蒙大英語國家-美國概況擴展課件02 Population

1、Lecture Two Population I. The Composition of the American PopulationAccording to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the resident population of the United States, projected to 10/03/07 at 08:58 GMT (EST+5) is 303,033,859COMPONENT SETTINGS FOR OCTOBER 2007One birth every. 7 secondsOne death every. 13 seco

2、ndsOne international migrant (net) every. 27 secondsNet gain of one person every. 11 seconds Population of the United Statesby Race and Hispanic/Latino Origin, Census 2005Race and Hispanic/Latino originJuly 1, 2005, population1Percent of populationTotal Population296,410,404100.0%Single raceWhite237

3、,854,95480.2Black or African American37,909,34112.8American Indian and Alaska Native2,863,0011.0Asian12,687,4724.3Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander516,6120.2Two or more races4,579,0241.5Some other racen.a.2n.a.Hispanic or Latino42,687,22414.4Census 2005In the U. S. census taken in 2005, the

4、 total population in the United States numbered 296,410,404. About 237.8 million (80.2%) were classified as white, 37.9 million (12.8%) as black, 12.6 million (4.3%) as Asian, 2.8 million (1.0%) as American Indian and Alaska Native, and 5 million (1.7% ) as members of other races.The history of the

5、United States is really the story of various immigrants groups working together to build a unique nation. During the 1500s, French and Spanish explorers visited the New World. But the first Europeans who came to stay were mostly the English.The first U. S. census in 1790In 1790, when the first U. S.

6、 census was taken, the white population of the 13 original states totaled slightly more than 3 million. About 75 percent of these first Americans were of British ancestry, the rest were German, Dutch, French, Swiss, and Spanish. The English gave the new nation its language, its laws, and its philoso

7、phy of government. “Melting PotThe United States now is known as a melting pot, meaning that it is composed of immigrants from different nations all over the world. But when we say a melting pot, we do not mean that it melts away all recollections of another way of life in another place. Most immigr

8、ants treasure all their lives the traditions of their home land and share a special bond with people of the same national origin. They merge into the American stream only in certain aspects of life but keep to many of their own customs and patterns socially and at home. So the works of American poet

9、s, authors, musicians, and artists often reflect their ancestral background or portray typical features of the region where they live.The majority of the population of the United States is of European origin, with the largest groups having primary ancestry traceable to the United Kingdom, Germany, a

10、nd Ireland; many Americans report multiple ancestries. White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASP)Now the most powerful and influential race in the United States is the White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASP) who are the descendents of the early English settlers. They make up about 45 per cent of the American

11、 population and control most of the national wealth and political power in the nation. White Anglo-Saxon ProtestantsBushs Family PictureThe other white Americans whose forefathers were from other European countries are not so influential as the White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, but their social status

12、is far better than the other American minorities.Major racial and national minority groups include blacks (either of US, African, or Caribbean parentage), Chinese, Filipinos, Japanese, Mexicans, and other Spanish-speaking peoples of the Americas. Inequality in social and economic opportunities for e

13、thnic minorities became a key public issue in the postWorld War II period. According to the 2005 Census, it was estimated that whites comprised 80.2% of the US population; Hispanics, 14.4%; blacks or African Americans, 12.8 %; Asians and Pacific Islanders, 4.5%; and Native Americans (Amerindiansmore

14、 commonly known as Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts), 1.0%.The most striking minority in America is the black people whose forefathers were from Africa. The first blacks arrived in Jamestown in 1619 as indentured servants(契約工）. They worked on plantations until their contracts were over and then became f

15、ree. But very soon after 1619 blacks were brought to colonies as slaves. Slave Auctions were advertised when it was known that a slave ship was due to arrive. Posters like the one pictured left would be displayed around the town. Port Royal Island, S.C. African Americans preparing cotton for the gin

16、 on Smiths plantation. 1862. A woodcut image of a supplicant male slave in chains appears on the 1837 broadside publication of John Greenleaf Whittiers antislavery poem, Our Countrymen in Chains. Design adopted as the seal by the Abolition of Slavery in England in the 1780s. A white woman whipping a

17、 slave girl. Published 1834. Punishment of two black female slaves, 1811 A Negro hung alive by the Ribs to a Gallows, from Narrative of a Five Years Expedition against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the Wild Coast of South America, from the year 1772, to 1777, engraved by William Bla

18、ke The Separation of a Family of Slaves after Being Seized and Sold Upon a Warrant of Destraint for their Masters Debts, c.1800 Wilson Chinn, a branded slave from Louisiana-Also exhibiting instruments of torture used to punish slaves. 1863. Photograph by Kimball, N.Y.C. Cabins where slaves were rais

19、ed for market-The famous Hermitage, Savannah, Georgia. New York: Underwood & Underwood, publishers, 1903. After the Emancipation in1863, they were freed formally.President Abraham Lincoln, Entering Richmond Virginia, April 4, 1865 Freedmen in Richmond, Virginia. Thomas Nasts Drawing of Emancipated S

20、laves but the U. S. government continued to practice discrimination against them. The official segregation continued to be the law of the land until 1954. Today, legal barriers have been lowered, if not removed, by civil right legislation, executive orders, and judicial decisions. Blacks can vote, g

