考研考博-英語(yǔ)-徐州工業(yè)職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-徐州工業(yè)職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

You’reresponsibleto（）isinchargeofsales.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.who

B.whom

C.whoever

D.that

【答案】C

【解析】考查引導(dǎo)詞。該空在從句中作主語(yǔ)，并引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句。who表示人，常引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，但不引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句；而whoever表示“無(wú)論是誰(shuí)”(anyonewho)，可引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句。故C項(xiàng)正確。句意：你對(duì)任何負(fù)責(zé)銷售的人負(fù)責(zé)。

2.單選題

CharlesWeiss,programdirectorofscienceandinternationalaffairsatGeorgetownUniversityinWashingtonD.C.,wasthebank’sscienceadviserintheearly1980s.hebelievesthislatestattempttogetthebankthinkingaboutsciencehasmorechanceofsucceedingthanhisownefforts.This,hesays,ispartlybecausetheyhavethesupportofseniorexecutives,particularlyJamesWolfensohn,thebank’spresident,andpartlybecausethebankisnowbeentopromoteknowledge-baseddevelopment.

Unusuallyforalendinginstitution,theWorldBankpossessesworld-classexpertiseontheprojectsandtheregionswhereitlendsmoney.Ofits8000staff,3000haveaPhD-levelqualification,andmanyofthesearetop-rankedresearchersheadhuntedfromuniversities.Thequantityandqualityofthebank'sresearchisconsistentlyhigh.

Butthismoreanalyticalaspectofthebank’sworkhasalwaysbeenovershadowedbyitslendingarm-knownasoperations—whichhasgenerallyconsideredresearchtobeafunctionoflending,ratherthananactivityinitsownright.In1987,halfoftheresearchstaffweresenttoworkoperations.

Thistensionbetweentheresearchandlendingwingsremains,andisoneofseveralchallengesthatwillneedtobeovercomeifthenewstrategyistobearfruit.Inparticular,theneedforanewdepartmentforscienceisbeingquestionedbysomewhodonotwanttoseescienceconfinedtoaghettoandthinkitshouldbepartofthelendingportfolioofallofthebank'sdepartments.

Someoperationsstaffhaveyettobeconvincedofthemeritsofraisingthebank’sresearchprofileorfundingresearchindevelopingcountries.Theybelievethatmoreattentionshouldbepaidtoconventionalinfrastructureneedsinpoorercountrieswhich,becauseoflowcreditratings,willhavelittleaccesstoprivatecapital.

Thereactionfromdevelopingcountrieswillbeanimportanttestofthenewstrategy.TherichercountriesofSoutheastAsia,LatinAmerica,NorthAfricaandtheMiddleEastarelikelytobemorereceptivethanpoorercountries,particularlyinsub-SaharanAfrica,wherethebankisnotpopular,andwherealmost50percentofbank-assistedprojectshavefailedduringthisdecade.

1.WhichofthefollowingisTrueaccordingtoParagraph1?

2.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat().

3.Oneofthechallengesforraisingthehank’sresearchprofileliesin().

4.Theword“infrastructure”(Paragraph5)mostprobablyrefersto().

5.Thebesttitleofthepassagemaybe().

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.TheWorldBankusedtoattachimportancetoresearchintheearly1980s.

B.Thebank’sseniorexecutivesareinfavorofCharlesWeiss’spromotion.

C.Thebankisnowkeentoestablishanewdepartmentforscience.

D.JamesWolfensohnisthinkingaboututilizingthebank’sresearchresources.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.top-rankedresearcherswereeagertoworkinoperations

B.thelendingwingisreluctanttoconsiderresearchasanindependentactivity

C.thenewstrategyhashadasuccessfulresultinsomedevelopedcountries

D.sciencehaslongbeenovershadowedbecausethebank’sresearchworkwasnotefficient

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.lackofinvestmentinscience

B.thereactionfromseniorexecutives

C.thelendingwing’snegativeattitude

D.lowcreditratings

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.thebasicfacilities,services,andinstallations

B.theinterrelationorarrangementofpartsinacomplexentity

C.anunderlyingbaseorfoundation

D.somethingconstructed

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.ResearchPortfoliooftheWorldBank

