情態(tài)動(dòng)詞方春俞

1、M4U2Grammar-情態(tài)動(dòng)詞特征特征情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有一定詞義，但不完全，不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，須和不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式（ ought 等除外）一起構(gòu)成合成謂語(yǔ)；情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化；情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示可能，能力，允諾，命令，愿望，敢于等情態(tài)。基本形式原形過(guò)去式canmaymustought towillshallneeddarecouldmightmust (or: had to)ought towouldshouldneeddared情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和否定詞not 連用時(shí)的簡(jiǎn)略形式 C.not簡(jiǎn)略形式例句情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can not不能 cantHe cant ski.他不會(huì)滑雪。t be in the cla

2、ssroom. He is in the不可能library. He cancould notcouldnt 不能 ;不I couldnt speak English fluently then.可能may not可能不He may not be at home, Im not sure.must notmustnt 禁止，You mustnt think only of yourselves. 你們不能只想自己。不允許should notshouldnt 不該，We shouldnt be so careless. 我們不應(yīng)當(dāng)這樣粗心大意。不應(yīng)當(dāng)ought tooughtnt 不該，不The

3、re oughtnt to be much noise in a library. 圖書館里不該喧鬧。應(yīng)當(dāng)，理該不will notwont 不愿意I wont do so.我不愿這樣做。would nott 不愿 wouldn 意He wouldnt go to bed before he finished his homework.他在完成作業(yè)以前不愿睡覺。shall not不得， shant不You shant leave your post.你不得離開崗位。該need nott needn不必；沒You neednt go there alone.必要你不必單獨(dú)去那里。dare nott

4、 daren 不敢She darent swim in a river.她不敢在江河游泳。1情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法can /could的用法：用法表示能力表示表示可能性 1) 時(shí)中肯定句表“有會(huì)，可能會(huì)”； 2) 否定句中表“不可能” 3) 疑問句中，只能用 can, could 表可能性例句1. My daughter can speak three languages quite well: Chinese France and English. 我女兒能流利地講三種語(yǔ)言： 中文、法文和英文。 2. Because hewas tired, he couldnt swim across the r

5、iver.1. If we dont have a guide, we can lose our way in the forest 2. We have justbought 50kg of rice. We cant be in short of food.3. Doing exercise alone inthe gym can be very dangerous. 4. Can he come back tonight? 5. Could the boy have been lost in the big city?表示請(qǐng)求，命令，驚訝等Could 用于疑問句中表請(qǐng)求， 語(yǔ)氣較委婉，但

6、肯定回答時(shí)用 can，而不用 could 。1.Can you lend me your bike?你能將自行車借給我嗎？2.You can bring the calculator tomorrow.明天你們要帶計(jì)算器來(lái)。3.How can he be so rude?他怎能這樣無(wú)禮 ?Could you lend me your book? -Certainly, I can. 2. Could you let me have your pass? 看看你的通行證好嗎？說(shuō)明can 和 be able to 都可以表示能力，但它們的過(guò)去式在意義上有點(diǎn)差別，could 偏重于表示某人過(guò)去有某種

7、能力，但并不明確表示某人干了某事，而 was/were able to 則表示過(guò)去某人有能力干某事，實(shí)際上干了某事。另外， be able to 有更多的時(shí)態(tài)形式。如：I was able to (managed to) finish my homework in an hour.2. Chuck has been able to realize that friendship is about feelings and wemust give as much as we take.查克能夠明白這樣的道理：友誼就是感情，我們既要得到關(guān)愛，又須給與別人同樣多的關(guān)愛。may/might的用法：用法

8、表示允許和請(qǐng)求might 在語(yǔ)氣上更委婉。注意疑問句的回答。表示可能性例句1. You may use my camera. 你可以用我的攝像機(jī)。 2. May /Might I come in? Sure. 我可以進(jìn)來(lái)嗎？當(dāng)然可以。 3. - May / Might I watch TV afterfinishing my homework? d better - Yes, you may. / No, you mustnt. / No, you may not. / No, you not.1. She may not be free today.今天她可能沒有空。今晚他可能來(lái)看你。 2.

