2022年吉林GRE考試模擬卷1測

2022年吉林GRE考試模擬卷（本卷共分為2大題50小題,作答時(shí)間為180分鐘,總分100分,60分及格。）單位: 姓名: 考號:題號單選題多項(xiàng)選擇判斷題綜合題總分分值得分ー、單項(xiàng)選擇題（共25題,每題2分。每題的備選項(xiàng)中,只有一個(gè)最符合題意）{{B}}Narrator{{/B}}ListentoapartofalectureinanecoIogyclass.WhydoestheprofessorsaythisTodescribetheimportanceofrunoffandgroundwater.Tocomparetheamountofrunoffwiththatofgroundwater.Toshowsimilaritiesbetweenrunoffandgroundwater.Toexplainhowrunoffeventuallybecomesgroundwater.{{B}}Set2{{/B}}{{B}}MediterraneanDiet{{/B}}TheMediterraneandietisbasedupontheeatingpatternsoftraditionalculturesintheMediterraneanregion.SeveralnotednutritionistsandresearchprojectshaveconeIudedthatthisdietisoneofthemosthealthfulintheworldintermsofpreventingsuchiIInessesasheartdiseaseandcancer,andincreasingIifeexpectancy.ThecountriesthathaveinspiredtheMediterraneandietalIsurroundtheMediterraneanSea.Thesecultureshaveeatinghabitsthatdevelopedoverthousandsofyears.InEurope,partsofItaly,Greece,PortugaI,Spain,andsouthernFranceadheretoprinciplesoftheMediterraneandiet,asdoMoroccoandTunisiainNorthAfrica.PartsoftheBaIkanregionandTurkeyfollowthediet,asweIIasMiddleEasterncountriesIikeLebanonandSyria.TheMediterraneanregioniswarmandsunny,andproduceslargesuppIiesoffreshfruitsandvegetabIesalmostyearroundthatpeopIeeatmanytimesperday.Wine,bread,oliveoiI,nuts,andIegumesareotherstapIesoftheregion,andtheMediterraneanSeahashistoricallyyieIdedabundantquantitiesoffish.InternationalinterestinthetherapeuticquaIitiesoftheMediterraneandietbeganbackinthelate1950s,whenmedicaIresearchersstartedtoIinktheoccurrenceofheartdiseasewithdiet.Dr.AncelKeysperformedanepidemiologicalanalysisofdietsaroundtheworId(epidemiologybeingthebranchofpubIichealththatstudiespatternsofdiseasesandtheirpotentiaIcausesamongpopuIations).EntitledtheSevenCountriesStudy,itisconsideredasoneofthegreateststudiesofitskindeverperformed.Init,KeysgathereddataonheartdiseaseanditspotentiaIcausesfromnearly13,000meninGreece,Italy,Croatia,Serbia,Japan,Finland,theNetherlands,andtheUnitedStates.itconeIudedthattheMediterraneanpeopIeinthestudyenjoyedsomesignificanthealthadvantages.TheMediterraneangroupshadlowermortalityratesinalIagebracketsandfromalIcauses,particularlyfromheartdisease.ThestudyalsoshowedthattheMediterraneandietisashighorhigherinfatthanotherdiets,obtainingupto40percentofalIitscaloriesfromfat.Ithas,however,differentpatternsoffatintake.MediterraneancookingusessmalIeramountsofsaturatedfatandhigheramountsofunsaturatedfat,mostlyintheformofoliveoiI.Saturatedfatsarefatsthatarefoundprincipallyinmeatanddairyproducts,aIthoughavocados,somenuts,andsomevegetabIeoiIsalsocontainthem.Saturatedfatsareusedbythebodytomakecholesterol,andhighlevelsofcholesterolhavesincebeendirectIyrelatedtoheartdisease.SeveralotherstudieshavevaIidatedKeys'findingsregardingthegoodhealthtopeopIeinMediterraneancountries.TheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)showedina1990analysisthatfourmajorMediterraneancountries(Spain,Greece,France,andItaly)havelongerIifeexpectanciesandlowerratesofheartdiseaseandcancerthanotherEuropeancountriesandAmerica.ThedataaresignificantbecausethesameMediterraneansfrequentlysmokeanddon'thaveregularexerciseprogramsIikemanyAmericans,whichmeansthatothervariablesmayberesponsible.Scientistshavealsoruledoutgeneticdifferences,becauseMediterraneanswhomovetoothercountriestendtolosetheirhealthadvantages.ThesefindingssuggestthatdietandIifestylearemajorfactors.TheMediterraneandietgainedevenmorenoticewhenDr.WalterWiIlett,headofthenutritiondepartmentatHarvardUniversity,begantorecommendit.AIthoughIow-fatdietswererecommendedforsufferersofheartdisease,groupofMediterraneansinhisstudieshadveryhighintakesoffat,mainlyfromoliveoil.Willettandothersproposedthattheriskofheartdiseasecanbereducedbyincreasingonetypeofdietaryfat-monounsaturatedfat-thetypefoundinoliveoiI.Willett'sproposalwentagainstconventionaInutritionalrecommendationstoreducealIfatinthediet.IthasbeenshownthatunsaturatedfatsraisethelevelofHDLcholesterol,whichissometimescalled"goodcholesterol"becauseofitsprotectiveeffectagainstheartdisease.Wi11etthasalsoperformedstudiescorrelatingtheintakeofmeatwithheartdiseaseandcancer.ThewordvaIidateinparagraph4isclosestinmeaningtoconfirm.refute.disagree.examine.{{B}}Set3{{/B}}{{B}}AMessengerfromthePast{{/B}}HispeopIesaidgood-byeandwatchedhimwaIkofftowardthemountains.Theyhadlittlereasontofearforhissafety:themanwasweIIdressedininsuIatedcIothingandequippedwithtooIsneededtosurvivetheAlpineclimate.However,asweekspassedwithouthisreturn,theymusthavegrownworried,thenanxious,andfinalIyresigned,Aftermanyyearseveryonewhoknewhimhaddied,andanoteevenamemoryofthemanremained.Then,onanimprobablydistantday,hecamedownfromthemountain.Thingshadchangedabit:itwasn'ttheBronzeAgeanymore,andhewasacelebrity.Whenameltingglacierreleaseditsholdona4,000-year-oldcorpseinSeptember,itwasquiterightIycalledoneofthemostimportantarcheologicalfindsofthecentury.DiscoveredbyaGermancoupIehikingat10,500feetintheItalianTyrolneartheAustrianborder,thepartiallyfreeze-driedbodystillworeremnantsofleathergarmentsandbootsthathadbeenstuffedwithstrawforinsulation.ThehikersalertedscientistsfromtheUniversityofInnsbruckinAustria,whosemorecompIeteexaminationrevealedthatthemanwastattooedonhisbackandbehindhisknee.AthissidewasabronzeaxofatypetypicalinsoutherncentralEuropearound2000BC.Onhisexpedition-perhapstohuntortosearchformetalore―hehadalsocardedanalI-purposestoneknife,awoodenbackpack,abowandaquiver,asmalIbagcontainingaflintIighterandkindling,andanarrowrepairkitinaleatherpouch.SucheverydaygeargivesanunprecedentedperspectiveonIifeinearlyBronzeAgeEurope."ThemostexcitingthingisthatwegenuineIyappeartobeIookingatamanwhohadsomekindofaccidentinthecourseofaperfectlyordinarytrip,"saysarcheologistIanKinnesoftheBritishMuseum."ThesearenotartifactspIacedinagrave,butthefellow1sownpossessions."UnliketheEgyptiansandMesopotamiansofthetime,whohadmoreadvancedcivilizationswithcitiesandcentralauthority,theIceManandhiscountrymenIivedinasocietybuiltaroundsmaIIvstabIevi11ages.HeprobablyspokeinatongueancestraltocurrentEuropeanlanguages.Furthermore,thoughhewasamemberofafarmingculture,hemaywe11havebeenhuntingwhenhedied,toaddmeattohisfamily'sdiet.X-raysofthequivershowedthatitcontained14arrows.WhiIehisbackpackwasempty,carefulexplorationofthetrenchwherehediedrevealedremnantsofanimalskinandbonesatthesamespotwherethepacklay.TherewasalsotheremainderofapiIeofberries.Clearlythemandidn'tstarvetodeath.Thetrenchprovidedhimsowithshelterfromtheelements,andhealsohadabraidedmatofgrasstokeephimwarm.IfinjuryoriIInesscausedtheIceMan'sdeath,anautopsyonthe4,000-year-oIdvictimcouIdturnupsomeclues.Thecircumstancesofhisdeathmayhavepreservedsuchevidence,aswe11asotherdetaiIsofhisIife.Freeze-driedbythefrigidclimate,hisinnerorgansandothersofttissuesaremuchbetterpreservedthanthoseofdried-upEgyptianmummiesorthewaterloggedScandinavian“BogMen11foundinrecentyears.Oneconcern,voicedbyarcheologistColinRenfrewofCambridgeUniversity,isthatthehotTVIightsthatgreetedthehunter'sreturntocivilizetionmayhavedamagedthesefragiIetissues,jeopardizingachancetorecoveradditionaIpreciousgeneticinformationfromhischromosomes.Ifnot,Renfrewsays,“itmaybepossibIetogetverylongDNAsequencesoutofthismaterial.Thisisfarandawaythemostexcitingaspectofthediscovery."Forthetimebeing,alIbiologicalresearchhasIiterally68beenputoniceattheUniversityofInnsbruckwhileaninternationalteamofexperts,ledbyresearcherKonradSpindler,puzzleesoutawaytothawthebodywithoutdestroyingit.AssensationaIasitsounds,itremainstobeseenhowusefuI4,000-year-oldhumanDNAwi11reallybe."TheproblemisthatwearedeaIingwithasingleindividual,nsaysevolutionarybiologistRobertSokaloftheStateUniversityofNewYorkatStonyBrook."InordertomakestatementsaboutthepopuIationthatexistedatthetime,weneedmorespecimens."Thewishformoremessengersfromthepastmayyetcometrue.Fivemorebodiesofmountainclimbers,alIofwhomdiedwithinthepast50years,haveemergedfrommeltingAustrianmountainicethissummer.TheIceMan'sreturnfromhewasbeenburiedinicefor4,000years.helivedinearlyBronzeAgeEurope.hisdeathwascausedbysomekindofaccident.hisbelongingsreflecttheeverydaylife4,000yearsago.{{B}}ReadingSectionDirections{{/B}}Inthissectionyouwi11readfivepassagesandanswerreadingcomprehensionquestionsabouteachpassage.Mostquestionsareworthonepoint,butthelastquestionineachsetisworthmorethanonepoint.Thedirectionsindicatehowmanypointsyoumayreceive.YouwiIIhave60minutestoreadalIofthepassagesandanswerthequestions.SomepassagesincIudeawordorphrasethatisunderIinedinblue.Glickonthewordorphrasetoseeadefinitionoranexplanation.Whenyouwanttomoveontothenextquestion,clickonNext.YoucanskipquestionsandgobacktothemIaterasIongasthereistimeremaining.Ifyouwanttoreturntopreviousquestions,cIickonBack.YoucanclickonReviewatanytimeandthereviewscreenwi11showyouwhichquestionyouhaveansweredandwhichyouhavenot.Fromthisreviewscreen,youmaygodirectIytoanyquestionyouhavealreadyseeninthereadingsection.Whenyouarereadytocontinue,clickontheGontinueicon.{{B}}Set1{{/B}}{{B}}OvercomingtheLanguageBarrier{{/B}}ThediscoverythatIanguagecanbeabarriertocommunicationisquicklymadebyalIwhotravel,study,governorsell.Whethertheactivityistourism,research,government,policing,business,ordatadissemination,theIackofacommonlanguagecanseverelyimpedeprogressorcanhaltitaltogether."Commonlanguage"hereusuallymeansaforeignIanguage,butthesamepointappIiesinprincipletoanyencounterwithunfamiIiardialectsorstyleswithinasingleIanguage.MTheydon'ttalkthesamelanguage"hasamajormetaphorricalmeaningaIongsideitsIiteralone.Althoughcommunicationproblemsofthiskindmusthappenthousandsoftimeseachday,veryfewbecomepubIicknowledge.PubIicitycomesonIywhenafailuretocommunicatehasmajorconsequences