B.ANewStrategyoftheWorldBank

C.TensionbetweenTwoWings

D.LendingOperationsinDevelopingCountries

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.根據(jù)第一段的第二句“hebelievesthislatestattempttogetthebankthinkingaboutsciencehasmorechanceofsucceedingthanhisownefforts.”他相信,這一使銀行思考科學(xué)的最新嘗試比他自己的努力更有可能成功。說(shuō)明銀行想要建立一個(gè)新的科學(xué)部門。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。選項(xiàng)B高管不是支持Charles的晉升,而是支持他的研究,所以表述錯(cuò)誤。選項(xiàng)A和D在第一段沒(méi)有提及。

2.選項(xiàng)A文中只提到“In1987,halfoftheresearchstaffweresenttoworkoperations.”一半的研究人員被派往業(yè)務(wù)部門工作,并沒(méi)有提到是他們想去的,所以表述錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容可知,發(fā)展中國(guó)家的反應(yīng)將是對(duì)新戰(zhàn)略的重要考驗(yàn)。因?yàn)樵谙鄬?duì)貧窮的國(guó)家,近50%的世行援助項(xiàng)目在這十年中都失敗了。所以選項(xiàng)C錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)第三段的第一句“Butthis...byitslendingarm-knownasoperations”不是因?yàn)檠芯抗ぷ鞯男什桓?而是因?yàn)闃I(yè)務(wù)部門認(rèn)為研究是貸款的一種功能,而不是一項(xiàng)獨(dú)立的活動(dòng)。所以選項(xiàng)D錯(cuò)誤,選項(xiàng)B正確。

3.根據(jù)第五段的最后一句“becauseoflowcreditratings,willhavelittleaccesstoprivatecapital.”因?yàn)檫@些國(guó)家的信用評(píng)級(jí)較低,很難獲得私人資本。選項(xiàng)D正確。。

4.infrastructure指基礎(chǔ)的設(shè)施設(shè)備和服務(wù),選項(xiàng)A正確。

5.文章主要講的是世界銀行的新戰(zhàn)略以及戰(zhàn)略目前面臨的困境,選項(xiàng)B符合原文。選項(xiàng)C描述太廣泛,不是很恰當(dāng)。選項(xiàng)A和D都是小片段,所以也不正確。

3.填空題

Iwenttoseeamovielastnight.ThefilmwasaBritishcomedythathadbeen（1）tomebyanumberofmyfriends.Itturned（2）tobe

justasfunnyasthey’dsaiditwouldbe.I（3）sohardthattherewere

tearsinmyeyes,especiallyattheclimaxtowardtheend.Thefilmiswithout（4）thefunniestthatI’veeverseen.Whenyougeta（5）,you

shouldseeit（6）.

句意:

昨晚我去看了一部電影。這是一部英國(guó)喜劇電影，由很多我的朋友向我推薦。它證明是如他們所說(shuō)的那樣有趣。我笑得那么厲害，以致我的眼淚都出來(lái)了，尤其是在接近尾聲的高潮時(shí)。這部電影無(wú)疑是我曾經(jīng)看過(guò)的最有趣的電影。如果你有機(jī)會(huì)的話，你也應(yīng)當(dāng)去看看。

【答案】1.recommended

2.out

3.laughed

4.doubt

5.chance

6.too

【解析】1.語(yǔ)義題。句意：由很多我的朋友推薦。

2.固定搭配。turnout證明是，原來(lái)是。

3.邏輯銜接。由后面的關(guān)鍵詞“thefunniestthatI’veeverseen是我曾經(jīng)看過(guò)的最有趣的電影?！笨赏浦@里指“笑得厲害到眼淚都出來(lái)了”。

4.固定搭配。withoutdoubt毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)。

5.邏輯銜接。句意為：若有機(jī)會(huì)，你也應(yīng)當(dāng)去看看。

6.語(yǔ)義題。句意:若有機(jī)會(huì)，你也應(yīng)當(dāng)去看看。

4.單選題

Oncethe____contradictionisgrasped,allproblemswillbereadilysolved.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.principle

B.principal

C.potential

D.primitive

【答案】B

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.principle原則；本質(zhì)B.principal主要的

