(環(huán)境管理)中國的環(huán)境保護(hù)問題

1、中國的環(huán)境保護(hù)問題（英漢對照）中國政府十分重視因人口增長和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展而出現(xiàn)的環(huán)境問題，把保護(hù)環(huán)境作為提高人民生活水平和生活質(zhì)量的一個重要方面。為了促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會與環(huán)境的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展，中國在80年代制定并實施了一系列保護(hù)環(huán)境的方針、政策、法律和措施。TheChinesegovernmenthaspaidgreatattentiontotheenvironmentalissuesarisingfromthecountryspopulationgrowthandeconomicdevelopment,andhasmadeprotectingtheenvironmentanimportantaspectof

2、theimprovementofthepeopleslivingstandardsandqualityoflife.Inordertopromotecoordinateddevelopmentbetweentheeconomy,thesocietyandtheenvironment,Chinaenactedandimplementedaseriesofprinciples,policies,lawsandmeasuresforenvironmentalprotectioninthe1980s.確立環(huán)境保護(hù)為中國的一項基本國策。防治環(huán)境污染和生態(tài)破壞以及合理開發(fā)利用自然資源關(guān)系到國家的全局利益和

3、長遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展，中國政府堅定不移地貫徹執(zhí)行環(huán)境保護(hù)這項基本國策。-MakingenvironmentalprotectiononeofChinasbasicnationalpolicies.Thepreventionandcontrolofenvironmentalpollutionandecologicaldestructionandtherationalexploitationandutilizationofnaturalresourcesareofvitalimportancetothecountrysoverallinterestsandlong-termdevelopment.TheChi

4、nesegovernmentisunswervinglycarryingoutthebasicnationalpolicyofenvironmentalprotection.制定經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)、城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)和環(huán)境建設(shè)同步規(guī)劃、同步實施、同步發(fā)展，實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、社會效益、環(huán)境效益相統(tǒng)一的指導(dǎo)方針，實行“預(yù)防為主，防治結(jié)合”、“誰污染，誰治理”和“強(qiáng)化環(huán)境管理”三大政策。-Formulatingtheguidingprinciplesofsimultaneousplanning,simultaneousimplementationandsimultaneousdevelopmentforeconomicco

5、nstruction,urbanandruralconstructionandenvironmentalconstruction,andcombiningtheeconomicreturnswithsocialeffectsandenvironmentalbenefits;andcarryingoutthethreemajorpoliciesofpreventionfirstandcombiningpreventionwithcontrol,makingthecauserofpollutionresponsiblefortreatingitandintensifyingenvironmenta

6、lmanagement.頒布實施環(huán)境保護(hù)的法律法規(guī)，把環(huán)境保護(hù)建立在法制的基礎(chǔ)上，不斷完善環(huán)境法律體系，嚴(yán)格執(zhí)法程序，加大執(zhí)法力度，保證環(huán)境法律法規(guī)的有效實施。-Promulgatingandputtingintoeffectlawsandregulationsregardingenvironmentalprotectionandplacingenvironmentalprotectiononalegalfooting,continuouslyimprovingthestatutesconcerningtheenvironment,formulatingstrictlaw-enforcemen

7、tproceduresandincreasingtheintensityoflawenforcementsoastoensuretheeffectiveimplementationoftheenvironmentallawsandregulations.堅持環(huán)境保護(hù)納入國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展計劃，實施國家指導(dǎo)下的宏觀調(diào)控與管理，逐步增加對環(huán)境保護(hù)的投入，使環(huán)境保護(hù)與各項建設(shè)事業(yè)統(tǒng)籌兼顧，協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。-Persistinginincorporatingenvironmentalprotectionintotheplansfornationaleconomicandsocialdevelopment,i

8、ntroducingtoitmacroregulationandmanagementunderstateguidance,andgraduallyincreasingenvironmentalprotectioninputsoastogivesimultaneousconsiderationtoenvironmentalprotectionandotherundertakingsandensuretheircoordinateddevelopment.建立健全各級政府的環(huán)境保護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu)，形成比較完善的環(huán)境管理體制，充分發(fā)揮環(huán)境監(jiān)督管理的作用。-Establishingandimprovingenv

9、ironmentalprotectionorganizationsundergovernmentsatalllevels,formingarathercompleteenvironmentalcontrolsystem,andbringingintofullplaythegovernmentsroleinenvironmentalsupervisionandadministration.加速環(huán)境科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步。加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)理論研究，組織科技攻關(guān)，開發(fā)和推廣防治環(huán)境污染的實用技術(shù)，扶植環(huán)境保護(hù)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展，初步形成了環(huán)境保護(hù)科研體系。-Acceleratingprogressinenvironment

