國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)要和課后答案

InternationalBusinessEnglish

Lesson1InternationalBusinessBusinessKnowIedge:domesticThemajordifferencesbetweeninternationalbusinessanddomesticbusinessDifferencesinIegaIsystemsDifferencesincurrenciesDifferencesinculturalbackgroundDifferentinnaturalandeconomicconditionsThemajortypesofinternationalbusinessTradeCommoditytradeServicetradeInvestmentForeigndirectinvestmentPortfolioinvestmentOthertypesLicensingandfranchisingManagementcontractandcontractmanufacturingTurnkeyprojectandBOTTradeTerms:Customsarea關(guān)稅區(qū):Conversion貨幣兌換Visibletrade有形貿(mào)易：Theformofcommoditytrade,.exportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionorresaIeinanother.(includingcashtransaction-bymeansofmoneyandmarket,andcountertrade)Invisibletrade無形貿(mào)易：Theformoftransportation,communication,banking,insurance,consuIting,informationetc.iscalledinvisibletradeorserviceindustries.FDI外國(guó)直接投資：Foreigndirectinvestments.ReturnsthroughcontroIIingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedinahostcountry./.Onecountryacquiresassetsinaforeigncountryforthepurposeofcontrollingandmanagingthem.Portfolioinvestment證券投資：PurchasesofforeignfinancialassetsforapurposeotherthancontroIIing.Stocks股票：CapitaIstocksorbonds.Bonds債券：ThepapersissuedbyagovernmentorafirmwithpromisetopaybackthemoneyIentorinvestedtogetherwithinterest.Maturity(票據(jù)等)到期Certificateofdeposit大額存單Licensing許可經(jīng)營(yíng)：InIicensing,afirmIeasestherighttouseitsinteIIectualpropertytoafirminanothercountry.TheychooseIicensingbecausetheydonothavetomakecashpaymentstostatbusiness,andcansimplyreceiveincomeintheformofroyaIty.Franchising特許經(jīng)營(yíng)：Underfranchising,franchiseeisaIIowedtooperateinthenameofanother,franchiserwhoprovidestheformerwithtrademarks,brandnames,IogosandoperatingtechniquesforroyaIty.TradeMark商標(biāo)Patent專利RoyaIty專利（許可）使用費(fèi)，版稅Copyright版權(quán)Licenser許可方Licensee被許可方Franchiser特許方：Afirmwhoprovidesthefranchiseewithtrademarks,brandnames,IogosandoperatingtechniquesforroyaIty.Franchisee被特許方：AfirmisaIIowedtooperateinthenameofanother.Managementcontract管理合同:Underamanagementcontract,onecompanyoffersmanageriaIorotherspeciaIizedservicestoanotherwithinaparticuIarperiodforafIatpaymentorapercentageofthereIevant

businessvoIume.VaIuechain價(jià)值鏈Turnkeyproject"交鑰匙"工程：Foraninternationalturnkeyproject,afirmsignsacontractwithaforeignpurchaserandundertakesaIIthedesigning,contractingandfaci丨ityequippingbeforehandingitovertothelatteruponcompIetion.經(jīng)營(yíng)和移交：Build,Operate,TransferExpertise專門知識(shí)Bonus紅利、獎(jiǎng)金、津貼Royalty許可使用費(fèi)Internationalinvestment國(guó)際投資：Supplyingcapitaibyresidentsofonecountrytoanother.Contractmanufacturing承包生產(chǎn)GATT關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定：GeneraIAgreementonTariffsandTradeInternationalbusiness國(guó)際商務(wù)：Transactionbetweenpartiesfromdifferentcountries.SometimesbusinessacrossthebordersofdifferentcustomsareasofthesamecountryisaIsoregardedasimportandexport.InteIIectuaIproperty知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)OiIdeposit:石油儲(chǔ)備二oi丨reservesthereservesofnaturaIresources自然資源儲(chǔ)備PersonaIadvancement個(gè)人的晉升,個(gè)人素質(zhì)的提高以及個(gè)人事業(yè)的進(jìn)步等。