考研考博-英語-山東師范大學(xué)押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-山東師范大學(xué)押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第壹套一.全考點押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題

Iamboredbyyour______talk.

問題1選項

A.insane

B.insipid

C.intrepid

D.invalid

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項insane“瘋狂的，精神病的”，B項insipid“無味的，清淡的”，C項intrepid“無畏的，勇敢的”，D項invalid“無效的，有病的”。由bored（感到厭倦的）可知，______talk中的空格表示“無味的”符合語境。句意：我對你枯燥無味的談話感到厭煩。因此，該題選擇B項。

2.單選題

Everyyear,onestudentinourhighschoolwinsscholarshipthat（

）oneyearofcollege.

問題1選項

A.improves

B.subsidizes

C.obliges

D.inflicts

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。improve意為“提高”；subsidize意為“資助，津貼，行賄”；oblige意為“強制，強迫”；inflict意為“造成，遭受”。

句意：每年，我們學(xué)校都會有一名學(xué)生獲得獎學(xué)金作為大學(xué)的津貼。

3.單選題

Wordhadcomefromthemanager______anewtransactionwouldbeconcluded.

問題1選項

A.who

B.that

C.which

D.when

【答案】B

【解析】【試題解析】考查同位語從句。句意：經(jīng)理傳出消息說將達成一筆新交易。橫線前后都是完整的句子，結(jié)合橫線后面的句子對word進行補充說明，確定橫線后面為同位語從句，that引導(dǎo)同位語從句，B選項that符合題意。C選項which不引導(dǎo)同位語從句，A選項who和D選項when不符合語境。因此B選項正確。

4.單選題

Mygrandmotherhasbeengoingtoabetterdentist,sothis（）problemssheishavingwithherdentures.

問題1選項

A.won’teliminate

B.willbeelimination

C.shouldhavebeeneliminated

D.shouldhelpeliminate

【答案】D

【解析】句意：我的祖母一直在看牙醫(yī)，所以這應(yīng)該有助于解決她的假牙問題。should表示有較大可能實現(xiàn)的推測，且根據(jù)句意可知，這里時態(tài)應(yīng)該為一般現(xiàn)在時，所以選項D正確。

5.不定項選擇題

Desertificationisthedegradationofonce-productivelandintounproductiveorpoorlyproductiveland.Sincethefirstgreaturban-agriculturalcentersinMesopotamianearly6,000yearsago,humanactivityhashadadestructiveimpactonsoilquality,leadingtogradualdesertificationinvirtuallyeveryareaoftheworld.

Itisacommonmisconceptionthatdesertificationiscausedbydroughts.Althoughdroughtdoesmakelandmorevulnerable,well-managedlandcansurvivedroughtsandrecover,eveninaridregions.Anothermistakenbeliefisthattheprocessoccursonlyalongtheedgesofdeserts.Infact,itmaytakeplaceinanyaridorsemiaridregion,especiallywherepoorlandmanagementispracticed.Mostvulnerable,however,arethetransitionalzonesbetweendesertsandarableland;whereverhumanactivityleadstolandabuseinfragilemarginalareas,soildestructionisinevitable.

[A]Agricultureandovergrazingarethetwomajorsourcesofdesertification.[B]Large-scalefarmingrequiresextensiveirrigation,whichultimatelydestroyslandbydepletingitsnutrientsandleachingmineralsintothetopsoil.[C]Grazingisespeciallydestructivetolandbecause,inadditiontodepletingcovervegetation,herdsofgrazingmammalsalsotramplethefineorganicparticlesofthetopsoil,leadingtosoilcompactionanderosion.[D]Ittakesabout500yearsfortheearthtobuildup3centimetersoftopsoil.However,cattleranchingandagriculturecandepleteasmuchas2to3centimetersoftopsoilevery25years—60to80timesfasterthanitcanbereplacedbynature.