9、 He might come to see you this evening.用在由 so that 或in order that 引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句中She saved her money in order that she might buy a watch. 為了買塊手表，她節(jié)省錢。 2. I am saving my money so that I may go to Australia next winter.我正在攢錢，以便明年冬天到澳大利亞去。表示祝愿/1. May you have a good time2. May you succeed.表示讓步Try as he may,

10、he cannot find her.表示建議（和 as well1. We may / might as well stay where we are. 2. You may / might as well連用）consult a dictionary.2Must的用法：用法表示必須，必要，mustnt (mustnot) 表示禁止， 不準(zhǔn)表示主語(yǔ)的肯定推“準(zhǔn)測(cè) , “一定”肯定是”，比 may 得多 ; 后面加動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式表示對(duì)過(guò)去事物的推測(cè)后面加動(dòng)詞不定式的進(jìn)行式表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行事物的推測(cè)從句中，表用于 if 非得要”“一定要，表示推測(cè)的否定和疑問結(jié)構(gòu)不能用can must 須用說(shuō)明

11、: 的用法 will/would 用法例句1. You must come to school early enough for the morning class.你必須早晨到校上早讀課。 You mustnt talk to your father like that. 你不能那樣對(duì)你父親講話。 2.y cant be only 30. She must be 50. 1. The lad 2. The old man must be our history teacher. 3. Mike speaks Chinese very well. He must have studied Ch

12、inese before. 4. She must be waiting for us, isnt she?t you?5. You must have seen the film, havent you? 6. You must have seen the film last week, didnt they? 7. His parents may have beaten him, havent have beaten him yesterday, did they? 8. His parents cant he? 9. He must have finished reading the n

13、ovel by yesterday, hadnt she?10. Your mother must have been told the truth just now, wasnll tell you the truth, if you must. I門鎖了， 她一定不在家。 1. The door is locked; she cannot be at home.這消息可能是真的嗎？2. Can the news be true?而 must 著重說(shuō)話人的主觀看法，have to 都可以表示必須，但和musthave to 有多種時(shí)態(tài)形式。如：強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要。另外， have to 1. We

14、 mustlearn at least a foreign language well.我們必須學(xué)好至少一門外語(yǔ)。2.Mother was ill, so I had to look after her at home.母親病了，我得在家照顧她。例句用于各種人稱， 表示意愿、意志或決 if 條件可用于心 ; 句中1. I will do anything my country asks me to do.我決心做祖國(guó)需要我做的任何事。 2. Xiao Hong said that she would help me with my maths. learn how to you some ad

15、vice on give me, you 3. If will listen to IllEnglish 用于第二人稱的疑1. Will you give this note to Tom as soon as he comes back?問句，表示征求對(duì)方湯姆一回來(lái)，你把便條給他，好嗎？2. Would you mind explaining it again?的意見或向?qū)Ψ降恼?qǐng)你能再解釋一遍好嗎？請(qǐng)求。 Would比更委婉客氣些 willwill 表示現(xiàn)在的某沒有水魚就會(huì)死。 1. Fish will die without water.慣習(xí)向傾種或。去2. They will have

16、a party every Saturday evening.3. He would go for a walk過(guò)示表 Would習(xí)慣every evening when he stayed at the hotel.發(fā)生的動(dòng)作當(dāng)他位住在旅館的那段時(shí)間，他有每天傍晚散步的習(xí)慣。3would like “愿意，要”“寧 would rather 愿，較喜歡”我愿意聽聽你的意見。1. I would like to hear your opinions.你愿不愿意和我一起聊天？2. Would you like to have a chat with me?1. I would rather st

17、ay at home than go to the cinema.他喜歡茶。2. Hewould rather have tea.我寧愿不去參加音樂會(huì)。3. I would rather not goto the concert.說(shuō)明表示這種習(xí)慣現(xiàn)在已used to 和 used to 都表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣，但would后只能用動(dòng)作后面可用狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞，而would 停止， used to1. I used to smoke heavily, but I dont any more.動(dòng)詞。 2. He would go tosee his grandfather on Sunday when