C.potential潛在的D.primitive原始的

【答案】B

【考查點(diǎn)】語(yǔ)義銜接與形近詞辨析

【解題思路】原句語(yǔ)義為“抓住____矛盾，一切問(wèn)題就迎刃而解?！备鶕?jù)后文“一切問(wèn)題就迎刃而解”推斷，前文指的是抓住了主要矛盾，B選項(xiàng)principal“主要的”符合原句語(yǔ)義銜接。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)principle“原則；本質(zhì)”，形近詞，與contradiction“矛盾”不搭配；

C選項(xiàng)potential“潛在的”，不符合原句語(yǔ)義銜接；

D選項(xiàng)primitive“原始的”，形近詞，不符合原句語(yǔ)義銜接。

【句意】抓住了主要矛盾，一切問(wèn)題就迎刃而解了。

5.單選題

______anyoneshouldthinkitstrange,letmeassureyouthatitisquitetrue.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Inorderthat

B.Lest

C.If

D.Providing

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)Inorderthat“為了，目的在于”；B選項(xiàng)Lest“以免”；C選項(xiàng)If“如果，倘若”；D選項(xiàng)Providing“如果”。句意：我向你保證，這是千真萬(wàn)確的，______有人覺(jué)得奇怪。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，為了不讓人覺(jué)得奇怪，我向你保證這是真的，所以Lest“以免”符合題意。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Ifthepolice（）whentheydidtherewouldhavebeenseriousviolence.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.hadnotsteppedin

B.didnotsteppedin

C.hadnotsteppeddown

D.didnotsteppeddown

【答案】A

【解析】語(yǔ)法題?？疾樘摂M語(yǔ)氣，主句結(jié)構(gòu)為wouldhavedone，表示對(duì)過(guò)去事情的虛擬，if引導(dǎo)的從句應(yīng)該用haddone過(guò)去完成，選項(xiàng)B和D可排除。stepin“介入，干預(yù)”；stepdown“辭職，走下”。句意：如果警方?jīng)]有介入的話，嚴(yán)重的暴力行為可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生了。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

7.單選題

Islanguage,likefood,abasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamaged?JudgingfromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIIinthethirteenthcentury,itmaybe.Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursestokeepsilent.

Alltheinfantsdiedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackoflanguagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmothering,inthefirstyearoflifeespecially,thecapacitytosurviveisseriouslyaffected.

TodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Nevertheless,somechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfant,whosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglected,theidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesandthelanguagemightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyrapidlyattherighttime,buttheprocessisslowandhardoncethecriticalstagehaspassed.

Expertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantage,buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeahighIQ.Attwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesvowel-likesounds,attwelvemonthshecanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommands,ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofiftywords.Atthreeheknowsabout1000wordswhichhecanputintosentences,andatfourheknowshislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyleratherthangrammar.

Recentevidencesuggeststhataninfantisbornwiththecapacityofspeaking.Whatisspecialaboutman'sbrain,comparedwiththatofthemonkey,isthecomplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelof,say,atoy-bearwiththesoundpattern"toy-bear".Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain'sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toanalyze,tocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways.

Butspeechhastobeinduced,andthisdependsoninteractionbetweenthemotherandthechild,wherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechild'sbabbling,graspingandsmiling,andrespondstothem.Insensitivityofthemothertothesesignalsdulltheinteractionbecausethechildgetsdiscouragedandsendsoutonlytheobvioussignals.Sensitivitytothechild'snon-verbalsignalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage.

1.WhatisthepurposeofthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIIinthethirteenthcentury?

2.Todaysomechildrenarebackwardinspeakingbecause（）.

3.Ifachildstartstospeaklaterthanothernormalchildren,hewill（）inthefuture.

4.Comparedwiththebrainofthemonkey,human'sbrainisacomplexsystemwhichenablesachild（）.

5.WhichofthefollowingcanNOTbeinferredfromthepassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Toprovethatababycouldn'tlivewithouthismother.

B.Todiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakwithouthearinganyhumanspeech.

C.Tofindoutwhatrolecarefulnursingwouldplayinteachingachildtospeak.

D.Toprovethatachildwouldbedamagedwithoutlearningalanguage.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.theyareincapableoflearninglanguagerapidly.

B.theyarefacedwithsomuchlanguageatonce.

C.theirmothersrespondinadequatelytotheirattemptstospeak.

D.theirbrainisnotprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.haveahighIQ

B.beinsensitivetoverbalsignals

C.belessintelligent

D.notnecessarilybebackward

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.tobebornwiththecapacityofsinging.