Salinationisatypeoflanddegradationthatinvolvesanincreaseinthesaltcontentofthesoil.Thisusuallyoccursasaresultofimproperirrigationpractices.ThegreatMesopotamianempires—Sumer,AkkadandBabylon—werebuiltonthesurplusoftheenormouslyproductivesoiloftheancientTigris-Euphratesalluvialplain.Afternearlyathousandyearsofintensivecultivation,landqualitywasinevidentdecline.Inresponse,around2800BCtheSumeriansbegandiggingthehugeTigris-Euphratescanalsystemtoirrigatetheexhaustedsoil.Atemporarygainincropyieldwasachievedinthisway,butover-irrigationwastohaveseriousandunforeseenconsequences.Fromasearlyas2400BCwefindSumeriandocumentsreferringtosalinizationasasoilproblemisbelievedthatthefalloftheAkkadianEmpirearound2150BCmayhavebeenduetoacatastrophicfailureinlandproductivity;thesoilwasliterallyturnedintosalt.Eventoday,fourthousandyearslater,vasttractsofsalinizedlandbetweentheTigrisandEuphratesriversstillresemblerock-hardfieldsofsnow.

Soilerosionisanotherformofdesertification.Itisaself-reinforcingprocess;oncethecycleofdegradationbegins,conditionsaresetforcontinualdeterioration.Asthevegetativecoverbeginstodisappear,soilbecomesmorevulnerabletoraindropimpact.Waterrunsoffinsteadofsoakingintoprovidemoistureforplants.Thisfurtherdiminishesplantcoverbyleachingawaynutrientsfromthesoil.Assoilqualitydeclinesandrunoffisincreased,floodsbecomemorefrequentandmoresevere.Floodingwashesawaytopsoil,thethin,rich,uppermostlayeroftheearth’ssoil,andleavesfinerunderlyingparticlesmorevulnerabletowinderosion.Topsoilcontainstheearth'sgreatestconcentrationoforganicmatterandmicroorganisms,andiswheremostoftheearth'sland-basedbiologicalactivityoccurs.Withoutthisfragilecoatofnutrient-ladenmaterial,plantlifecannotexist.AnextremecaseofitserosionisfoundintheSahel,atransitionalzonebetweentheSaharaDesertandthetropicalAfricanrainforests;hometosome56millionpeople.Overpopulationandovergrazinghaveopenedthehyper-aridlandtowinderosion,whichisstrippingawaytheprotectivemarginoftheSahel,andcausingthedeserttogrowatanalarmingrate.Between1950and1975,theSaharaDesertspread100kilometerssouthwardthroughtheSahel.

One-thirdoftheearth’slandareaof150millionsquarekilometersisalreadyclassifiedassemiarid,aridorhyper-arid.Itisestimatedthatisincreasingby215,000squarekilometersoflandrenderedunproductivebydesertificationeveryyear.InAmerica,salinizationaffectsover160,000squarekilometersoflandinwesternandmid-westernstates,andisworseningannually.Africaloses300to400milliontonsoftopsoilayearwiththespreadingofthedesert.Asabillionpeopleareaddedtotheworld’spopulationeverydecade,thereislessandlessarablelandtoprovidefoodforthem.Atthepresentrateofsoildeterioration,ecologistwarn,anotherquarteroftheearth’sproductivesoilwilldisappearwithinthenextcentury.

14.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutdesertification?

15.Theworddegradationinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto（）.

16.Accordingtothepassage,manypeople’sunderstandingofdesertificationisincorrectbecause（）.

17.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

18.Accordingtothepassage,agriculturefurthersdesertificationthroughwhichofthefollowingactivities?

19.Paragraph4ofthepassageservesmainlytodowhichofthefollowing?

20.Thewordleachinginthepassageisclosestinmeaningto（）.

21.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph6ofthepassagethat（）.

22.LookatthefoursquaresmarkedA,B,C,andDthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Eachfurtherstheprocessdramatically,buttheyactinquitedifferentways.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit(A,B,CorD)?

問題1選項

A.Itisafairlyrecentproblem.

B.Ancientsocietiesmanagedtheproblemwell.

C.Ithasahistoryaslongasthatofcivilization.

D.Itwasjustasseriousinthepastasitistoday.