Answerthefollowingquestions:WhatdoesinternationalbusinessrefertoPIeasetelIthedifferencebetweeninternationalbusinessanddomesticbusiness.A:Internationalbusinessreferstotransactionbetweenpartiesfromdifferentcountries.SometimesbusinessacrossthebordersofdifferentcustomsareasofthesamecountryisaIsoregardedasimportandexport.Somemajordifferencesbetweeninternationalbusinessanddomesticbusinessisfollowing:DifferencesinIegaIsystemsDifferencesincurrenciesDifferencesinculturalbackgroundDifferentinnaturalandeconomicconditionsPleaseexplainthedifferencesbetweenvisibletradeandinvisibletrade.WhichisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantandaccountsforanincreasingproportionininternationaltradeA:Visibletradeistheformofcommoditytrade.Theformoftransportation,communication,banking,insurance,consuIting,informationetc.iscaIledinvisibletradeorserviceindustries.Thelaterisbecomemoreandmoreimportant.CanyoucitesomeexampIestoiIIustrateculturaldifferencesininternationalbusinessA:CulturaldifferencesincludingIanguage,customs,traditions,religion,vaIue,behavioretc.Pleaseelaborateonthetwocategoriesofinternationalinvestment.WhatistheirmajordifferenceA:FDI(Foreigndirectinvestment)ismadeforreturnsthroughcontroIIingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedininahostcountry.PortfolioinvestmentreferstopurchasesofforeignfinanciaIassetsforapurposeotherthancontroIIing.SuchfinanciaIassetsmaybestocks,bondsorcertificatesofdeposit.WhatisIicensingWhydofirmssometimeschooseitasameansofenteringaforeignmarketA:InIicensing,afirmIeasestherighttouseitsintelIectualpropertytoafirminanothercountry.TheychooseIicensingbecausetheydonothavetomakecashpaymentstostatbusiness,andcansimplyreceiveincomeintheformofroyaIty.Besides,theycanbenefitfromIocationaladvantagesofforeignoperationwithoutanyobiigationsinownershipormanagement.TheuseofIicensingisparticuIarIyencouragedbyhighcustomsdutyandnon-tariffbarriersonthepartofthehostcountry.WhatisfranchisingHowisitdifferentfromIicensingA:Underfranchising,franchiseeisaIIowedtooperateinthenameofanother,franchiserwhoprovidestheformerwithtrademarks,brandnames,IogosandoperatingtechniquesforroyaIty.Incomparisonwiththerelationbetweenthelicenserandthelicensee,thefranchiserhasmorecontroloverandprovidesmoresupportforthefranchisee.WhatisamanagementcontractUnderwhatconditionsisitmostapplicableA:Underamanagementcontract,onecompanyoffersmanagerialorotherspecializedservicestoanotherwithinaparticularperiodforaflatpaymentorapercentageoftherelevantbusinessvolume.Whenagovernmentforbidsforeignownershipincertainindustriesitconsiderstobeofstrategicimportancebutlackstheexpertiseforoperation,managementcontractsmaybeapracticalchoiceenablingaforeigncompanytooperateintheindustrywithoutowningtheassets.WhatisaninternationalturnkeyprojectInwhatwayisitsvariantBOTdifferentfromitA:Foraninternationalturnkeyproject,afirmsignsacontractwithaforeignpurchaserandundertakesallthedesigning,contractingandfacilityequippingbeforehandingitovertothelatteruponcompletion.ForaBOTproject,afirmoperatesafacilityforaperiodoftimeafterbuildingitupbeforefinallytransferringittoaforeigncompany.MakingprofitfromoperatingtheprojectforaperiodisthemajordifferencebetweenBOTandthecommonturnkeyprojectTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:國(guó)際貿(mào)易一般指不同國(guó)家的當(dāng)事人進(jìn)行的交易，它涉及到許多因素，因而比國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易要復(fù)雜得多。Internationalbusinessreferstotransactionbetweenpartiesformdifferentcountries.Itinvolvesmorefactorsandthusismorecomplicatedthedomesticbusiness.隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化進(jìn)程的發(fā)展，很少人和公司能完全獨(dú)立于國(guó)際商務(wù)之外而存在。因此，在此方面具有一定的知識(shí)是十分必要的，這既有益于企業(yè)的發(fā)展又有益于個(gè)人的進(jìn)步。Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,fewpeopleorcompaniescancompletelystayawayfrominternationalbusiness.Therefore,someknowledgeinthisrespectisnecessarybothforthebenefitofenterprisesandpersonaladvancement.其他參與國(guó)際貿(mào)易的形式有管理合同、承包生產(chǎn)和“交鑰匙”工程。Otherformsforparticipatingininternationalbusinessaremanagementcontract,contractmanufacturingandturnkeyproject.國(guó)際貿(mào)易最初以商品貿(mào)易的形式出現(xiàn)，即在一國(guó)生產(chǎn)或制造商品而出口或進(jìn)口到另一國(guó)進(jìn)行消費(fèi)或轉(zhuǎn)售。Internationalbusinessfirsttooktheformofcommoditytrade,.exportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionorresaleinanother.除了國(guó)際貿(mào)易和投資，國(guó)際許可和特許經(jīng)營(yíng)有時(shí)也是進(jìn)入國(guó)外市場(chǎng)的一種方式。Besidestradeandinvestment,internationallicensingandfranchisingaresometimestakenasameansofenteringaforeignmarket.Lesson2IncomeLevelandtheWorldMarketBusinessKnowledge:GNPandGDPPercapitaincomeandpercapitaGDPHigh-income,middleincomeandlow-incomecountriesStandardsforclassificationRepresentativecountriesTriadandQuadUnitedStatesWesternEuropeJapanCanadaOtherimportantmarketsforChinaTradeTerms:GNP國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值：GrossnationalProduct.Themarketvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedbythepropertyandlaborownedbytheresidentsofaneconomy.

GDP國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值:GrossDomesticProduct.Themarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthegeographicareaofaneconomy.Nationalincome國(guó)民收入Percapitaincome人均收入PercapitaGDP人均國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值:ItiscalculatedbydividingitstotalGDPbyitspopulation,whichrevealstheaverageincomelevelofconsumers.PPP購(gòu)買力平價(jià)：PurchasingpowerparityConsumerism消費(fèi)主義Incomedistribution收入分布:Theproportionsofitsrich,middleincomeandpoorpeople.Infrastructure基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施Staplegoods大路貨Invoice（開）發(fā)票3Creditorcountry債權(quán)國(guó)OECD經(jīng)合組織，經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與開發(fā)組織：OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.TheCommonwealthofIndependentStates獨(dú)聯(lián)體，獨(dú)立國(guó)家聯(lián)合體ASEAN東盟，東南亞國(guó)家聯(lián)盟：AssociationofSoutheastAsian

NationaIs.NIEs(亞洲四小虎)：NewlyIndustriaIizedEconomiesFactorsofproduction生產(chǎn)要素Answerthefollowingquestions:ExplaintheconceptsofGNPandGDPrespectivelyandpointouttheirmajordifference.CanweusetheminterchangeablyA:GNP(GrossnationalProduct)referstothemarketvaIueofgoodsandservicesproducedbythepropertyandIaborownedbytheresidentsofareconomy.GDP(GrossDomesticProduct)measuresthemarketvaIueofaIIgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthegeographicareaofaneconomy.ThedifferencebetweenthemisthatGNPfocusesonownershipofthefactorsofproductionwhileGDPconcentratesonthepIacewhereproductiontakespIace.ThedifferencebetweenGNPandGDPcanbeignoredsineeitverysmalIinmostcases.Therefore,wecanusetheminterchangeabIy.InwhatdifferentwaysareGDPandpercapitaincomesignificantinassessingthepotentiaIofaparticularmarketA:TotalGDPindicatestheoveraIIsizeofaneconomy,whichisimportantinmarketassessmentfordurabIeequipmentorbuIkgoods(grain,steeIorcement).PercapitaGDPreveaIstheaverageincomeIeveIofconsumers,whichisimportantwhenmarketingconsumerdurabIes.Whataremeantbyhighincome,middleincome,andIow-incomecountriesaccordingtotheWorldBankCitesomeexampIesforeachgroup.A:High-incomecountries:thoseenjoyingannuaIpercapitaincomeof$9386andabove.Inthisgroupcomprisethreetypesofcountries;mostmembersofOECD,richoiIproducingcountriesoftheMiddleEast,smaIl~industrializedcountriesorregions.MiddIe-incomecountries:thosewithannuaIpercapitaincomebeIow$9386butabove$765.IncIudedinthiscategoryismostEastEuropeancountriesandmostmembersoftheCommonweaIthofIndependentStates,sixOECDmembers,quiteanumberofLatinAmericancountriesandsomecomparative丨ydeveIopedcountriesinAsia,SouthAfricaandoiI-producingcountriesinAfrican.Low-incomecountries:thosethathavepercapitaincomesofonIy$765orevenIess.MostAfricancountries,someAsiancountriesandafewLatinAmericancountriesareincIudedinthisgroup.Whyarehigh-incomecountriesimportanttotradeandinvestmentShouIdwenegIectIow-incomecountriesininternationalbusinessA:High~incomecountriesoftenhavegoodinfrastrueture,highpurchasingpower,andadvancedtechnoIogy,efficientmanagementandfavorabIeenvironmentfortradeandinvestment.Theyofferprimemarketsforexpensiveconsumergoodsandarebothattractivesourcesanddestinationsofinvestment.IninternationaltradetheIow-incomecountriesshouIdnotbenegIected,becausetheyconstitutemarketsforIower-pricedstapIegoods,providecheapIaborandareoftenrichinresources.Oncetapped,thebusinesspotentialofthesecountrieswiIIonedaybecomereaIbusinessopportunities.ChinaaIow-incomecountryafewyearsagoHowaboutnowA:Chinawithapercapitaincomeofover$1100isamiddIe-incomecountrythoughitwasaIow-incomecountryjustafewyearsago.doestheterm"Triad"referstoWhatismeantbyQuadA:ThetermTriadreferstothethreerichestregionsoftheworld;theUnitedStates,theEuropeanUnionandJapanthatofferthemostimportantbusinessopportunities.ThescopeofTriadtoincludeCanadaandnamethebroadenedgroupingQuad.HowmuchdoyouknowaboutOECDPIeasemakeabriefaccount.A:OECDmeansOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDeveIopment.TheorganizationisincIuded29members,23ofthemarehigh-incomecountriesand6aremiddle~incomecountries.TheheadquartersisinParis.WhatisthebestpolicyforChinatodeveIopbusinessopportunitiesA:SofarasChinaisconcerned,othermarketsweshouIdpayparticuIarattentiontoarethosearoundus:theFourTigers,theASEANcountries,Russia,IndiaandabitfartherawayAustralia.ThesecountriesorregionseitherhaverichconsumersandoffergoodbusinessopportunitiesoraredevelopingfastwithverypromisingmarketpotentiaI.AndtheirgeographicaIproximitytoChinaisagreatadvantageforusindevelopingbusinessreIationswiththem.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:民生產(chǎn)總值和國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值是表明一國(guó)收入的兩個(gè)重要概念。區(qū)別在于前者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是生產(chǎn)要素的所屬權(quán)而后者著重于進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)的國(guó)家。GNPandGDParetwoimportantconceptsusedtoindicateacountry'stotalincome.ThedifferencebetweenthemisthattheformerfocusesonownershipofthefactorsofproductionwhilethelatterconcentratesonthecountrywhereproductiontakespIace.要評(píng)估某一市場(chǎng)的潛力，人們往往要分析其收入水平，因?yàn)樗鼮槟抢锞用竦馁?gòu)買力高低提供了線索。Inassessingthepotentialofacountryasamarket,peopIeoftenIookatpercapitaincomesineeitprovidescIuesaboutthepurchasingpowerofitsresidents..世界各國(guó)被世界銀行分為三大領(lǐng)域：高收入國(guó)家，中等收入國(guó)家和低收入國(guó)家。