B.tosecthingsmoreclearlythananimals

C.toconnectthesightandthefeelwiththesoundword

D.torunfasterthananimals

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Thefacultyofspeechisinborninman.

B.Motherplaysanimportantroleinchild'slearninglanguage.

C.Insensitivityofthemothertotheinfants'signalswillcausethemtolearnnothingaboutlanguage.,

D.Thechild'sbrainishighlyselective

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.根據(jù)第一段的最后一句“Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue...”為了弄清一個(gè)孩子如果聽(tīng)不見(jiàn)母語(yǔ)會(huì)說(shuō)什么語(yǔ)言。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

2.根據(jù)第三段的第三句“Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfant,...”最常見(jiàn)的原因是母親對(duì)嬰兒的信號(hào)不敏感...。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

3.根據(jù)第四段的第一句“buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeahighIQ.”在某些情況下，語(yǔ)言開(kāi)始較晚的孩子最終被證明是高智商的。選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

4.根據(jù)第五段的第二句“whichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelof,say,atoy-bearwiththesoundpattern"toy-bear".”它能讓孩子把玩具熊的視覺(jué)和感覺(jué)與“玩具熊”的聲音模式聯(lián)系起來(lái)。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

5.根據(jù)最后一段的最后一句“Sensitivitytothechild'snon-verbalsignalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage.”母親對(duì)兒童非語(yǔ)言信號(hào)的敏感對(duì)兒童的成長(zhǎng)及其語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展起著至關(guān)重要的作用。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

8.翻譯題

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET.

Thereallycriticalimplicationofthediscoverystilllieswiththedoorthatgeneticistshaveopenedontheenvironmentalinfluencesofourbehavior,ourpersonalitiesandourhealth,andforthecriticalblowitstrikestheideaofbiologicaldeterminism.

41.Forthepastdecade,thepublichaswitnessedarisingepidemicoftalesofdiscoveriesofgenesthatdisposehumanitytohomosexuality,toalcoholism,topoliticalpersuasion,torunningability,andtoartistictaste.

Butevenbeforeyesterday’srevelationsbyVenter,scientistshadstoppedbelievinginthegaygene.Yetbeliefinitsexistencestillpersistsamongthepublic.42.Theassaultonbiologicaldeterminismthatgeneticistshavenowtriggeredwillbetimely,andhumannatureisalotmorecomplexandintriguingthandeterministshavegivenitcreditfor.

IthasbecomeincreasinglyfashionableforindividualsparticularlyintheUnitedStatestoblameactionsandcrimesontheinfluenceoftheirgenes.SeveralUSdefendantsaccusedofviolentcrimeshavearguedthattheywereinnocentvictimsoftheirgenes.43.Inotherwords,geneticpredestinationcouldsoonhavebeenusedtoexcusemurderorrobbery—ifithadnotbeenforthisdiscoverythatwelackthegenestothusdisposeus!

KevinDaviesistheauthorof“TheSequence”,astoryofthehumangenomerace.Hesaid.44.“Therehasbeenarecentstudyonperfectpitch,theabilitytoknowtheabsolutepitchofamusicalnote,thatstronglysuggeststhatisacquiredthroughtheinheritanceofasinglegene.”“Thatmaysoundlikeaclear-cutpieceofbiologicaldeterminism.However,thereisacrucialcorollaryyouhavetobeexposedtoearlymusicaltrainingfortheabilitytomaterialize.Inotherwords,eveninseeminglysimpleinheritedabilities,nurturehasaroletoplay.”

AndthenthereisthecasequotedbyVenter.Taketheexampleofcolon(結(jié)腸)cancer.Peoplesaythereisagenethatpredisposesustothedisease.Andcertainlyitrunsinfamilies.45.However,itisonlythecolonwherewefindallsortsoftoxinsandbacteriathatprovidetheharshcircumstancesthatfinallycausethatgenetobreakdownandforcancertospread.

Inshort,itisnotacoloncancergenebutagenethataffectsourabilitytorespondtotheenvironment.Andthatiswhathumannatureisallabout.