問題2選項

A.rejuvenation

B.deterioration

C.consumption

D.contribution

問題3選項

A.theydonotthinkofitasaseriousproblem

B.theydonotseeitasbeingcausedbyhumanactivity

C.theythinkofitasaveryslowprocess

D.theyseeitasbeingreversible

問題4選項

A.Itistheareasthatexistbetweenthedesertsandthelandthatisusableforagriculturethataremostatriskbecausetheyaresusceptibletopoorlandmanagementmethodsfromhumanactivitywhichwillalwaysresultinthelossofsoil.

B.Mostofthevulnerableareasareintransitionfromdeserttoarableland;aprocessthatbecauseofhumanactivityandthedelicatenatureoftheseareas,alwaysleadstosoilloss.

C.Soillossinthetransitionalzonesisespeciallyseverewherehumanactivityisdamagingtheenvironmentthroughagriculturewhichiscausingthelossofsoil.

D.Humanactivityinthetransitionareasisvulnerablebecauseofthefragilenatureoftheseareasthatareneitherdesertnotarablelandbecausetheyhavesuffereddamagetothesoil.

問題5選項

A.Overfertilization.

B.Thestrippingawayofnativevegetation.

C.Irrigation.

D.Therepetitiveplantingofthesamecrops.

問題6選項

A.Proposeamethodfordealingwiththedesertificationproblem.

B.Showtheprogressofdesertificationdownthroughhistory.

C.Describethemaincauseofdesertificationinoneparticulararea.

D.Describeoneprocessthatleadstodesertification.

問題7選項

A.washing

B.depositing

C.concentrating

D.dispersing

問題8選項

A.newtechnologywillsolvetheproblemofdesertification

B.findingawaytostopdesertificationwillbecomeincreasinglyurgent

C.desertificationismoreofaproblemindevelopedcountries

D.desertificationiscausingstarvationinAfrica.

問題9選項

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:C

第6題:D

第7題:A

第8題:B

第9題:B

【解析】14.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】客觀細節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段第二句Sincethefirstgreaturban-agriculturalcentersinMesopotamianearly6,000yearsago,humanactivityhashadadestructiveimpactonsoilquality,leadingtogradualdesertificationinvirtuallyeveryareaoftheworld.（自從近6000年前美索不達米亞出現(xiàn)了第一個偉大的城市——農(nóng)業(yè)中心以來，人類活動對土壤質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生了破壞性的影響，導(dǎo)致世界上幾乎所有地區(qū)逐漸沙漠化。），說明沙漠化現(xiàn)象早在數(shù)千年前就已經(jīng)存在。因此C選項“它的歷史與文明的歷史一樣長”正確。A選項“它是一個相當(dāng)新的問題”，由原文可知，沙漠化是一個很古老的問題，所以A錯誤。B選項“古代社會對這個問題處理得很好”，原文沒有提到古代社會對沙漠化的處理情況，所以B錯誤。D選項“它在過去和今天一樣嚴重”，原文沒有將當(dāng)時問題的嚴重性和今天的狀況相比較，所以D錯誤。

15.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】詞義推測題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“degradation”可以定位到文章第四段第一句Salinationisatypeoflanddegradationthatinvolvesanincreaseinthesaltcontentofthesoil.（鹽堿化是土地退化的一種類型，涉及到土壤鹽分含量的增加。），說明“degradation”在文中指的是“退化，下降”的意思。因此B選項“惡化”正確。A選項“恢復(fù)活力”，C選項“消耗”，D選項“貢獻”均不符合題意，所以A，C，D錯誤。

16.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段第一句Itisacommonmisconceptionthatdesertificationiscausedbydroughts.（認為沙漠化是干旱造成的是一種普遍的誤解。），說明沙漠化現(xiàn)象是因為干旱造成的是一種錯誤觀念，其實是和人類的活動有關(guān)的。因此B選項“他們不認為它是由人類活動引起的”正確。A選項“他們不認為它是一個嚴重的問題”。C選項“他們認為它是一個非常緩慢的過程”，D選項“他們認為它是可逆的”在文中均沒有提及，所以A，C，D錯誤。

