高考英語閱讀主旨題講解及專練

1、高考復(fù)習(xí)干貨之閱讀主旨題 閱讀專題：主旨題解題思路：主旨題分為兩種解法： 但是在解法上，主旨題分為兩種解法： 1）首尾段解法（首段如果太短，就首段+第二段）+尋找中心句法 適用面最廣2）自擬題目法+逆推法 （尤適用于記敘文）兩種解法分別對應(yīng)不同類型的閱讀文章文體。自擬題目法對應(yīng)純記敘文，首尾段法對應(yīng)說明文，議論文（或者說首尾段法對應(yīng)除了記敘文外的其他文體。）其他注意事項備注：注意文中給的漢字注釋。1）首尾段解法（首段如果太短，就首段+第二段）+尋找中心句法 重視首尾段，尤其重視首尾段的中心句。中心句很有可能會 涉及文章中多次提到或核心的關(guān)鍵詞一般做法是：Step 1 看首段有沒有轉(zhuǎn)折詞或者因果

2、順承關(guān)系的詞（but，yet，however，although，thus, therefore等），若有即該句很有可能是主旨句 Step 2 若沒有轉(zhuǎn)折詞，看尾句是否有總結(jié)性的語句，若有，則尾句是. Step 3 若不存在兩種情況，那往往第一句是。 2）自擬題目法+逆推法 （尤適用于記敘文）記敘文的主旨，先把不夠具體比較空泛的選項排除。自擬題目法+逆推法意思是記敘文讀完之后，自己先起一個題目，然后看選項哪個選項和自己的題目最接近。如果不行，就把四個選項當(dāng)成命題作文，想象自己會怎么寫文章，會不會寫成文中那樣。主旨大意題主要考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力，以概括1）中心大意、2）段落大意

3、、3）選擇標(biāo)題及4）判斷作者寫作意圖等形式出現(xiàn)。1）中心大意e.g What can be concluded from the passage?2) 段落大意e.g What is Paragraph _ mainly about?3）選擇標(biāo)題e.g What could be the best title for the passage？4）判斷作者寫作意圖e.g What is the authors intention of writing this passage?1）中心大意2013年天津高考 D篇When asked about happiness, we usually thi

4、nk of something extraordinary, an absolute delight, which seems to get rarer the older we get.For kids, happiness has a magical quality. Their delight at winning a race or getting a new bike is unreserved(毫無掩飾的).In the teenage years the concept of happiness changes. Suddenly its conditional on such

5、things as excitement, love and popularity. I can still recall the excitement of being invited to dance with the most attractive boy at the school party.In adulthood the things that bring deep joy love, marriage, birthalso bring responsibility and the risk of loss. For adults, happiness is complicate

6、d(復(fù)雜的).My definition of happiness is “the capacity for enjoyment”. The more we can enjoy what we have, the happier we are. Its easy to overlook the pleasure we get form the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, and even good health. I experienced my little moments of pleasure yest

7、erday. First I was overjoyed when I shut the last lunch-box and had the house to myself. Then I spent an uninterrupted morning writing, which I love. When the kids and my husband came home, I enjoyed their noise after the quiet of the day.Psychologists tell us that to be happy we need a mix of enjoy

8、able leisure time and satisfying work. I dont think that my grandmother, who raised 14 children, had much of either. She did have a network of close friends and family, and maybe this is what satisfied her.We, however, with so many choices and such pressure to succeed in every area, have turned happ

9、iness into one more thing weve got to have. Were self-conscious about our “right” to it that its making us miserable. So we chase it and equal it with wealth and success, without noticing that the people who have those things arent necessarily happier.Happiness isnt about what happens to usits about

10、 how we see what happens to us. Its the skillful way of finding a positive for every negative. Its not wishing for what we dont have, but enjoying what we do possess.What can be concluded from the passage?A. Happiness lies between the positive and negative. B. Each man is the master of his own fate.