10、alscienceandtechnology.Strengtheningresearchintobasictheories,organizingthetacklingofkeyscientificandtechnologicalproblems,developingandpopularizingpraciticaltechnologyforenvironmentalpollutionpreventionandcontrol,fosteringthegrowthofenvironmentalprotectionindustries,andgivinginitialshapetoanenviron

11、mentalprotectionscientificresearchsystem.開展環(huán)境宣傳教育，提高全民族的環(huán)境意識。廣泛進(jìn)行環(huán)境宣傳，逐步普及中小學(xué)環(huán)境教育，發(fā)展環(huán)境保護(hù)在職教育和專業(yè)教育，培養(yǎng)環(huán)境科學(xué)技術(shù)和管理方面的專門人才。-Carryingoutenvironmentalpublicityandeducationtoenhancethewholenationsawarenessoftheenvironment.Widelyconductingenvironmentalpublicitywork,graduallypopularizingenvironmentaleducationi

12、nsecondaryandprimaryschools,developingon-the-jobeducationinenvironimentalprotectionandvocationaleducation,andtrainingspecializedpersonnelinenvironmentalscienceandtechnologyaswellasenvironmentaladministration.推進(jìn)環(huán)境保護(hù)領(lǐng)域的國際合作。積極發(fā)展同世界各國和國際組織在環(huán)境與發(fā)展方面的交流與合作，認(rèn)真履行國際環(huán)境公約，努力發(fā)揮中國在國際環(huán)境事務(wù)中的作用。-Promotinginternatio

13、nalcooperationinthefieldofenvironmentalprotection.Activelyexpandingexchangesandcooperationconcerningtheenvironmentanddevelopmentwithothercountriesandinternationalorganizations,earnestlyimplementinginternationalenvironmentalconventions,andseekingscopeforChinasroleinglobalenvironmentalaffairs.進(jìn)入90年代，國

14、際社會與世界各國在探索解決環(huán)境與發(fā)展問題的道路上邁出了重要一步。1992年6月，聯(lián)合國環(huán)境與發(fā)展大會把可持續(xù)發(fā)展作為未來共同的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，得到了與會各國政府的普遍贊同。Sincethebeginningofthe1990stheinternationalcommunityandvariouscountrieshavemadeanimportantstepforwardinexploringsolutionstoproblemsoftheenvironmentanddevelopment.TheUnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment,h

15、eldinJune1992,madesustainabledevelopmentthestrategyforcommondevelopmentinthefuture,andthiswonwideacclaimfromthegovernmentsofallcountriesrepresentedattheconference.1992年8月，聯(lián)合國環(huán)境與發(fā)展大會之后，中國政府提出了中國環(huán)境與發(fā)展應(yīng)采取的十大對策，明確指出走可持續(xù)發(fā)展道路是當(dāng)代中國以及未來的必然選擇。InAugust1992,shortlyafterthatconference,theChinesegovernmentputfor

16、wardtenmajormeasuresChinawastoadopttoenhanceitsenvironmentanddevelopment,clearlypointingoutthattheroadofsustainabledevelopmentwasalogicalchoiceforChinanowandinthefuture.1994年3月，中國政府批準(zhǔn)發(fā)布了中國21世紀(jì)議程中國21世紀(jì)人口、環(huán)境與發(fā)展白皮書，從人口、環(huán)境與發(fā)展的具體國情出發(fā)，提出了中國可持續(xù)發(fā)展的總體戰(zhàn)略、對策以及行動方案。有關(guān)部門和地方也分別制定了實施可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的行動計劃。InMarch1994theChin

17、esegovernmentapprovedandpromulgatedChinasAgenda21-WhitePaperonChinasPopulation,Environment,andDevelopmentinthe21stCentury.Thisdocument,proceedingfromthecountrysspecificnationalconditionsinthesethreerespects,putforwardChinasoverallstrategy,measuresandprogramofactionforsustainabledevelopment.Thevariou

18、sdepartmentsandlocalitiesalsoworkedouttheirrespectiveplansofactiontoimplementthestrategyforsustainabledevelopment.1996年3月，第八屆全國人民代表大會第四次會議審議通過的中華人民共和國國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展九五計劃和2010年遠(yuǎn)景目標(biāo)綱要，把實施可持續(xù)發(fā)展作為現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的一項重大戰(zhàn)略，使可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略在中國經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)和社會發(fā)展過程中得以實施。AtitsFourthSessioninMarch1996ChinasEighthNationalPeoplesCongressexamineda