17.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句Mostvulnerable,however,arethetransitionalzonesbetweendesertsandarableland;whereverhumanactivityleadstolandabuseinfragilemarginalareas,soildestructionisinevitable.（然而，最脆弱的是沙漠和耕地之間的過渡地帶；凡人類活動導(dǎo)致脆弱邊緣地區(qū)土地濫用的地方，土壤破壞是不可避免的。），說明最容易受害的就是位于沙漠和已開墾耕地之間的過渡地區(qū)，只要人類活動在這些脆弱的邊緣區(qū)域，過度濫用土地，那么土壤的破壞在所難免。因此A選項“存在于沙漠和可用于農(nóng)業(yè)的土地之間的地區(qū)才是風(fēng)險最大的，因為它們很容易受到人類活動的不良土地管理方法的影響，而這種影響總是會導(dǎo)致土壤的流失?！闭_。B選項“大多數(shù)脆弱地區(qū)正從沙漠向耕地過渡；由于人類活動和這些地區(qū)的脆弱性，這一過程總是導(dǎo)致土壤流失?！?，原文說的不是沙漠向耕地過渡的過程，所以B錯誤。C選項“過渡區(qū)的土壤流失尤為嚴重，人類活動正在通過農(nóng)業(yè)破壞環(huán)境，導(dǎo)致土壤流失?！保臎]有提到農(nóng)業(yè)活動，所以C錯誤。D選項“由于這些地區(qū)的脆弱性，它們既不是沙漠也不是耕地，因為它們已經(jīng)破壞了土壤，因此人類在過渡地區(qū)的活動是脆弱的。”，原文說的不是人類活動很脆弱，所以D錯誤。

18.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】客觀細節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第三段第二句Large-scalefarmingrequiresextensiveirrigation,whichultimatelydestroyslandbydepletingitsnutrientsandleachingmineralsintothetopsoil.（大規(guī)模的農(nóng)業(yè)需要大量的灌溉，這最終會耗盡土地的養(yǎng)分，并使礦物質(zhì)滲入表層土壤，從而破壞土地。），說明灌溉會對土地造成不好的影響，加劇沙漠化。因此C選項“灌溉”正確。A選項“過度施肥”，B選項“剝?nèi)ケ镜刂脖弧?，D選項“重復(fù)種植相同的農(nóng)作物”在文中均沒有提及，所以A，B，D錯誤。

19.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第四段，第四段主要說明土壤鹽堿化現(xiàn)象，但是并非針對某一特定區(qū)域。而鹽堿化現(xiàn)象也是造成沙漠化的原因。因此D選項“描述導(dǎo)致沙漠化的一個過程”正確。A選項“提出處理沙漠化問題的方法”，B選項“展示歷史上沙漠化的進展”，C選項“描述一個特定地區(qū)的沙漠化的主要原因”均不符合原文內(nèi)容，所以A，B，C錯誤。

20.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】詞義推測題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“l(fā)eaching”可以定位到文章第五段第五句Thisfurtherdiminishesplantcoverbyleachingawaynutrientsfromthesoil.（這進一步減少了植物覆蓋，因為土壤中的養(yǎng)分流失了。），說明“l(fā)eaching”在文中指的是“養(yǎng)分流失”的意思。因此A選項“洗滌”正確。B選項“沉積”，C選項“濃縮”，D選項“分散”均不符合題意，所以B，C，D錯誤。

21.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第六段，第六段強凋了沙漠化現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)發(fā)展到何種程度，以及目前繼續(xù)惡化的速度，還預(yù)言了如果按照這樣的情況發(fā)展下去將會帶來的結(jié)果。說明必須盡快找出解決問題的方法，否則后果將不堪設(shè)想。因此B選項“找到阻止沙漠化的方法將變得越來越緊迫”正確。A選項“新技術(shù)將解決沙漠化的問題”，C選項“沙漠化在發(fā)達國家是一個更大的問題”，D選項“沙漠化在非洲造成了饑荒”在文中均沒有提及，所以A，C，D錯誤。

22.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干中的句子Eachfurtherstheprocessdramatically,buttheyactinquitedifferentways.（每個都極大地促進了這一進程，但它們的影響方式卻截然不同。）是對造成沙漠化現(xiàn)象的兩種過程做出進一步的詮釋，B處前文說農(nóng)業(yè)和過度放牧是沙漠化的兩個主要來源，后文分別介紹了這兩種方式對沙漠化的影響。因此該句放在B處最合適。

6.單選題

Hardly（）openedtheletter（）rushedoutofthehouse,wildwithjoy.