【答案】41.近十年來(lái)，有關(guān)基因發(fā)現(xiàn)的傳聞漫天飛。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)稱，基因與人的同性戀傾向、酗酒、政治信仰和奔跑能力、藝術(shù)鑒賞力等都息息相關(guān)。

42.遺傳學(xué)家現(xiàn)在對(duì)生物決定論的攻擊是及時(shí)的，而且人類的本性遠(yuǎn)比決定論者想象的更加復(fù)雜和迷人。

43.換句話說(shuō)，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)缺少基因的數(shù)量可以用來(lái)證明基因不能夠控制我們的行為，某些人便會(huì)利用基因決定論來(lái)洗刷他們謀殺和搶劫的罪名。

44.最近有一項(xiàng)關(guān)于音調(diào)辨別能力的研究，即判斷音符絕對(duì)音高的能力。該研究結(jié)果明顯表明完美音高是通過(guò)單純基因遺傳獲得的。

45.但只有在結(jié)腸部位，才能夠找到構(gòu)成病變環(huán)境的各種毒素和細(xì)菌，它們會(huì)導(dǎo)致該基因最終損壞，致使癌細(xì)胞擴(kuò)散。

9.單選題

Thelivelihoodofeachspeciesinthevastandintricateassemblageoflivingthingsdependsontheexistenceofotherorganisms.Thisinterdependenceissometimessubtle,sometimesobvious.Perhapsthemoststraightforwarddependenceofonespeciesonanotheroccurswithparasites,organismsthatliveonorinotherlivingthingsandderivenutrientsdirectlyfromthem.Theparasiticwayoflifeiswidespread.Amultitudeofmicroorganisms(includingvirusesandbacteria)andanarmyofinvertebrates—orcreatureslackingaspinalcolumn(includingcrustaceans,insects,andmanydifferenttypesofworms)—maketheirlivingsdirectlyattheexpenseofothercreatures.Inthefaceofthisonslaught,livingthingshaveevolvedavarietyofdefensemechanismsforprotectingtheirbodiesfrominvasionbyotherorganisms.

Certainfungiandevensomekindsofbacteriasecretesubstancesknownasantibioticsintotheirexternalenvironment.Thesesubstancesarecapableofkillingorinhibitingthegrowthofvariouskindsofbacteriathatalsooccupythearea,therebyeliminatingorreducingthecompetitionfornutrients.Thesameprincipleisusedindefenseagainstinvadersinothergroupsoforganisms.Forexample,whenattackedbydisease-causingfungiorbacteria,manykindsofplantsproducechemicalsthathelptowardofftheirinvaders.

Membersoftheanimalkingdomhavedevelopedavarietyofdefensemechanismsfordealingwithparasites.Althoughthesemechanismsvaryconsiderably,allmajorgroupsofanimalsarecapableofdetectingandreactingtothepresenceofforeigncells.Infact,throughtheanimalkingdom,fromspongestocertaintypesofworms,shellfish,andallvertebrates(creaturespossessingaspinalcolumn),thereisevidencethattransplantsofcellsorfragmentsoftissuesintoananimalareacceptedonlyiftheycomefromgeneticallycompatibleorcloselyrelatedindividuals.

Theabilitytodistinguishbetween“sel”and“nonself”,whilepresentinallanimals,ismostefficientamongvertebrates,whichhavedevelopedanimmunesystemastheirdefensemechanism.Theimmunesystemrecognizesandtakesactionagainstforeigninvadersandtransplantedtissuesthataretreatedasforeigncells.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Theword“intricate”inLineOneisclosestinmeaningto（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,someorganismsproduceantibioticsinorderto（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,atransplantoftissuebetweengeneticallyincompatibleorganismswillresultinthetransplantedtissue（）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,theabilitytodistinguishbetween“self”and“nonself”enablesvertebratesto（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Howparasitesreproduce.

B.Howorganismsreacttotheinvaders.

C.Howantibioticsworktocuredisease.