CountriesoftheworIdaredividedbytheWorIdBankintothreecategoriesofhigh~income,middIe-incomeandIow-incomeeconomies.中國(guó)現(xiàn)在年人均收入為"00美元以上，但幾年前它還是個(gè)低收入國(guó)家。Chinawithapercapitaincomeofover$1100isamiddle~incomecountrythoughitwasaIow-incomecountryjustafewyearsago.就中國(guó)來說，周圍還有其他應(yīng)特別關(guān)注的市場(chǎng)，如亞洲四小虎、東盟國(guó)家、俄羅斯等國(guó)，這些國(guó)家都具有前景看好的市場(chǎng)潛九能為中國(guó)提供很好的商機(jī)。AsfarasChinaisconcerned,othermarketsweshouIdpayparticuIarattentiontoarethosearoundus:theFourTigers,theASEANcountries,Russia,etc.Thesecountrieswithverypromisingmarketpotentia丨andcanoffergoodbusinessopportunitiestoChina.Lesson3RegionaIEconomicIntegrationBusinessKnowIedge:MajorobjectivesofregionaIintegration*ForIeveIsofregionaIeconomicintegrationFreetradeareaCustomsunionCommonmarketEconomicunionEuropeanUnion(EU)Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation(APEC)OrganizationofPetroIeumExportingCountries(OPEC)TradeTerms:Economicintegration經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化

Freetradearea自由貿(mào)易區(qū)：ThemembersremovebarrierstotradeamongthemseIveswhilestilladoptseachownexternaIpoIicyCustomsunion關(guān)稅同盟：ThemembersremovebarrierstotradeamongthemseIvesandadoptthesameexternaIpoIicyTariffrates關(guān)稅稅率Sett丨ementNAFTA北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定：NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreementCommonmarket共同市場(chǎng)：ThemembersremovebarriersnotonlytotradebutaIsotofactorsofproductionandadoptthesameexternaIpoIicy.BanknotescircuIation貨幣流通CarteI卡塔爾APEC亞太經(jīng)合組織，亞洲太平洋經(jīng)濟(jì)合作組織：AsiaPacificEconomicCooperationOPEC石油輸出國(guó)組織：OrganizationofPetroIeumExportingCountriesEuropeanCommission歐盟委員會(huì)CounciIofministers部長(zhǎng)理事會(huì)uaI-MinisterialMeeting雙部長(zhǎng)會(huì)議15.QuotaRestrictions配額限制16.EconomicUnion(EU)經(jīng)濟(jì)同盟：ThemembersremovebarriersnotonlytotradebutaIsotofactorsofproduction,adoptthesameexternaIpoIicyandharmonizetheirtaxation,governmentexpenditure,industrypoIiciesandusethesamecurrency.EU歐盟，歐洲聯(lián)盟：EuropeanUnionEC歐共體，歐洲共同體：EuropeanCommunityBeneIux荷比盧（比利時(shí)、荷蘭和盧森堡三國(guó)）:BeIgium,NetherIands,LuxemburgMercousur南方共同市場(chǎng)：SouthernConeCustomsUnionECSC歐洲煤鋼共同體：EuropeanCoaIandSteeICommunityEEC歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體：EuropeanEconomicCommunityEURATOM歐洲原子能共同體，歐洲原子能聯(lián)營(yíng):EuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunitySOM高官會(huì)議：SeniorOfficiaIsMeetingTILF貿(mào)易投資便利化自由化：TradeandinvestmentliberationandfaciIitationECOTECH經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)合作：EconomicandtechnicaIcooperationPoliticaIentity政治實(shí)體Sovereignstate主權(quán)國(guó)家Multi-poIarization多極化Sub-committee分委員會(huì)NTA新跨大西洋議程：NewTransatlanticAgendaTABD跨大西洋商業(yè)對(duì)話：TransatlanticBusinessDialogueTACD跨大西洋消費(fèi)者對(duì)話：TransatlanticConsumerDialogueTerritoryeconomies區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)體PacificRim環(huán)太平洋圈InformalMeetingofEconomicLeaders領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人非正式會(huì)議Answerthefollowingquestions:WhatisafreetradeareaMakeabriefaccountofthemostnotabIefreetradeareaintheworld.A:FreetradeareaistheIoosestformintheregionaIeconomicintegration.MembersinthisformremovesbarrierstothefIowofgoodsandservicesamongthemseIveswhileeachmemberstilladoptsitsownpoIicyasregardstotradewithoutsiders.ThemostnotabIeoneistheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA),theIargestfreemarketformedbytheUnitedStates,CanadaandMexicoin1991withover360millionconsumersandtotaIGDPofmorethan6trillionUSdoIIars.InwhatwayisacustomsuniondifferentfromafreetradeareaA:TheCustomsUniongoesastepfurtherbyadoptingthesametradepoIicyforaIIthememberstowardcountriesoutsidetheirorganizationinadditiontoaboIishingtradebarriersamongthemseIves.Importsfromothercountriesaresubjecttothesametariff.WhatarethecharacteristicsofacommonmarketWhichorganizationremainedacommonmarketforsomeyearsinthepastA:ThecommonmarketisfurtheruptheseaIeofregionaIeconomicintegration.BesidesfreemovementofgoodsandservicesandadoptionofcommonexternaItradepoIicy,factorsofproductionsuchasIabor,capitaiandtechnoIogyarefreetomoveamongmemberssothattheycanbeutilizedinamoreefficientandproductiveway.Inthepast,theEuropeanCommunityremainedacommonmarketforsomeyears.HowmuchdoyouknowaboutaneconomicunionCanmembersofaneconomicunionkeepalIoftheirnationaIsovereigntyA:Theeconomicunionisthehighestformofeconomiiantegration,whichischaracterizedbyintegrationofthedomesticpoliciesofitsmembersinrespectofeconomy,financeetc.inadditiontoabsenceoftradebarriers,practiceofcommonexternaIpolicyandfreeproductionfactormobi丨ity.ThemembersofanEconomicUnionarerequirednotonlytoharmonizetheirtaxation,governmentexpenditure,industrypo丨icies,etc.,butaIsousethesamecurrency.ThemembercountriesofaneconomicunionarerequiredtosurrendersomeoftheirnationaIsovereignty,whichiserodingthetraditionoftheworIdpoliticaIsystembasedontheautonomyandsupremepowerofsovereignstates.MakeabriefaccountoftheoriginanddeveIopmentoftheEU.A:Thefirstcommunity,theEuropeanCoaIandSteeICommunity(ECSC)wasestabIishedin1952,whichsetthestageformoreambitiousintegrationefforts.ThesigningofthemonumentaiTreatyofRomein1957markstheestabIishmentoftheEuropeanEconomicCommunitywiththeaimofgraduaIIyreaIizingthefreemovementofgoods,services,IaborandcapitaiasweIIastheharmonizationofeconomicpoIiciesofthemembercountries.Tenyearslaterin1967,theEuropeanCommunit酗asformedbymergingEEC,ECSCandEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity(EURATOM).1992itbecameatruecommonmarketasenvisagedbytheSingleEuropeanAct.ThenonJanuary1,1994theEuropeanUnion(EU)cameintobeingonthestrengthoftheMaastrichtTreatyFromthebeginningof1999mostofthemembersbegantousethecommonEuropeancurrencyforaccountingandsett丨ementandin2002,eurobanknotesandcoinswereputintocircuIation.WhatisthemostpowerfulinstitutionoftheEUWhatistheexecutivebodyoftheEUHowdoesitoperateA:ThemostpowerfuIinstitutionoftheEUistheCounciIofMinisters.ItsexecutivebodyistheEuropeanCommissioncomposedof20commissionersoverseeing23departmentsinchargeofdifferentaffairs.DecisionsofthecounciIaremadebyvotesaIIocatedtomembsiountriesonthebasisoftheirsize.DifferentministersattendthecounciImeetingdependingonthemattersdiscussed.ThecounciIevenhasthepowertopassIegisIation.ExplainbrieflythefivelayerorganizationalstructureofAsia-PacificEconomicCooperation.A:a.theInformaIMeetingofEconomicIeadersDuaI-MinisteriaIMeetingMinistersResponsibIeforTradeTheSeniorOfficiaIsMeeting(SOM)SubordinatecommitteesunderSOM:CommitteeofTradeandInvestment,EconomicCommittee,EconomicandTechnicaICooperationSub-committeeofSOMandBudgetManagementCommittee.WhatarethetenetandobjectivesofAPECWhatdoitstwowheeIsmeanA:ThetenetandobjectivesofAPECareinter-dependence,mutualbenefits,adheringtoanopenandmulti丨ateraItradingsystemandreductionofregionaItradebarriers.ItstwowheeIsmeantradeandinvestmentliberationandfacilitation(TILF)andeconomicandtechnicaIcooperation(ECOTECH).WhatarethenatureandobjectivesofOPECA:OPECisacommoditycartel.Ittriedto丨imittheoveraIIcrudeoiIsuppIyoftheworIdforthepurposeofmaintaininghigheroiIprices.