,suchasstrike,lostorders,legalproblems,orfatalaccidents-even,attimes,war.Onereportedinstanceofcommunicationfailuretookplacein1970,whenseveraIAmericansateaspeciesofpoisonousmushroom.Noremedywasknown,andtwoofthepeopIediedwithindays.Aradioreportofthecasewasheardbyachemistwhoknewofatreatmentthathadbeensuccessfullyusedin1959andpubIishedin1963.WhyhadtheAmericandoctorsnotheardofitsevenyearslaterPresumablybecausethereportofthetreatmenthadbeenpubIishedonlyinjournalswritteninEuropeanIanguagesotherthanEnglish.ButisoIatedexampIesdonotgiveanimpressionofthesizeoftheproblem somethingthatcancomeonlyfromstudiesoftheuseoravoidanceofforeign-languagematerialsandcontactsindifferentcommunicativesituations.IntheEngIish-scientificworId,forexampIevsurveysofbooksanddocumentsconsultedinIibrariesandotherinformationagencieshaveshownthatverylittleforeign-1anguagematerialiseverconsulted.LibraryrequestsinthefieIdofscienceandtechnoIogyshowedthatonly13percentwereforforeignIanguageperiodicals.StudiesofthesourcescitedinpubIicationsleadtoasimilarconeIusion:theuseofforeign-1anguagesourcesisoftenfoundtobeaslowas10percent.TheIanguagebarrierpresentsitselfinstarkformtoformwhowishtomarkettheirproductsinothercountries.Britishindustry,inparticular,hasinrecentdecadesoftenbeencriticizedforitsIinguisticinsularity-foritsassumptionthatforeignbuyerswi11behappytocommunicateinEnglish,andthatawarenessofotherIanguagesisnotthereforeapriority.Inthe1960s,overtwo-thirdsofBritishfirmsdealingwithnon-English-speakingcustomerswereusingEnglishforoutgoingcorresponddence;manyhadtheirsalesIiteratureonlyinEngIish;andasmanyas70percentofempIoyeescannotcommunicateinthecustomers9Ianguages.AsimilarproblemwasidentifiedinotherEnglish-speakingcountries,notabIytheUSA,AustraliaandNewZeaIand.Andnon-EngIish-speakingcountrieswerebynomeansexempt-aIthoughthewidespreaduseofEnglishasanalternativeIanguagemadethemlessopentothechargeofinsularity.ThecriticismandpubIicitygiventothisproblemsincethe1960sseemstohavegreatlyimprovedthesituation.IndustrialtrainingschemeshavepromotedanincreaseinIinguisticandculturalawareness.Manyfirmsnowhavetheirowntranslationservices;totakejustoneexampIeinBritain,RowntreeMackintoshnowpubIishtheirdocumentsinsixIanguagesmostBritishfirmsusedEnglishtocorrespondwithnon-English-speakingcustomers.manycompaniesonlyhadEnglishsalesliterature.themajorityofemployeescouldspeakthecustomersylanguages.foreigncustomerswerehappytocommunicateinEnglish.{IB}}Set4{{/BH{{B}}TheCuttingEdge{{/B}}Economistsandgovernmentsagreethesedaysonthecrucialimportanceofforeigndirectinvest-ment(FDI).Theyseeitbothastheglobalmarket,s"sealofapprovaI"onacountry1spoliciesandprospects,andasaforce,especiallyindevelopingcountries,forfar-reachingeconomicchange.ThisconsensusissurprisingwhenyourememberthatFDIremainspoliticallysensitiveinmanypoor,andsomenot-so-poor,countries.Butthebenefitsaresogreatthatreservationsonthisaccounthavebeenputaside.ThepointaboutFDIisthatitisfarmorethanmere"capitaI":itisauniquelypotentbundleofcapital,contacts,andmanagerialandtechnologicalknowledge.Itisthecuttingedgeofglobalization.TheoutIookforFDI-intotaI,andcountrybycountry-isthereforeamatterofgreatinterest.Forecastingit,however,isfarfromeasy.ThedeterminantsarecompIicated,andnotalwayssusceptibIetomeasurement.Uptonow,sofarasthiscoIumnisaware,detaiIedforecastshavenotbeenattempted.InareportpubIishedthisweek,theEconomistInte11igenceUnit(EIU),asistercompanyofTheEconomist,hasventuredintothisunchartedterritory.ItprovidesaforecastforFDIextendingto2005fornofewerthan60countries(accountingforvirtuallyalIoftheworld'sactuaIandprojectedflowsofFDI).ThemaindifficultyarisesfromthefactthatFDIdependscloselyonwhattheEIUcallsthebusinessenvironment-anecessarilybroadtermthatincludes,onthefirm'sdefinition,70separateindicators.Someofthesearepolitical,andtotheextentthattheycanbemeasuredatalIhavetobegaugedthroughsurveysthataskinvestorsquestionssuchas,"IsthequaIityofthebureaucracyanditsabilitytocarryoutgovernmentpolicyveryhigh,high,moderate,loworverylow"ItisonethingtocompiIethiskindofevidenceintoabackward-lookingaggregatewhichcanthenbetestedforitsabilitytoexplainpastmovementsinFDI.Itisquiteanothertouseitforforecasting-becausetodothattheresearcherhastopredicthowpoliticalandotherconditionswi11change.Thereisnoalternativebuttoblendtogetherdifferentkindsofinformation.First,takewhateverevidenceeconometricscanyieldaboutthewaytheforcesdriving,FDI-sizeofhost-countrymarket,expectedgrowth,inputcosts,geographyandnaturalresources,andthepolicyframework-haveworkedinthepast.Next,addconventionaIforecastsofrelevanteconomicaggregates.Third,unavoidably,makemorequaIitativeandspecuIativeassessmentsofchangesinother,"non-economic",conditions.AlIthisthestudytriestodo.Itisacademicallyimpure,becauseithastobe.Buttheworkingsandthesupportinginformationareinplainview,andtheresultsareveryinteresting.GIobaIFDIflowsareprojectedtoshrinkmarkedlythisyear,from$1.1trillionin2000tolessthan$800billion.AlmostalIofthereductionisforecasttobeinFDItorichcountries,drivenbythesIowdowninAmericaandbythediminishingpaceofmergersandacquisitions(whichareaprincipaldriverofFDIinthedeveIopedeconomies).FDItopoorcountriesmerelypauses,ataround$220billion.Insubsequentyears,flowsrecoveracrosstheboard,butgrowthinflowstopoorcountriescontinuestooutpace,modestIy,growthinflowstorichones.Bythen,thegIobaIstockofFDIwi11haverisentomorethan$10trillion,accordingtothereport,fromlessthan$6trillionlastyear.TheUnitedStates,unsurprisingly,isexpectedtodominatetherankingsin2001-2005,muchasitdoestoday,accountingformorethan25%ofgIobaIinfIows.TheanalysisshowsthatAmerica'sbusinessenvironmentisaboutasgoodasonewouldinfer,statistica11yspeaking,fromitsincome.Britain,incontrast,isoneof14countrieswithasomewhatbetterbusinessenvironmentthanitsincomewouldleadyoutoexpect(or,toputitlesskindly,withalowerincomethanitsbusinessenvironmentwouldleadyoutoexpect).Britainisexpectedtoremaintheworld'ssecond-biggestrecipientofFDI,accountingformorethan9%ofthetotaIin2001-2005.IntermsofFDIperhead,Britaincurrentlyranksseventh,behind(indescendingorder)Ireland,BeIgiurn,HongKongSAR,Sweden,SingaporeandtheNetherlands.Onthismeasure,theUnitedStatesranksfourteenth.Thestudy'smostencouragingfindingisthatscoresforbTodecideonaforecastingmodel.TogatherevidenceaboutthewaydrivingforcesofFDIhaveworked.C.Toconsidernon-economicforces.D.Toincorporateconventionalforecastsofeconomicaggregates.