11、 C. Success leads to happiness. D. Happy is he who is content.答案：D 這個主旨比較簡單，整篇文章都在說幸福，首尾段聯(lián)系起來，可以選D。2) 段落大意2018-2019年高三英語周報Recently researchers studied spiders and had new discovers. The team, led by Dr. Nabawy，was trying to unlock the secrets behind the jumping spiders extraordinarily high jumps to

12、catch the prey(獵物). A better understanding of the secrets behind their jumps would help experts develop more efficient jumping robots.While obtaining the test spiders from a pet shop was easy enough, training them to jump on demand so that the precise movements could be recorded was challenging.3 Si

13、nce spiders eat only once a week, attracting them with food would result in just a single jump every seven days. The researchers, therefore, decided to try to train the spiders to jump by physically moving them back and forth between two moveable platforms, which could be adjusted to different level

14、s and distance. They hoped that once the spiders became familiar with the challenge, they would try to attempt it by themselves. Eventually, one spider, Kim, decided to cooperate.Whats Paragraph 3 mainly about?A. The jumping characteristic of spiders B.The precise movements of spiders.C.The efforts

15、to attract spiders to jump for food D.The training process of spiders jumping on demand.答案：D therefore表示遞進，由此找到第三段中心句，根據(jù)中心句選出正確答案。3）選擇標(biāo)題2013年天津高考 C篇Poet William Stafford once said that we are defined more by the detours (繞行路) in life than by the narrow road toward goals. I like this image. But it wa

16、s quite by accident that I discovered the deep meaning of his words.For years we made the long drive from our home in Seattle to my parents home in Boise in nine hours. We traveled the long way most people do: the fastest, shortest, easiest road, especially when I was alone with four noisy, restless

17、 kids who hate confinement(限制) and have strong opinions about everything.Road trips felt risky, so I would drive fast, stopping only when I had to. We would stick to the freeways and arrive tired.But then Banner, our lamb was born. He was rejected by his mama days before our planned trip to Boise. I

18、 had two choices: leave Banner with husband, or take him with me. My husband made the decision for me.That is how I found myself on the road with four kids, a baby lamb and nothing but my everlasting optimism to see me through. We took the country roads out of necessity. We had to stop every hour, l

19、et Banner shake out his legs and feed him. The kids chased him and one another. Theyd get back in the car breathless and energized, smelling fresh from the cold air.We explored side roads, catching grasshoppers in waist-high grass. Even if we simply looked out of the car windows at baby pigs followi

20、ng their mother, or fish leaping out of the water, it was better than the ride down the freeway. Here was life. And new horizons (見識).We eventually arrived at my parents doorstep astonishingly fresh and full of stories. I grew brave with the trip back home and creative with my disciplining technique

21、. On an empty section of road, everyone started quarreling. I stopped the car, ordered all kids out and told them to meet me up ahead. I parked my car half a mile away and read my book in sweet silence.Some road trips are by necessity fast and straight. But that trip with Banner opened our eyes to a

22、 world available to anyone adventurous enough to wander around and made me realize that a detour may uncover the best part of a journeyand the best part of yourself.What could be the best title for the passage?A. Charm of the DetourB. The Road to BraveryC. Creativity out of NecessityD. Road Trip and

23、 Country Life答案：A 聯(lián)系首尾段能得出正確答案2017年天津高考 C篇This month，Germanys transport minister，Alexander Dobrindt，proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主駕駛車輛)They would define the drivers role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.The proposal attemp

24、ts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles：the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.Dobrindt wants three things：that a car always chooses property(財產(chǎn)) damage over personal injury；that it never distinguishes b

25、etween humans based on age or race；and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheelto check email，saythe cars maker is responsible if there is a crash.“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving，” says Dobrindt.It will put fully driverless cars on an eq

26、ual legal footing to human drivers，he says.Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers，consumers and lawyers.“The liability(法律責(zé)任) issue is the biggest one of them all，”says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds，UK.An assumption behind UK insurance for drive