19、ndadoptedtheNinthFive-YearPlanofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopmentandtheOutlineoftheLong-TermTargetfortheYear2010.BoththePlanandOutlinetakesustainabledevelopmentasanimportantstrategyformodernization,thusmakingitpossiblefortheimplementationofthestrategyofsustainabledevel

20、opmentinthecourseofChinaseconomicconstructionandsocialdevelopment.二、逐步完善的法律體系與管理體制中國重視環(huán)境法制建設(shè)，目前已經(jīng)形成了以中華人民共和國憲法為基礎(chǔ)，以中華人民共和國環(huán)境保護(hù)法為主體的環(huán)境法律體系。中華人民共和國憲法規(guī)定：“國家保護(hù)和改善生活環(huán)境和生態(tài)環(huán)境，防治污染和其他公害?！薄皣冶Ｕ献匀毁Y源的合理利用，保護(hù)珍貴的動物和植物。禁止任何組織或者個人用任何手段侵占或者破壞自然資源。”中華人民共和國環(huán)境保護(hù)法是中國環(huán)境保護(hù)的基本法。該法確立了經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)、社會發(fā)展與環(huán)境保護(hù)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的基本方針，規(guī)定了各級政府、一切單位和個人

21、保護(hù)環(huán)境的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。中國針對特定的環(huán)境保護(hù)對象制定頒布了多項環(huán)境保護(hù)專門法以及與環(huán)境保護(hù)相關(guān)的資源法，包括：水污染防治法、大氣污染防治法、固體廢物污染環(huán)境防治法、海洋環(huán)境保護(hù)法、森林法、草原法、漁業(yè)法、礦產(chǎn)資源法、土地管理法、水法、野生動物保護(hù)法、水土保持法、農(nóng)業(yè)法等。中國政府還制定了噪聲污染防治條例、自然保護(hù)區(qū)條例、放射性同位素與射線裝置放射防護(hù)條例、化學(xué)危險品安全管理條例、淮河流域水污染防治暫行條例、海洋石油勘探開發(fā)環(huán)境保護(hù)管理條例、海洋傾廢管理條例、陸生野生動物保護(hù)實施條例、風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)管理暫行條例、基本農(nóng)田保護(hù)條例、城市綠化條例等30多件環(huán)境保護(hù)行政法規(guī)。此外，各有關(guān)部門還發(fā)布了大量的

22、環(huán)境保護(hù)行政規(guī)章。中國地方人民代表大會和地方人民政府為實施國家環(huán)境保護(hù)法律，結(jié)合本地區(qū)的具體情況，制定和頒布了600多項環(huán)境保護(hù)地方性法規(guī)。環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是中國環(huán)境法律體系的一個重要組成部分，包括環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、環(huán)境基礎(chǔ)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、樣品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和方法標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分為國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和地方標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。到1995年底，中國頒布了364項各類國家環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。中國法律規(guī)定，環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)屬于強(qiáng)制性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，違反強(qiáng)制性環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，必須承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的法律責(zé)任。在建立健全環(huán)境法律體系的過程中，中國把環(huán)境執(zhí)法放在與環(huán)境立法同等重要的位置，連續(xù)4年開展了全國環(huán)境執(zhí)法檢查，對污染和破壞環(huán)境的行為進(jìn)行嚴(yán)肅查

23、處，對環(huán)境違法犯罪行為進(jìn)行嚴(yán)厲打擊。中國十分重視人民群眾和新聞輿論對環(huán)境違法行為的監(jiān)督，開辟了人民群眾反映環(huán)境問題的渠道，加強(qiáng)了新聞媒介對環(huán)境違法行為的揭露和曝光。應(yīng)該指出的是，中國的環(huán)境法制建設(shè)還需要進(jìn)一步完善，如某些方面存在著立法空白、有些法律的內(nèi)容需要補(bǔ)充和修改、有法不依、執(zhí)法不嚴(yán)的現(xiàn)象等。因此，繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)環(huán)境法制建設(shè)仍是一項重要的戰(zhàn)略任務(wù)。中國同樣重視環(huán)境管理體制建設(shè)，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)建立起由全國人民代表大會立法監(jiān)督，各級政府負(fù)責(zé)實施，環(huán)境保護(hù)行政主管部門統(tǒng)一監(jiān)督管理，各有關(guān)部門依照法律規(guī)定實施監(jiān)督管理的體制。全國人民代表大會設(shè)有環(huán)境與資源保護(hù)委員會，負(fù)責(zé)組織起草和審議環(huán)境與資源保護(hù)方面的法律草