{{B}}Set5{{/B}}{{B}}Temperature{{/B}}Threescalesoftemperature,eachofwhichpermitsaprecisemeasurement,areinconcurrentuse:theFahrenheit,Celsius,andKelvinscales.ThesethreedifferenttemperaturescaleswereeachdeveIopedbydifferentpeopIeandhavecometobeusedindifferentsituations.ThescalethatismostwidelyusedbythegeneralpubIicintheUnitedStatesistheFahrenheitscale.In1714,DanieIGabrielFahrenheit,aGermanphysicistwhowaslivinginHollandandoperatinganinstrumentbusiness,deveIopedamercury-in-gIassthermometerandthetemperaturescalethatstillcarrieshisname.Hisoriginalscalehadtwofixedpoints:0°wasthelowesttemperaturethathecouldachieveinasoIutionofice,water,andsalt,and96°waswhathebeIievedwasthenormaItemperatureofthehumanbody(thoughthiswaslaterdeterminedtobe98.6°).Basedonthisscale,hecaIcuIatedthatthefreezingpoint(oricepoint)ofwaterwas32°;inlaterstudies,itwasdeterminedthattheboiIingpointofwater(thesteampoint)was212°.TheFahrenheitscalecametobeacceptedasthestandardmeasureoftemperatureinanumberofcountries,includingGreatBritain,andfromthereitwasspreadtoBritishcoIoniesthroughouttheworld.Today,however,theUnitedStatesistheonlymajorcountryintheworldthatstillusestheFahrenheitscale.ThescalethatisinuseinmanyothercountriesistheCelsiusscale.AndersCelsius(1701~1744),aSwedishastronomer,deveIopedathermometerin1741thatbasedtemperaturesonthefreezingandboilingtemperaturesofwater.OnthethermometerthatCelsiusdeveIoped,however,0°wasusedtoindicatetheboilingtemperatureofwater,and100°wasusedtoindicatethefreezingtemperatureofwater.Afterhisdeath,thescalewasreversedbyafriend,thebiologistCarIvonLinne(1707?1748),whoachievedacclaimforhisdeveIopmentoftheLinneanclassificationsystemforplantsandanimals.OnthenewscaleafterthereversalbyvonLinney00indicatedthefreezingtemperatureofwater,and100°indicatedtheboilingtemperatureofwater.AtaroundthesametimethatCelsiusandvonLinnewereworkingontheirthermometerinSweden,asimilarthermometerwasbeingdeveIopedinFrance.AftertheFrenchRevolution,thescaledeveIopedinFrancewasadoptedaspartofthemetricsysteminthatcountryunderthenamecentigrade,whichmeans"ahundredunits,"andfromthereitspreadworldwide.In1948,aninternationalagreementwasmadetorenamethecentigradescaletheCelsiusscaleinhonorofthescientistwhowasfirstknowntousea100-degreescale,thoughitshouIdberememberedthatthescalethatCelsiusactua11yusedhimselfwasthereverseoftoday'sscale.AthirdseaIe,theKelvinseaIe,isgenera11yusedtodayforscientificpurposes.ThisseaIewasfirstsuggestedin1854bytwoEngIishphysicists:WilliamThomson,LordKelvin(1824~1907)andJamesPrescottJoule(1818~1889).TheKelvinscaledefines0°asabsolutezero,thehypotheticaItemperatureatwhichalIatomicandmolecularmotiontheoreticallystops,and100°separatesthefreezingpointandboilingpointofwater,justasitdoesontheCelsiusscale.OntheKelvinscale,with0°equaltoabsolutezero,waterfreezesat273°,andwaterboilsatatemperature1000higher.TheKelvinscaleiswe11suitedtosomeareasofscientificstudybecauseitdoesnothaveanynegativevalues,yetitstillmaintainsthe100°differencebetweenthefreezingpointandboiIingpointofwaterthattheCelsiusscalehasandcanthuseasilybeconvertedtotheCelsiusscalebymerelysubtracting273°fromthetemperatureontheKelvinscale.Thewordreversedinparagraph3isclosestinmeaningtobroughtin.turnedaround.thoughtup.sentback.{{B}}Narrator{{/B}}Listentoapartofadiscussioninab!