問題1選項

A.didhe,whenhe

B.hadhe,whenhe

C.hadhe,didhe

D.didhe,hewhen

【答案】B

【解析】考查部分倒裝。當(dāng)Hardly在句首時，為固定的倒裝，且和when搭配，為Hardly…when…，可排除C選項。空格后open是實義動詞且已經(jīng)是ed形式，證明之前不能使用did（使用did，open要相對應(yīng)的使用原型），排除A,D選項，句意：他一打開信，就欣喜若狂地沖出了房子。因此B選項正確。

7.單選題

Theseveranceofchurchandstateisabasicprincipleofourgovernment.

問題1選項

A.integration

B.discrimination

C.separation

D.exposition

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。severance“分離；斷絕；隔離”；A選項integration“集成；整合”；B選項discrimination“歧視；區(qū)別，辨別”；C選項separations“分開；間隔”；D選項exposition“博覽會；闡述；展覽會”。句意：政教分離是我國政府的一項基本原則。severance在這里是“分離”的意思，因此C選項正確。

8.單選題

Ididn’tknowitthen,butthisdisruptivewayofreadingstartedwiththeveryfirstnovelIeverpickedup.

問題1選項

A.harmful

B.persistent

C.interruptive

D.characteristic

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。disruptive在句中是“破壞性的，擾亂性的”；A選項harmful“有害的”；B選項persistent“持久穩(wěn)固的”；C選項interruptive“中斷的，阻礙的”；D選項characteristic“有特征的”，句意：我當(dāng)時不知道，但這種顛覆性的閱讀方式始于我撿到的第一本小說。因此只有C項符合。

9.單選題

TheuniquenessoftheJapanesecharacteristheresultoftwoseeminglycontradictoryforces:thestrengthoftraditionsandtheselectivereceptivitytoforeignachievementsandinventions.Asearlyas1860stherewerecountermovementtothetraditionalorientation.OneofthefamousspokesmenofJapan’s“Enlightenment”claimed“theConfuciancivilizationoftheEastseemstometolacktwothingspossessedbyWesterncivilization:scienceinthematerialsphereandasenseofindependenceinthespiritualsphere.”AnotherbreakofrelativeliberalismfollowedWorldWarI,whenthedemocraticidealismofPresidentWoodrowWilsonhadanimportantimpactonJapaneseintellectualsandespeciallystudents;butmoreimportantwastheLeninistideologyofthe1917BolshevikRevolution.Again,intheearly1930s,nationalismandmilitarismbecamedominant.

FollowingtheendofWorldWarII,substantialchangeswereundertakeninJapantoliberatetheindividualfromauthoritarianrestrains.Thenewdemocraticvaluesystemwasacceptedbymanyteachers,students,intellectuals,andoldliberals,butitwasnotimmediatelyembracedbythesocietyasawhole.Japanesetraditionsweredominatedbygroupvalues,andnotionsofpersonalfreedomandindividualrightswereunfamiliar.

Today,democraticprocessesareclearlyevidentinthewidespreadparticipationoftheJapanesepeopleinsocialandpoliticallife.Schooltextbooksemphasizeequalityoverhierarchyandrationalismovertradition;butinpracticethesevaluesareoftenmisinterpretedanddistorted,particularlybytheyouthwhotranslatetheindividualisticandhumanisticgoalsofdemocracyintoegoisticandmaterialisticones.