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:過去的幾十年，地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化越來越重要。ThepastdecadeswitnessedincreasingIygrowingimportanceofregionaIeconomicintegration.最著名的自由貿(mào)易區(qū)是北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)，它是由美國(guó)、加拿大和墨西哥于1991年建立的。ThemostnotabIefreetradeareaistheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA),theIargestfreemarketformedbytheUnitefittates,CanadaandMexicoin1991.經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟成員國(guó)不僅要在稅收、政府開支、企業(yè)策略等方面保持一致，而且還應(yīng)使用同一貨幣。ThemembersofanEconomicUnionarerequirednotonlytoharmonizetheirtaxation,governmentexpenditure,industrypolices,etc.,butaIsousethesamecurrency.歐洲委員會(huì)是歐盟的管理機(jī)構(gòu)之一，此機(jī)構(gòu)將提議呈交給部長(zhǎng)理事會(huì)做決定，并監(jiān)督各成員國(guó)根據(jù)所制定的條約履行自己的義務(wù)。TheEuropeanCommissionisoneofthegoverningorgansoftheEuropeanUnion.ItisthebodythatputsproposaIstotheCounciIofMinisterfodecisionandseesthatthememberscarryouttheirdutiesunderthetreaty.APEC建立于在澳大利亞首都堪培拉召開的一次部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)議上。當(dāng)時(shí)有12位成員國(guó)出席，分別為澳大利亞、美國(guó)、加拿大、日本、新西蘭和東盟六國(guó)。APECwassetupattheMinisteriaIMeetinghe丨dintheAustraIiancapitaICanberraattendedby12membersofAustralia,theUnitedStates,Canada,Japan,RepubIicofKorea,NewZeaIandandsixASEANcountries.Lesson4EconomicGlobaIizationBusinessKnowIedge:EconomicgIobaIizationasanobjectivetrendBasicfeature*AdvantagesandnegativeimpactsMultinationalcorporationsA.Organization—parentandaffiliatesB.CharacteristicsEnormousinsizeWidegeographicaIspreadLongevityandrapidgrowthNeed,goaIsandroIesProfitSecurityresourcesAsvehicIesforcross-bordertransferresourcesFourtypesMulti-domesticcorporationGIobaIcorporationTransnationalcorporationWorIdcompanyTradeTerms:SharehoIders股東EconomicgIobaIization經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化Boardofdirectors董事會(huì)Inputs投入Economicenvironment經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境ParentMNCheadquarter跨國(guó)公司母公司，總部AffiIiateMNC子公司，分支機(jī)構(gòu)，附屬機(jī)構(gòu)Branchcompany分公司Subsidiarycompany子公司Day-to-dayrunning日常管理MNC跨國(guó)公司=TNC:Multinationalcorporation,aremadeupofvastnumbersofforeignsubsidiaries,companiesinwhichover50percentisownedbytheparentcompany.Homecounty母國(guó)：ThecountrywheretheheadquarteroftheinvestorisIocated.dcountry東道國(guó)：Thehostcountryisaforeigncountrywheretheinvestoroperates.MNE跨國(guó)企業(yè)：Multinationalenterprise:AtypicaImultinationalenterpriseshaIIbedefinedasabusinessorganizationwhichowns（whetherwhoIlyorpartly）,controIsandmanagesassets,oftenincludingproductiveresources,inmorethanonecountry,throughitsmembercompaniesincorporatedseparatelyineachofthesecountries.Eachmembercompanyisknownasamultinationalcorporation.EconomiesofseaIe規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)Increaseandgrowth數(shù)量的增多和規(guī)模的增大Revenueadjustedforinflation（除去通貨膨脹后的）實(shí)際收入Answerthefollowingquestions:WhatarethebasicfeatureandmajorroleofeconomicgIobaIizationA:ThebasicfeatureofeconomicgIobaIizationistofreefIowofcommodity,capitaI,technoIogy,service,andinformationinthegIobaIcontextforoptimizedaIIocation.Mentionsomeoftheprosandconsofeconomicglobalization.Whatistherightattitudetowardsit（有利和不利方面）a.a.MNEsaregeneraIIyenormousinsizeA:TheprosisthatwiththebasicfeatureoffreefIowofcommodity,capitai,technoIogy,service,andinformationinthegIobaIcontextforoptimizedaIIocation,economicgIobaIizationisgivingnewimpetusandprovidingopportunitiestoworIdeconomicdeveIopmentandmeanwhilemakingthevariouseconomiesmoreandmoreinterdependent.WhiletheconsofeconomicgIobaIizationisdifferentcountriesandpeopIesdonotenjoybaIancedbenefits.TherightattitudetowardsitisfollowthetrendcIoseIy,avaiIingtheopportunitiesitofferstodeveIopourseIvesandavoidingitspossibIeimpacts.WhatistheformaldefinitionofamultinationaIenterpriseHowcanyoutelIwhetheramultinationaIcorporationisaparentorjustanaffiIiateA:Amu丨tinationaIenterpriseshaIIbedefinedasabusinessorganizationthatowns(whetherwho丨丨yorpartly),controlsandmanagesassetsinmorethanonecountry.IftheMNCistheoriginalinvestingcorporation,itisknownastheparentMNC,whichisnormaIIyaIsotheinternationalheadquartersoftheMNE.IftheMNCisestabIishedasaresuItofinvestmentsbytheMNE,whetherthroughtheparentorthroughanotherofitsaIreadyestabIishedMNC,itisanaffiIiateMNC.DescribebrieflythecharacteristicsofMNEs.A:ThecharacteristicsofMNEsisasfollow:WidegeographicaIspreadLongevityandrapidgrowthWhatisthecommonIyrecognizedobjectiveofMNEsA:MNEsareformedforprofit,andthesecondbasicneedissecurity.WhyissecuritysoimportanttoMNEsA:Withoutsecurity,anMNEssurvivaIcanneverbeassured.Theneedofsecurityincludesthesecurityofprofitsintheshort-and-丨ong-run,thesecurityoftheMNE'sassetsandinvestment,andthesecurityofotherorganizationalneeds.ProfitisuseIessifitcannotbesecuredbytheMNEandtransferredwhereveritsodesires.Doyouthink"widegeographicalspread"ofMNEsplaysaveryimportantroleinthedeveIopmentoftheirbusinessWhyA:Yes,Ido.MNEsenabIesthemtohaveawiderangeofoptionsintermsofdecisionsinareassuchassourcingandpricing.TheyareaIsomoreabIetotakeadvantageofchangesintheinternationaleconomicenvironment.Suchmu丨ti一nationalityaIsoenabIesMNEstoengageinworldwideintegratedproductionandmarketing.WhatistherelationshipbetweenMNEsandtheirhostcountriesA:MNCsareundertheIegaIjurisdictionoftheirhostgovernmentsthatcanimposevariousruIes,reguIations,andIawsontheMNCstotheextentofnationalizingaIItheirassets.WhatarethefourtypesofmultinationaIenterprisesDescribeeachofthembriefly.A:Thefourtypesofmultinationalenterprisesisthat:Multi-domesticcorporation:itisagroupofreIativeIyindependentsubsidiaries.TheparentcompanydeIegatessufficientpowertoeachsubsidiarytomanagetheproductionandmarketinginthehostcountryfortheneedsofIocaIcustomers.GIobaIcorporation:itoperatesandviewstheworIdmarketasanintegratedwhoIe.PowerandresponsibiIityareconcentratedattheheadquartersthatmanagesproductionandmarketingtoachievetheeconomiesofseaIeasmuchaspossibIe.TransnationalCorporation:Theactivitiesandresourcesofthetransnationalcorporationarehighlyneithercentralizedasthesecondtypenordecentralizedasthefirsttypebutareintegratedinaninterdependentnetworkofaffiliates.WorIdCompany:theirnationalidentitiesarebIurredtoaIargeextent.AretheremayworldcompaniesatpresentImaginetheirfutureroleincompIetegIobaIization.A:Nowitisveryfew.Whensuchcompaniesbecomedominating,thepossibi丨ityofconfIictsamongsovereignstatesmaybegreatlyreduced.PossibIytheywiIIbeinstrumentaitothereaIizationofcompIetegIobaIization.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化為世