18、 he was in middle他中學(xué)時(shí)星期天常去看望祖父。school.本曾經(jīng)是一桿老煙槍。3. Ben used to be a heavy smoke.shall/should的用法：用法例句表示說(shuō)話者Shall(的意圖、許諾、警決心等，告、命令、用于陳述句第二、 必須，三人稱中 ) 應(yīng)你不得離開崗位。 （命令）1. You shall not leave your post.不久你就會(huì)見到她。（允諾） 2. You shall see her again before long. 3. You shall go to the front at once (命令 ) You shall

19、 get the answer this very afternoon （允諾） 4. Dont worry (5. He shall be sorry one day I tell you 警告 ) ) (決心 6. Nothing shall stop us from fighting against pollution表示強(qiáng)烈意 shall (志和不可避免性，用于陳述句第一、)一定第三人稱1. We shall have to be ready. 我們一定得準(zhǔn)備好。 2. He is determined that nothing shall stop him. 他已下定決心什么也阻擋不

20、了他。在條約、規(guī) (shall 章、法令等文件中表示義務(wù)或規(guī)定， 人三用于第一般 應(yīng)，必須稱 )在問句中表 (shall 示征求對(duì)方意見， 主要用于第一、第好 ) 三人稱嗎？要不要？（表示義務(wù) should 責(zé)任）應(yīng)當(dāng)，應(yīng)該have doneshould含責(zé)備之意should（表示語(yǔ)氣較強(qiáng)的假設(shè)）萬(wàn)一 ,竟然（表示可能should性、推測(cè)、推論） 理該可能 ,4should（表示委婉、謙遜）可 , 倒（用于表示 should 必要、適當(dāng)、驚奇、遺憾等的從句中） 應(yīng)該；竟然會(huì)用于表示 should ( 建議、命令、決定 , ) 應(yīng)該等的從句中必須的用法 ought to用法should/ oug

21、ht to 都表示義務(wù)、責(zé)任。ought to 的語(yǔ)氣要更強(qiáng)一些The new regulation shall take effect on June 1st.月 1 日起施行。新章程自6The shares of the company shall be divided among the family members. 這家公司的股份應(yīng)在該家族成員間分配。1. Shall I close the door?要不要我把門關(guān)上？2. Lets go to the cinema, shallwe?我們?nèi)タ措娪昂脝?？go my Rosetheyshehe Shall3. I/we/ /Tom /

22、 /brother to the )(？ concert with you thisevening征求意見t be so careless. 1. You shouldn 你不應(yīng)該這樣粗心大意。 2. He should have told me the news earlier. 他本來(lái)應(yīng)該早些告訴我這消息。1. If he should fail to come, ask Jack to work in his place.meeting tomorrow), the it或 If should rain tomorrow 2. Should it rain (萬(wàn)一明天下雨，會(huì)議就延期。w

23、ould be postponed.1.They should have arrived in Beijing by this time.他們這是該已到北京了。2.The report is written after careful investigation, so it should be reliable.這份報(bào)告是經(jīng)過(guò)周密調(diào)查寫成的，所以該是可靠的。我想跟你談一談。1. I should like to have a talk with you.據(jù)我看，你可搞錯(cuò)了。2. You are mistaken, I should say.1. It is proper that no ha

24、sty decision should be made.不應(yīng)當(dāng)做出匆促的決定。2. It is astonishing that we should find violence here.我們這兒竟然有暴力行為，真令人震驚。1. He suggested that we should make better use of the school library.他建議我們應(yīng)該更好地使用學(xué)校圖書館。2. The young doctor proposed that heshould try the experiment on himself.青年醫(yī)生建議在他自己身上做實(shí)驗(yàn)。例句1. You oug

25、ht to be attentive at class. 你在課上應(yīng)當(dāng)思想集中。 He oughtnt to be so careless in his work. 2.他在工作中不應(yīng)該如比粗心大意。have doneought to1. I ought to have washed my clothes last night.我昨晚就應(yīng)當(dāng)洗衣服了。t to表示過(guò)去該做而未have wasted so much time. 2. You oughtn你不該浪費(fèi)這么多時(shí)間。做的事， ought nothave done 則表 to示一件不該做的事情發(fā)生了的用法： need/dare 用法need