MostJapanesepeoplehaveconsciouslyrejectedConfucianism,butleftoversoftheoldorderremain.Animportantfeatureofrelationshipsinmanyinstitutions,includingpoliticalpartiesanduniversitiesis,theoyabun-kobunorparent-childrelation.Thecorrespondingloyaltyoftheindividualtohispatronreinforceshisallegiancetothegrouptowhichtheybothbelong.Awillingnesstocooperatewithothermembersofthegroupandtosupportwithoutqualificationtheinterestsofthegroupinallitsexternalrelationsisstillawidelyrespectedvirtue.Theoyabun-kobuncreatesladdersofmobilitywhichanindividualcanascend,risingasfarasabilitiespermit,solongashemaintainssuccessfulpersonaltieswithasuperiorintheverticalchannel,thelatterrequirementusuallytakingprecedenceoveraneedforexceptionalcompetence.Asaconsequence,thereislittlehorizontalrelationshipbetweenpeoplewiththesameprofession.

1.ThespokesmanofJapan’s“Enlightenment”thoughtthat（

）.

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutJapan’scultureistrue?

3.Therelationshipofoyabun-kobuncanbeonebetween（

）.

4.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorimpliesthat（

）.

問題1選項

A.thetraditionalcultureshouldbereplacedbywesternmodernization

B.JapaneseoughttoforsaketheConfuciancivilizationoftheEast

C.theConfuciancivilizationinJapanshouldbedominant

D.Japanshouldintroducewesterncivilization

問題2選項

A.SubstantialchangesindemocraticprocesshavetakenplaceduringWorldWarH

B.NowadaysthetraditionalConfucianismisanecessarypartofthesocietyinJapan.

C.TodaytheConfucianismoutweighsthedemocraticvaluesysteminuniversitiesofJapan.

D.ThedemocraticideawasnotacceptedbythesocietyafterWorldWarII.

問題3選項

A.ashopownerandacustomer

B.aCEOandanemployee

C.apoliticianandanopponent

D.ajudgeandalawyer

問題4選項

A.respectforauthorityplaysamoreimportantroleinpromotion

B.westernvalueshaveoverwhelmedtraditionalJapaneseattitudes

C.colleaguesaremorecloselyrelatedtoeachotherthanbefore

D.mostJapaneseworkersaremembersofasingleparty

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:A

【解析】第1題:1.根據(jù)第一段第三句“Ohespiritualsphere.’”日本“啟蒙運動”的一位著名發(fā)言人宣稱：“在我看來，東方的儒家文明缺少西方文明所擁有的兩樣?xùn)|西：物質(zhì)領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)和精神領(lǐng)域的獨立意識?！币簿褪钦f，他認為日本應(yīng)該引進西方文明，選項D符合原文。

2.選項A應(yīng)該是一戰(zhàn)后，所以不正確；選項C明顯錯誤;根據(jù)第二段第二句“Thenewdemocratic...thesocietyasawhole.”可知選項D屬于完全否定，與原文表述不符;根據(jù)第四段第一句“MostJapanesepeoplehaveconsciouslyrejectedConfucianism,butleftoversoftheoldorderremain.”大多數(shù)日本人都有意識地拒絕儒家思想,但舊秩序的殘余依然存在。也就是說，傳統(tǒng)儒學(xué)根深蒂固，是日本社會不可或缺的一部分。選項B正確。

3.根據(jù)第四段最后兩句，oyabun-kobun創(chuàng)造了移動的梯子，一個人可以在能力允許的范圍內(nèi)向上攀登，只要他與垂直通道上的上級保持良好的個人關(guān)系，后者的要求通常優(yōu)先于對非凡能力的需要。由此可以推斷，oyabun-kobun指的是“上下級之間的關(guān)系”，選項中只有B項符合要求。

4.根據(jù)第四段最后兩句，oyabun-kobun創(chuàng)造了移動的梯子，一個人可以在能力允許的范圍內(nèi)向上攀登，只要他與垂直通道上的上級保持良好的個人關(guān)系，后者的要求通常優(yōu)先于對非凡能力的需要。作者其實是在暗示，尊重權(quán)威在晉升中扮演著更重要的角色。

第2題:

第3題:

第4題:

10.單選題

After（

）seemedanendlesswait,itwashisturntogivealecturetotheaudience.

