered.Broadcasting CampBecome the next star reporter, news writer, director or producer. While running every aspect of our own news station, kids and their fellow campers will create and host a broadcast airing each night at dinner for the entire camp. Every night it goes on the web, keeping parents and the world informed of the happenings at Pali.Secret Age