26、 作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞常用于否定句或疑問句中，做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞不受限制后面跟動(dòng)詞不 need 定式的完成式， 用在否定句中，表示做了本來(lái)不必做的 動(dòng)作作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞常 dare 用于否定句或疑問句中，做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞不受限制例句1. - Need I go with you to the market?( 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 )-No, you neednt. Ill manage all by myself./ Yes, you must.2. Tom doesnt need to come to the meeting tomorrow. (實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 )湯姆不必明天來(lái)參加會(huì)議。Your elder brother need

27、not have come last night.你哥哥昨天晚上本來(lái)無(wú)需來(lái)的。need not have come指來(lái)了，但實(shí)際不必來(lái)did not needto come則表示不必來(lái)，實(shí)際上沒有來(lái)The girl dare not go out at night. （情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）Dare you climb such a steep cliff?He doesnt dare to cross the river. （實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）m unfair?I4. How dare you say5情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 have done用法例句( 表陳述 ) 表推測(cè)時(shí)： may/might have1. - I di

28、dnt see Mary at the meeting yesterday.-Shedone（語(yǔ)氣不肯定）過(guò)去可能做了某事might have been ill, I guess. 2. The streets are all dry. Itcant/couldnt have done sth. （語(yǔ)氣肯定）couldnt have rained過(guò)去不可能做了某事（語(yǔ)氣肯定）mustduring the night. 3. The streets are all wet; it must havehave done sth.過(guò)去一定是發(fā)生某事了應(yīng)rained during the night.

29、 4 I hardly imagine such a該已做完某 sth. should have done 事；竟gentleman should have然做了某事（表驚訝）been so rude to the old lady. 5. They should have arrivedin Beijing by this time.表責(zé)備時(shí)：（表虛擬） might have done sth.1. He might have given you more help, even though過(guò)去本可能做而未做could have donehe was very busy. 2. - Did

30、you listen to the speech?sth. 過(guò)去本能做而未做should have done- No, we could have attended it. But we had a lotsth. 過(guò)去本該做而未做ought to haveof traffic on our way. 3. The plan is dead. Maybe I shoulddone sth. 過(guò)去本應(yīng)該做而未做neednthave given more water. 4. Your brothers failed in Englishhave done sth. 過(guò)去本不必做卻做了again.

31、You ought tohave given him more help. 5. - Mr. Smith didnt comelast night, did he?- No. We neednt have waited for him. A wholenight was wasted.表意愿時(shí)：（表虛擬）would have done sth.1.If you had come five minutes earlier, you would想做而未做，本可以做而未做would likehave seen the famous star.to have done sth. 想做而未做would2

32、.I would like to have gone to your help, but I was toorather have done sth.busy. 3. The film was a bore. I would rather have stayed寧愿做某事而未做at home.語(yǔ)法練習(xí)一、單項(xiàng)選擇1.You didnt go to the party yesterday, or I _ you.A. would seeB. could seeC. might have seenD. might see2.He _ at the meeting this morning. He

33、was in hospital then.A. cant have spokenB. mustnt have spokenC. shouldnt have spokenD. neednt have spoken3.He must be in the classroom, _ he?A. cantB. mustnt heC. isntD. neednt4.You _ have brought your camera. They all had theirs with them.A. couldntB. needntC. wouldntD. mustnt65.My little son _ out

34、 alone at night.A. dares not goB. dares not to goC. dare not to goD. doesnt dare to go6.At last he _ finish the work ahead of time.A. couldB. was able toC. could be able toD. can be able to7.There must be some soldiers hidden in the forest. _ any behind the church?A. Must there beB. Should there beC. May there beD. Can there be8.If anybody _ to see me, say that I shall be back soon.A. would be comeB. comesC. cameD. should come Could I have a word with you?Yes, _.A. you canB. you couldC. you mustD. you should10. I told him how to get here, but perhaps I _ for him.A. had to draw a