問題1選項

A.it

B.that

C.these

D.what

【答案】D

【解析】句意:在看似漫長的等待之后，輪到他給觀眾做演講了。

語法題?？疾橘e語從句。根據(jù)句意可知此處after作介詞，after后面的賓語從句中缺少主語，故使用連接詞what引導(dǎo)賓語從句。

11.單選題

Thescientificandmedicalcommunitiesareveryexcitedaboutthechancesgeneticresearchprovidesforgettingridofdiseaseandprolonginghumanlife.Butthosecommunitiesandpolicymakersalsoarecarefulaboutthescientificdoortheyareopeningastheprojectuncoversthemysteriesoflife.

Forthelastfewyears,thegeneticadvancesinthedevelopingfieldofbiotechnologyhaveprovidesmaterialforallkindsofwork,butthedevelopmentsofmodernscienceinunlockingthesecretsofthehumangeneticcodehaveopenedaworldofpossibilitiesforhumanhealth,aswellasforthepopularimagination.

WhileEuropeanandJapaneseresearchersaremakingrapidprogressindecodinghumanDNA,theleadingorganizationforgeneticresearchisintheUnitedStates,whichbeganin1990,is“unlockingthecode”ofthehumanbodytolearnhowtodefeatfataldiseases.Already,theHumanGenomeProjecthasbecomewidelyknownandpraisedforfindingthegenesconnectedwithterriblediseasesasyetandmakingprogresstowardseparatingthegenesthatshowasignofbreastcancerorAIDS.

Oncethesegenesarefoundandstudied,researcherscandevelopnewwaystoattackinfections,andgeneticdiseases.Medicalcompaniesareveryinterestedinmappingthehumangenome,astheyexpecttodevelopalotofnewdrugsfortheseillnesses.

1.Whydidthescientistsworkhardatmappingthehumangenome?

2.Whichcountrystudiedthegenesmostrapidlyintheworld?

3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

4.TheauthorsuggeststhattheHumanGenomeProjectcancause（）.

5.Themainideaofthisarticleisabout（）.

問題1選項

A.Becausethehumangenomecandestroymanyillnesses.

B.Becausethehumangenome’scompletioncanhelpthemgetridofmanydiseases.

C.Becausetheywantedtobebetterknownthanothers.

D.Becausethehumangenomecanprovidealotofchancesofwork.

問題2選項

A.Japan.

B.Germany.

C.TheUnitedStates.

D.China.

問題3選項

A.Ifthegenescanbefound,scientistscanstudymanynewwaystocureillnesses.

B.Thescientistshavemadegreatprogressinconnectingthegeneswiththecancers.

C.Manymedicalcompaniesshowgreatinterestindrawingthehumangenomemap.

D.TheUnitedStatesbegantheGenesStudyearlyinthe19thcentury.

問題4選項

A.thepolicymakerstofeelveryworriedandcareful

B.thescientiststoworkharder

C.manypeopletofindworkeasily

D.alotofcompaniestoproducemanynewdrugs

問題5選項

A.unlockinggeneticcode

B.thegenes’discovery

C.thegreathumangenome

D.thegenesandthescientists

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.推理判斷題。由最后一段Oncethesegenesarefoundandstudied,researcherscandevelopnewwaystoattackinfections,andgeneticdiseases.Medicalcompaniesareveryinterestedinmappingthehumangenome,astheyexpecttodevelopalotofnewdrugsfortheseillnesses.一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)并研究這些基因，研究人員就可以開發(fā)新的方法來對抗感染和遺傳疾病。醫(yī)藥公司對繪制人類基因組非常感興趣，因為他們希望開發(fā)出許多治療這些疾病的新藥?？芍茖W(xué)家繪制人類基因組的目的是為了研制一些藥來對抗疾病。故B項正確。

2.細節(jié)事實題。由第三段“WhileEuropeanandJapaneseresearchersaremakingrapidprogressindecodinghumanDNA,theleadingorganizationforgeneticresearchisintheUnitedStates,whichbeganin1990,is“unlockingthecode”ofthehumanbodytolearnhowtodefeatfataldiseases.當(dāng)歐洲和日本的研究人員在解碼人類DNA方面取得快速進展時，始于1990年的美國的領(lǐng)先遺傳研究組織正在“解開人體的密碼”，以學(xué)習(xí)如何戰(zhàn)勝致命疾病?！庇纱丝芍绹诨蚍矫嫣幱陬I(lǐng)先地位，故C項正確。