27、rless cars，introduced earlier this year，insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment.But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars.“When you say driverless cars，people expect driverless cars，”Merat says.“You knowno driver.”Because of the

28、 confusion，Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation.Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own，says Ryan Calo at Stanford University，California.That is happening in the UK and Singapore，where go

29、vernment-provided driverless vehicles are being launched.That would go down poorly in the US，however.“The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here，”says Calo.What could be the best title for the passage?AAutonomous Dri

30、ving：Whose Liability? BFully Automatic Cars：A New BreakthroughCAutonomous Vehicles：Driver Removed! DDriverless Cars：Root of Road Accidents答案：A 聯(lián)系首尾段能得出答案，但是首尾段較難懂，可以多關(guān)注文中標(biāo)明的漢字，就能明白全文再說什么。2016年四川高考 D篇A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good nights sleep.B

31、ut now a study has found it really does help people nod offif it is milked from a cow at night.Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin(褪黑激素)，which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.The study，by researchers from Seoul，South Korea，involved mice

32、 being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.Those given night milk，which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin，were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime，according to the study published in The Journal of

33、Medicinal Food.Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now，taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.Previous studies

34、have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content，which helps people to relax.Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening.The more fat you take in befor

35、e bedtime，the greater burden you will put on your body at night.What can be a suitable title for the text?ANight Milk and Sleep BFat，Sugar and Health CAn Experiment on Mice DMilk Drinking and Health答案：A 聯(lián)系首尾段能得出答案4）判斷作者寫作意圖2013年天津高考 B篇Last nights meteor (流星) shower left many people in the community

36、dissatisfied and demanding answers. According to Gabe Rothschild, Emerald Valleys mayor, people gathered in the suburbs of the city, carrying heavy telescopes, expecting to watch the brightly burning meteors passing through the sky. What they found instead was a sky so brightened by the citys lights

37、 that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead. “My family was so frustrated,” admitted town resident Duane Cosby, “We wanted to make this an unforgettable family outing, but it turned out to be a huge disappointment.” Astronomersscientists who study stars and planetshave been complaini

38、ng about this problem for decades. They say that light pollution prevents them from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past. They call on people and the government to take measures to fight against it. There is yet a population besides professional and amateur star obs

39、ervers that suffers even more from light pollution. This population consists of birds, bats, frogs, snakes, etc. For example, outdoor lighting severely affects migrating (遷徙的) birds. According to the International Dark-Sky Association, “100 million birds a year throughout North America die in crashe

40、s with lighted buildings and towers.” Countless more animal casualties (傷亡) result from the use of artificial lighting. Clearly, people enjoy the benefits of lighting their evenings. But some scientists think it can be harmful for humans, too. They worry that exposure to light while sleeping can inc

41、rease a persons chances of getting cancer. Emerald Valley is only one community that is becoming aware of the negative effects of light pollution. For years, Flagstaff, Arizona, has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory. Similar efforts ha

42、ve been made worldwide, and a movement is underway to remind us to turn off lights when we are not using them, so that other creatures can share the night.What message does the author most want to give us?A. Saving wildlife is saving ourselves.B. Great efforts should be made to save energy.C. Human

43、activities should be environmentally friendly.D. New equipment should be introduced for space study.答案：C 聯(lián)系首尾段能得出答案。2018年天津高考D篇Give yourself a test. Which way is the wind blowing? How many kinds of wildflowers can be seen from your front door? If your awareness is as sharp as it could be, youll have

44、 no trouble answering these questions.Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A childs day is filled with fascination, newness and wonder. Curiosity gave us all a natural awareness. But distinctions that were sharp to us as children become unclear; we are numb(麻木的) to new sti

45、mulation(刺激), new ideas. Relearning the art of seeing the world around us is quite simple, although it takes practice and requires breaking some bad habits.The first step in awakening senses is to stop predicting what we are going to see and feel before it occurs. This blocks awareness. One chilly n