21、et a meal where they want, and stay at hotels. Yet, said James Farmer, a civil right activist, They were victories largely for the middle class-those who could travel, entertain in restaurants and stay in hotels. Those victories did not change life conditions for the mass of blacks who are still poo

22、r. One-third of all black families still live below the poverty line- cut off from white society and alienated from the black middle class.The black population in 2005 was 37,909,341, with the majority still residing in the South, the region that absorbed most of the slaves brought from Africa in th

23、e 18th and 19th centuries. Two important regional migrations of blacks have taken place: (1) a Great Migration to the North,commencing in 1915; (2) a small but then unprecedented westward movement beginning about 1940. Both migrations were fostered by wartime demands for labor and by postwar job opp

24、ortunities in northern and western urban centers. More than three out of four black Americans live in metropolitan areas, notably in Washington, D.C., Atlanta, Chicago, Detroit, New Orleans, Newark, Baltimore, and New York City, which had the largest number of black residents. Large-scale federal pr

25、ograms to ensure equality for African Americans in voting rights, public education, employment, and housing were initiated after the historic 1954 Supreme Court ruling that barred racial segregation in public schools. By 1966, however, in the midst of growing and increasingly violent expressions of

26、dissatisfaction by black residents of northern cities and southern rural areas, the federal Civil Rights Commission reported that integration programs were lagging. Throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, the unemployment rate among nonwhites in the United States was at least double that for whites,

27、 and school integration proceeded slowly, especially outside the South. Photo of a totem pole, a native American Indian symbol, at Saxman Totem Park in Ketchikan, Alaska, USA American IndianAccording to the 2005 census, there were 2,863,001 people who designated themselves as American Indian and Ala

28、ska Native, whose forefathers were the original inhabitants on the continent. Some Native American societies survived warfare with land-hungry white settlers and retained their tribal cultures. Their survival, however, has been on the fringes of North American society, especially as a result of the

29、implementation of a national policy of resettling Native American tribes on reservations. In 1890, according to the official census count, there were 248,253 Native Americans; in 1940, 333,909; and in 2000, 2,475,956 (including also Eskimos and Aleuts). Groups of Native Americans are found most nume

30、rously in the southwestern states of Oklahoma, Arizona, New Mexico, and California. The 1960s and 1970s saw successful court fights by Native Americans in Alaska, Maine, South Dakota, and other states to regain tribal lands or to receive cash settlements for lands taken from them in violation of tre

31、aties during the 1800s.Indian ReservationsHowever, ever since the discovery of the land in 1492 the Indians have been cruelly treated. They were driven to barren desert regions, the so-called Indian Reservations.Indian ReservationsSome reservations lack adequate health care facilities, educational o

32、pportunities, decent housing, and jobs. On or off the reservations the American Indians are one of the most deprived and unhappy minority groups in the United States. Congresss Office of Technology Assessment reported in 1986 that American Indians are in far worse health than the rest of the populat

33、ion, dying earlier and suffering disproportionately from alcoholism, accidents, diabetes and pneumonia.HispanicsHispanics（講西班牙語的人）, immigrants from Latin American countries made up the largest minority group in the United States. There are about 42.6 million Hispanics in 2005. Hispanics are at prese

34、nt the fastest growing minority in America. The first group of them are descended from citizens living in Mexican territory annexed to the United States in 1884. The rest have come to the U. S. in increasing number since 1920. Most live in Arizona, Texas, New Mexico, and California, but many now liv

35、e in other parts of the nation as well. They are being joined by millions of undocumented aliens who cross the southern borders in search of jobs. Many of them live in great poverty. The second largest group of Hispanics consists of the two million Puerto Ricans who reside on the mainland of the Uni

36、ted States, primarily in the barrios(講西班牙語的居民集聚區(qū)) of New York, Chicago, and other northern cities. Spanish-speaking Puerto Ricans, who often represent an amalgam（混合） of racial strains, have largely settled in the New York metropolitan area, where they partake in considerable measure of the hardships

37、 and problems experienced by other immigrant groups in the process of settling in the United States. Puerto Ricans（波多黎各人） are in worst economic shape than any other Hispanic group. They retain close ties with Puerto Rico and move back and forth from the island to the mainland. The third subgroup con

38、sists of about 800,000 persons who came from Cuba early in the 1960s. The Cubans mainly live in south Florida.AsiansAlso included in the US population are a substantial number of persons whose lineage can be traced to Asian and Pacific nationalities, chiefly Chinese, Filipino(菲律賓人), Japanese, Indian

39、, Korean, and Vietnamese. Chinese Among the Asian immigrants, the Chinese were the first Asians to come to the United States. Beginning in 1847, when young male peasants came to get away from poverty and to work in America in mines, on railroads, and in agricultural fields, the Chinese ran into econ

40、omic and cultural fears of the white majority who did not understand them or their culture. Facing this , and considering their intentions to return home, the Chinese did not try to assimilate but instead gravitated to Chinatowns. Discriminatory immigration and naturalization（歸化） restrictions, impos