3.推理判斷題。由theleadingorganizationforgeneticresearchisintheUnitedStates,whichbeganin1990,is“unlockingthecode”ofthehumanbodytolearnhowtodefeatfataldiseases.基因研究的主要組織是美國，成立于1990年，正在解開人體的“密碼”，以學(xué)習(xí)如何戰(zhàn)勝致命疾病?？芍绹?0世紀開始基因研究，而不是19世紀，故D項與原文內(nèi)容不符。答案D

4.推理判斷題。由第一段最后一句“Butthosecommunitiesandpolicymakersalsoarecarefulaboutthescientificdoortheyareopeningastheprojectuncoversthemysteriesoflife.但這些行業(yè)和政策制定者也對他們打開的科學(xué)之門保持謹慎，因為這個項目揭示了生命的奧秘?？芍狝項“政策制定者感到非常擔(dān)憂和謹慎”不對；C項文中未提及；由最后一句“Medicalcompaniesareveryinterestedinmappingthehumangenome,astheyexpecttodevelopalotofnewdrugsfortheseillnesses.醫(yī)藥公司對繪制人類基因組非常感興趣，因為他們希望開發(fā)出許多治療這些疾病的新藥?！笨芍狣項“許多公司生產(chǎn)許多新藥”是事實，并不需要推理。故只有B項正確，結(jié)合全文可知人類基因組圖的完成將有助于科學(xué)家一系列難關(guān)，所以他們更加努力地探究。

5.主旨大意題。由第二段的thedevelopmentsofmodernscienceinunlockingthesecretsofthehumangeneticcodehaveopenedaworldofpossibilitiesforhumanhealth,aswellasforthepopularimagination.現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的發(fā)展解開了人類遺傳密碼的秘密，為人類健康以及大眾的想象打開了一個充滿可能性的世界。以及第三段的whichbeganin1990,is“unlockingthecode”ofthehumanbodytolearnhowtodefeatfataldiseases.它始于1990年，正在解開人體的“密碼”，以學(xué)習(xí)如何戰(zhàn)勝致命疾病?？芍庾x基因密碼可以知道如何對抗疾病。故A項正確。

12.單選題

Theoverwhelmingmajorityofpeasantcommunicationswereoralinnatureinasocietythatwasstilllargely______.

問題1選項

A.explicit

B.contradictory

C.illiterate

D.momentous

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項explicit“（說話）清晰的，明確的”；B選項contradictory“相互矛盾的”；C選項illiterate“文盲的，不識字的”；D選項momentous“關(guān)鍵的，重要的”。句意：絕大多數(shù)的農(nóng)民交流都是口頭的，當(dāng)時的社會很大程度上是______。在當(dāng)時那個社會，大多數(shù)農(nóng)民用口頭交流，而不用文字，C選項illiterate“文盲的，不識字的”符合題意。因此C選項正確。

13.單選題

Tounderstandthemarketingconcept,itisonlynecessarytounderstandthedifferencebetweenmarketingandselling.Nottoomanyyearsago,mostindustriesconcentratedprimarilyontheefficientproductionofgoods,andthenreliedon“persuasivesalesmanship”tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible.Suchproductionandsellingfocusesontheneedsofthesellertoproducegoodsandthenconvertthemintomoney.

Marketing,ontheotherhand,focusesonthewantsofconsumers.Itbeginswithfirstanalyzingthepreferencesanddemandsofconsumersandthenproducinggoodsthatwillsatisfythem.Thiseyeontheconsumerapproachisknownasthemarketingconcept,whichsimplymeansthatinsteadoftryingtosellwhateveriseasiesttoproduceorbuyforresale,themakersanddealersfirstendeavortofindoutwhattheconsumerwantstobuyandthengoaboutmakingitavailableforpurchase.

Thisconceptdoesnotsimplythatbusinessisbenevolent(慈善的)orthatconsumersatisfactionisgivenpriorityoverprofitinacompany.Therearealwaystwosidestoeverybusinesstransactio