〇Iogyclass.WhatisthetalkmainlyaboutTheeconomicimportanceofbees.Adeclineinpollinatorpopulations.Howflowersarepollinated.Nature'sservicestofarms.{{B}}Narrator{{/B})Listentoapartofatalkinahistorylecture.WhatisthetalkmainlyaboutTheWarofIndependence.TheWarof1812.TheIraqWarof2003.TheCivilWar.{{B}}ReadingSectionDirections{{/B}}Inthissectionyouwi11readfivepassagesandanswerreadingcomprehensionquestionsabouteachpassage.Mostquestionsareworthonepoint,butthelastquestionineachsetisworthmorethanonepoint.Thedirectionsindicatehowmanypointsyoumayreceive.YouwiIIhave60minutestoreadalIofthepassagesandanswerthequestions.SomepassagesincIudeawordorphrasethatisunderIinedinblue.Glickonthewordorphrasetoseeadefinitionoranexplanation.Whenyouwanttomoveontothenextquestion,clickonNext.YoucanskipquestionsandgobacktothemIaterasIongasthereistimeremaining.Ifyouwanttoreturntopreviousquestions,cIickonBack.YoucanclickonReviewatanytimeandthereviewscreenwi11showyouwhichquestionyouhaveansweredandwhichyouhavenot.Fromthisreviewscreen,youmaygodirectIytoanyquestionyouhavealreadyseeninthereadingsection.Whenyouarereadytocontinue,clickontheContinueicon.{{BUSet{{B}}OvercomingtheLanguageBarrier{{/B}}ThediscoverythatIanguagecanbeabarriertocommunicationisquicklymadebyalIwhotravel,study,governorsell.Whethertheactivityistourism,research,government,policing,business,ordatadissemination,theIackofacommonlanguagecanseverelyimpedeprogressorcanhaltitaltogether.nCommonlanguage"hereusuallymeansaforeignlanguage,butthesamepointappliesinprincipletoanyencounterwithunfamiIiardialectsorstyleswithinasingleIanguage."Theydon'ttalkthesamelanguage"hasamajormetaphorricalmeaningaIongsideitsIiteralone.Althoughcommunicationproblemsofthiskindmusthappenthousandsoftimeseachday,veryfewbecomepubIicknowledge.PubIicitycomesonlywhenafailuretocommunicatehasmajorconsequences,suchasstrike,lostorders,legalproblems,orfatalaccidents-even,attimes,war.Onereportedinstanceofcommonicationfailuretookplacein1970,whenseveraIAmericansateaspeciesofpoisonousmushroom.Noremedywasknown,andtwoofthepeopIediedwithindays.Aradioreportofthecasewasheardbyachemistwhoknewofatreatmentthathadbeensuccessfullyusedin1959andpubIishedin1963.WhyhadtheAmericandoctorsnotheardofitsevenyearslaterPresumablybecausethereportofthetreatmenthadbeenpubIishedonlyinjournalswritteninEuropeanIanguagesotherthanEnglish.ButisoIatedexampIesdonotgiveanimpressionofthesizeoftheproblem somethingthatcancomeonlyfromstudiesoftheuseoravoidanceofforeign-1anguagematerialsandcontactsindifferentcommunicativesituations.IntheEngIish-scientificworId,forexampIe,surveysofbooksanddocumentsconsultedinIibrariesandotherinformationagencieshaveshownthatverylittleforeign-1anguagematerialiseverconsulted.Libraryrequestsinthefieldofscienceandtechnologyshowedthatonly13percentwereforforeignIanguageperiodicals.StudiesofthesourcescitedinpubIicationsleadtoasimilarconeIusion:theuseofforeign-1anguagesourcesisoftenfoundtobeaslowas10percent.TheIanguagebarrierpresentsitselfinstarkformtoformwhowishtomarkettheirproductsinothercountries.Britishindustry,inparticular,hasinrecentdecadesoftenbeencriticizedforitsIinguisticinsularity-foritsassumptionthatforeignbuyerswi11behappytocommunicateinEnglish,andthatawarenessofoth