41、ed beginning in 1882, were strengthened in the following years and were not removed until the end of World War II. Since that time the Chinese have moved into the mainstream of American society, and they are beginning to move into politics. The Chinese population is highly urbanized and concentrated

42、 particularly in cities of over 100,000 population, mostly on the West Coast and in New York City. Chinese Americans, the largest Asian population group in the United States since 1990, are Americans whose ancestors or who themselves have come from China. Most of the early Chinese immigrants came di

43、rectly from China. In recent decades, in addition to those from China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, a large number of Chinese-ancestry immigrants also came from Southeast Asian and Latin American countries. The 2000 census counted nearly 2.9 million persons of Chinese ancestry in the United States. They h

44、ave proved to be industrious and intelligent. Many of them have found high-in-come positions in universities, laboratories, hospitals, architectural and engineering firms. The employment rate and average income of Chinese-American families are now higher than the national average. They have come to

45、be viewed as a model minority, clean and hard working.JapaneseThe Japanese population has risen steadily from a level of 72,157 in 1910. Hawaii has been the most popular magnet of Japanese emigration. Most Japanese in California were farmers until the outbreak of World War II, when they were interne

46、d and deprived of their landholdings; after the war, most entered the professions and other urban occupations.II. Population DistributionThe distribution of population in America is rather uneven.II. Population DistributionU.S. Population by Region, 19902006AreaPopulationChange, 19902006April 1, 199

47、0April 1, 2000July 1, 2006NumberPercentUnited States248,709,873281,421,906299,398,48450,688,61116.9%Region1Northeast50,809,22953,594,37854,741,3533,932,1247.2Midwest59,668,63264,392,77666,217,7366,724,1449.9South85,445,930100,236,820109,083,75223,637,82221.7West52,786,08263,197,93269,355,64316,569,5

48、6123.9Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000; 1990 Census. Web: .The Northeast region includes: Conn., Maine, Mass., N.H., N.J., N.Y., Pa., R.I., and Vt.The Midwest includes: Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Mich., Minn., Mo., Neb., N.D., Ohio, S.D., and Wis. The South includes: Ala., Ark., Del., D.C., Fla

49、., Ga., Ky., La., Md., Miss., N.C., Okla., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va., and W. Va.The West includes: Alaska, Ariz., Calif., Colo., Hawaii, Idaho, Mont., Nev., N.M., Ore., Utah, Wash., and Wyo.The United States is a highly urbanized country.Most of its people live in cities or metropolitan (big cities)are

50、as. In 2005, 296.4 million people lived in the United States246.5 million (83 percent) in metro areas and 30.4 million (10 percent) in micro areas. The remaining 19.5 million people (7 percent) lived in territory outside CBSAs (core-based statistical areas, areas that include metropolitan statistica

51、l areas (or metro areas) and micropolitan statistical areas (or micro areas). More and more people live in metropolitan areasBetween 2000 and 2005, the metro population increased 6.0 percentdouble the rate for micro areas (3.0 percent) and about six times as fast as for territory outside CBSAs (1 pe

52、rcent). Among metro areas, the Saint George, UT metropolitan statistical area grew the fastest32 percent. The Greeley, CO metropolitan statistical area was in second place with a growth rate of 27 percent, and the Las Vegas-Paradise, NV metropolitan.In the Northeast and the West, 90 percent of resid

53、ents lived in metro areas. Eighty percent of residents in the South were metro area dwellers. The region with the smallest share of residents living in metro areas was the Midwest76 percent of residents lived in metro areas. Metro area populations grew the fastest in the South (8 percent) and the We

54、st (8 percent) and the slowest in the Northeast (2 percent) and the Midwest (3 percent). With a 6 percent increase, the fastest-growing micro area population was in the West. The South followed with a 4 percent gain. The West had the fastest growth for populations outside of CBSAs3 percent.The North

55、easts micro area population experienced an increase of 2 percent. The micro area population increase was slowest in the Midwest (1 percent). This population increased by 2 percent in the Northeast and the South but declined slightly in the Midwest (0.2 percent).Largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas

56、In 2005, 54 percent of the U.S. population lived in the 50 metro areas with populations of 1 million or more. The New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA metropolitan statistical area was the largest metro areacontaining 18.7 million people, as shown in Table 3. U.S. 2005 Population (in M

57、illions) of 15 Largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas Metropolitan Statistical AreaAnnual CensusEstimates of thePopulation(July 1 2005; in Millions)*New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA18.7Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA12.9Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI9.4Philadelphia-Camden

58、-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD5.8Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX5.8Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach, FL5.4Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, TX5.3Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV5.2Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA4.9Detroit-Warren-Livonia, MI4.5Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH4.4San Francisco-Oaklan

59、d-Fremont, CA4.2Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA3.9Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ3.9Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA3.2Total United States296.4Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2006With the exception of the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA metropolitan statistical areawhich was eleventh in 2000 and ninth in

60、 2005each of the ten largest metro areas in 2005 had been among the ten largest metro areas in 2000. New York City, with a population of 8.2 million in 2006, was the largest city in the United States, as shown in the following Table ), Los Angeles (3.8 million) and Chicago (2.8 million) ranked secon