46、ight when I was hiking in the Rocky Mountains with some students, I mentioned that we were going to cross a mountain stream. The students began complaining about how cold it would be. We reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked ahead. They were almost knee-deep when they realized it was a hot

47、 spring. Later they all admitted theyd felt cold water at first.Another block to awareness is the obsession(癡迷) many of us have with naming things. I saw bird watchers who spotted a bird, immediately looked it up in field guides, and said, a ruby-crowned kinglet and checked it off. They no longer pa

48、id attention to the bird and never learned what it was doing.The pressures of time and destination are further blocks to awareness. I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to wander a bit, to take a

49、 moment to see whats around them. I asked them what theyd seen. Oh, a few birds, they said. They seemed bent on their destinations.Nature seems to unfold to people who watch and wait. Next time you take a walk, no matter where it is, take in all the sights, sounds and sensations. Wander in this fram

50、e of mind and you will open a new dimension to your life. In the passage, the author intends to tell us we should _.A. fill our senses to feel the wonders of the world B. get rid of some bad habits in our daily lifeC. open our mind to new things and ideas D. try our best to protect nature答案：A 聯(lián)系首尾段能

51、得出答案。2014年天津高考 D篇People arent walking any moreif they can figure out a way to avoid it.I felt superior about this matter until the other day I took my car to mail a small parcel. The journey is a matter of 281 steps. But I used the car. And I wasnt in ay hurry, either, I had merely become one more v

52、ictim of a national sickness: motorosis.It is an illness to which I had thought myself immune(免疫的), for I was bred in the tradition of going to places on my own two legs. At that time, we regarded 25 miles as good days walk and the ability to cover such a distance in ten hours as sign of strength an

53、d skill. It did not occur to us that walking was a hardship. And the effect was lasting. When I was 45 years old I raced and beata teenage football player the 168 steps up the Stature of Liberty.Such enterprises today are regarded by many middle-aged persons as bad for the heart. But a well-known Br

54、itish physician, Sir Adolphe Abrhams, pointed out recently that hearts and bodies need proper is more likely to have illnesses than one who exercises regularly. And wlaking is an ideal form of exercise the most familiar and natural of all.It was Henry Thoreau who showed mankind the richness of going

55、 on foot. The man walking can learn the trees, flower, insects, birds and animals, the significance of seasons, the very feel of himself as a living creature in a living world, He cannot learn in a car.The car is a convenient means of transport, but we have made it our way of life. Many people dont

56、dare to approach Nature any more; to them the world they were born to enjoy is all threat. To them security is a steel river thundering on a concrete road. And much of their thinking takes place while waiting for the traffic light to turn green.I say that the green of forests is the minds best light

57、. And none but the man on foot can evaluate what is basic and everlasting.What is the authors intention of writing this passage?A. To tell people to reflect more on life. B. To recommend people to give up drivingC. To advise people to do outdoor activities D. To encourage people to return to walking

58、答案：D 聯(lián)系首尾段能得出正確答案2）自擬題目法+逆推法 （尤適用于記敘文）為了更好地減小難度，我們一般用排除法先排除錯誤選項。怎么排除？2014年天津高考 C篇“Dad,” I say one day .take a trip. Why dont you fly and meet me?”My father had just reired. His job filled his day, his thought, his life. While he woke up and took a warm shower, I screamed under a freezing waterfall P

59、eru. While he tied a tie and put on the same Swiss watch, I rowed a boat across Lake of the Ozarks.My father sees me drfting aimlessly, nothing to show for my 33 years but a passport full of funny stamps. He wants me to settle down, but now I want him to find an adventure.He agrees to travel with me

60、 through the national parks. We meet four weeks later in Rapid City.“ What is our first stop?” asks my father.“What time is it?”“Still dont have a watch?”Less than an hour away is Mount Rushmore. As he stares up at the four Presidents carved in granite(花崗巖), his mouth and eyes open slowly, like thos