24、案并提出報告，監(jiān)督環(huán)境與資源保護(hù)方面法律的執(zhí)行，提出同環(huán)境與資源保護(hù)問題有關(guān)的議案，開展與各國議會之間在環(huán)境與資源保護(hù)領(lǐng)域的交往。一些省、市人民代表大會也相應(yīng)設(shè)立了環(huán)境與資源保護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu)。國務(wù)院環(huán)境保護(hù)委員會由國務(wù)院有關(guān)部門的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)成員組成，是國務(wù)院環(huán)境保護(hù)工作的議事和協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)構(gòu)。其主要任務(wù)是：研究和審議國家環(huán)境保護(hù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的方針、政策和措施，指導(dǎo)并協(xié)調(diào)解決有關(guān)的重大環(huán)境問題，監(jiān)督檢查各地區(qū)、各部門貫徹執(zhí)行環(huán)境保護(hù)法律法規(guī)的情況，推動和促進(jìn)全國環(huán)境保護(hù)事業(yè)的發(fā)展。省、市、縣人民政府也相應(yīng)設(shè)立了環(huán)境保護(hù)委員會。國家環(huán)境保護(hù)局是國務(wù)院環(huán)境保護(hù)行政主管部門，對全國環(huán)境保護(hù)工作實施統(tǒng)一監(jiān)督管理。省、市、

25、縣人民政府也相繼設(shè)立了環(huán)境保護(hù)行政主管部門，對本轄區(qū)的環(huán)境保護(hù)工作實施統(tǒng)一監(jiān)督管理。目前，中國縣級以上環(huán)境保護(hù)行政主管部門有2500多個，從事環(huán)境行政管理、監(jiān)測、監(jiān)理、統(tǒng)計、科學(xué)研究、宣傳教育等的總?cè)藬?shù)達(dá)8.8萬人。中國各級政府的綜合部門、資源管理部門和工業(yè)部門也設(shè)立了環(huán)境保護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu)，負(fù)責(zé)相應(yīng)的環(huán)境與資源保護(hù)工作。中國多數(shù)大中型企業(yè)也設(shè)有環(huán)境保護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu)，負(fù)責(zé)本企業(yè)的污染防治以及推行清潔生產(chǎn)。目前，各部門和企業(yè)的各類環(huán)境保護(hù)人員已達(dá)20多萬人。Chinapaysgreatattentiontoenvironmentallegislativeworkandhasnowestablishedanenvi

26、ronmentalstatutoryframeworkthattakestheConstitutionofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaasthefoundationandtheEnvironmentalProtectionLawofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaasthemainbody.TheConstitutionofthePeoplesRepublicofChinastipulates,Thestateprotectsandimprovesthelivingenvironmentandtheecologicalenvironment,andpre

27、ventsandremediespollutionandotherpublichazards,andThestateensurestherationaluseofnaturalresourcesandprotectsrareanimalsandplants.Theappropriationordamageofnaturalresourcesbyanyorganizationorindividualbywhatevermeansisprohibiited.TheEnvironmentalProtectionLawofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaisthecardinalla

28、wforenvironmentalprotectioninChina.Thelawhasestablishedthebasicprincipleforcoordinateddevelopmentbetweeneconomicconstruction,socialprogressandenvironmentalprotection,anddefinedtherightsanddutiesofgovernmentsatalllevels,allunitsandindividualsasregardsenvironmentalprotection.Chinahasenactedandpromulga

29、tedmanyspeciallawsonenvironmentalprotectionaswellaslawsonnaturalresourcesrelatedtoenvironmentalprotection.TheyincludetheLawonthePreventionandControlofWaterPollution,LawonthePreventionandControlofAirPollution,LawonthePreventionandControlofEnvironmentalPollutionbySolidWastes,MarineEnvironmentProtectio

30、nLaw,ForestryLaw,GrasslandLaw,FisheriesLaw,MineralResourcesLaw,LandAdministrationLaw,WaterResourcesLaw,LawontheProtectionofWildAnimals,LawonWaterandSoilConservation,andAgricultureLaw.TheChinesegovernmenthasalsoenactedmorethan30administrativedecreesregardingenvironmentalprotection,includingtheRegulat

31、ionsforthePreventionandControlofNoisePollution,RegulationsonNatureReserves,RegulationsonthePreventionofandProtectionAgainstRadiationfromRadioIsotopesandRadioactiveDevice,RegulationsontheSafeAdministrationofChemicalsandOtherDangerousMaterials,ProvisionalRegulationsonthePreventionandControlofWaterPoll

32、utionintheHuaiheRiverDrainageArea,RegulationsGoverningEnvironmentalProtectionAdministrationinOffshoreOilExplorationandDevelopment,RegulationsontheControlofMarineWastesDumping,RegulationsfortheImplementationoftheProtectionofTerrestrialWildlife,ProivisionalRegulationsontheAdministrationofNationalParks

33、,RegulationsontheProtectionofBasicFarmland,andRegulationsonUrbanAfforestation.Inaddition,departmentsconcernedhavealsoissuedanumberofadministrativerulesanddecreesonenvironmentalprotection.Toimplementthestatesenvironmentalprotectionlawsandregulations,peoplescongressesandpeoplesgovernmentsatlocallevels

34、,proceedingfromspecificconditionsintheirownareas,haveenactedandpromulgatedmorethan600locallawsonenvironmentalprotection.EnvironmentalstandardsareanimportantcomponentofChinasenvironmentalstatutoryframework.Theyincludeenvironmentalqualitystandards,pollutantdischargeoremissionstandards,basicenvironment

35、alcriteria,criteriaforsamples,andcriteriaformethodology.Theenvironmentalqualitystandardsandpollutantdischargeoremissionstandardsaredividedintostatestandardsandlocalstandards.Bytheendof1995,Chinahadpromulgatedstateenvironmentalstandardson364items.AsstipulatedinChineselaw,theenvironmentalqualitystanda

36、rdsandpollutantdischargestandardsarecompulsorystandards,andthosewhoviolatethesecompulsoryenvironmentalstandardsmustbearthecorrespondinglegalresponsibility.Intheprocessofestablishingandimprovingtheenvironmentalstatutoryframework,Chinaattachesequalimportancetoenvironmentallawenforcementandenvironmenta

37、llegislation.Forfouryearsinarow,Chinahasconductednationwidechecksontheenforcementofenvironmentallegislationtoseriouslydealwithactsofpollutinganddamagingtheenvironmentandseverelypunishenvironmentallawviolations.Chinapaysgreatattentiontosupervisionexercisedbythepeopleandmediaoverlaw-breakingactivities

38、regardingtheenvironment-ithasopenedchannelsforthemassesofpeopletoreportonenvironmentalproblemsandadoptedmeasuresforthemediatoexposeenvironmentallaw-breakingactivities.ButitshouldbepointedoutthatChinasenvironmentallegislativeworkneedstobefurtherimproved.Forinstance,someareasstillremainuncovered,somec

39、ontentsareyettobeamendedorrevisedandtherearestillthephenomenaofnotfullyobservingorenforcinglaws.Therefore,tomakecontinuouseffortstostrengthenenvironmentallegislativeworkremainsanimportantstrategictask.Chinaattachesequalimportancetotheestablishmentofanenvironmentaladministrativesystem.Ithasestablishe

40、dasysteminwhichtheNationalPeoplesCongressenactsthelaws,governmentsatdifferentlevelstakeresponsibilityfortheirenforcement,theadministrativedepartmentsinchargeofenvironmentalprotectionexerciseoverallsupervisionandadministrationandthevariousdepartmentsconcernedexercisesupervisionandadministrationaccord

41、ingtothestipulationsofthelaw.TheNationalPeoplesCongresshasestablishedanEnvironmentandResourcesProtectionCommittee,whoseworkitistoorganizetheformulationandexaminationofdraftedlawsrelatedtoenvironmentalandresourcesprotectionandpreparethenecessaryreports,exercisesupervisionovertheenforcementoflawsgover

42、ningenvironmentalandresourcesprotection,putforwardmotionsrelatedtotheissueofenvironmentalandresourcesprotection,andconductexchangeswithparliamentsinothercountriesinthefieldofenvironmentalandresourcesprotection.Thepeoplescongressesofsomeprovincesandcitieshavealsoestablishedcorrespondingenvironmentala

43、ndresourcesprotectionorganizations.TheEnvironmentalProtectionCommitteeundertheStateCouncilismadeupofleadersofvariousrelatedministriesundertheStateCouncil.ItistheStateCouncilsconsultancyandcoordinationagencyforenvironmentalprotectionwork.Itsmajortasksarestudyingandexaminingtheprinciples,policiesandme

44、asuresrelatingtocoordinativedevelopmentofthecountryseconomyandenvironmentalprotection,givingguidancetoandcoordinatingeffortsintacklingmajorenvironmentalproblems,exercisingsupervisionoverandconductingchecksontheimplementationoftheenvironmentalprotectionlawsandregulationsbyvariouslocalitiesanddepartments,