D.Howtheimmunesystemofvertebratesdeveloped.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.difficult

B.widespread

C.critical

D.complex

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.preventdiseaseinhumans

B.aiddigestion

C.fightoffotherorganisms

D.createnewtypeofnutrients

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.becomingaparasite

B.beingtreatedasaninvader

C.alteringitsgeneticmakeup

D.developinganewimmunesystem

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.accepttransplantedcells

B.detectandreacttoinvasion

C.weakentheirimmunesystem

D.getridofantibiotics

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】1.【試題解析】主旨大意題。由題干可以定位到原文首段中心句“Inthefaceofthisonslaught,livingthingshaveevolvedavarietyofdefensemechanismsforprotectingtheirbodiesfrominvasionbyotherorganisms.”，中文翻譯為：在面臨這種襲擊時(shí)，生物體已演化出各種各樣的防御機(jī)制來(lái)保護(hù)自己的身體不被其他生物體入侵。因此答案為B選項(xiàng)：生物體如何反抗入侵者。

2.【試題解析】詞匯題。A:difficult“困難的”；B:widespread“普遍的，廣泛的；分布廣的”；C:critical“鑒定的；批評(píng)的，危險(xiǎn)的”；D:complex“復(fù)雜的”。由題干可以定位到文章第一段中“Thelivelihoodofeachspeciesinthevastandintricateassemblageoflivingthingsdependsontheexistenceofotherorganisms.”中文翻譯為：在龐大而復(fù)雜的生物群落中，每個(gè)物種的生計(jì)都依賴于其他生物體的存在。得知intricate為“復(fù)雜的”，故選D。

3.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段“Forexample,whenattackedbydisease-causingfungiorbacteria,manykindsofplantsproducechemicalsthathelptowardofftheirinvaders.”中文翻譯為：例如，當(dāng)遭受致病菌類或細(xì)菌攻擊時(shí)，許多種類的植物產(chǎn)生有助于擊潰入侵者的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。因此，C選項(xiàng)“擊退其他生物體”最符合題意。

4.【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第三段“…thereisevidencethattransplantsofcellsorfragmentsoftissuesintoananimalareacceptedonlyiftheycomefromgeneticallycompatibleorcloselyrelatedindividuals.”中文翻譯為：有證據(jù)表明，只有細(xì)胞或組織碎片來(lái)自在基因上相容或有密切關(guān)系的個(gè)體時(shí)，細(xì)胞或組織移植到一個(gè)動(dòng)物中才會(huì)被接受。故B選項(xiàng)“被當(dāng)成入侵者”最符合題意。

5.【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可以定位原文尾段“Theimmunesystemrecognizesandtakesactionagainstforeigninvadersandtransplantedtissuesthataretreatedasforeigncells.”中文翻譯為：這個(gè)免疫系統(tǒng)識(shí)別并針對(duì)外來(lái)入侵者和被看成是外來(lái)細(xì)胞的移植組織采取行動(dòng)?？梢缘弥狟項(xiàng)“發(fā)現(xiàn)和反抗入侵”最為符合。

10.單選題

Thefamouspicture________inItalyisnowexhibitedinamuseuminParis.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.thatshoot

B.itwasshot

C.asisshot

D.whichwasshot

【答案】D

【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意：這張著名的照片（）于意大利，現(xiàn)展覽在巴黎的一家博物館。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有shoot即“拍攝”的意思。因?yàn)檎掌荒鼙慌臄z，所以要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，A選項(xiàng)排除。一個(gè)句子，沒(méi)有從句連接詞或者連詞的話只能出現(xiàn)一套主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，所以B不選；as可以引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句充當(dāng)從句主語(yǔ)，但是表因?yàn)?，或者類比，C選項(xiàng)邏輯不通，所以答案選D。

11.單選題

Anewtechnologicalprocessmaybeemployedtotapthisabundantsupplydirectly.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.exploit

B.search

C.produce

D.reserve

【答案】A

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.exploit開(kāi)采B.search搜索

C.produce生產(chǎn)D.reserve預(yù)訂；儲(chǔ)備

【考查點(diǎn)】語(yǔ)義銜接

【解題思路】tap的主語(yǔ)是一種新工藝，賓語(yǔ)是這一豐富的資源，原詞tap“利用，開(kāi)發(fā)，發(fā)掘”，A選項(xiàng)exploit“開(kāi)采”與原詞最接近。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B選項(xiàng)search“搜索”，與原詞詞義不相近；

C選項(xiàng)produce“生產(chǎn)”，不符合原文語(yǔ)義邏輯，生產(chǎn)的賓語(yǔ)一般是產(chǎn)品，而原文的賓語(yǔ)屬于原料；

D選項(xiàng)reserve“預(yù)訂；儲(chǔ)備”，與原詞詞義不相近。

【句意】也許可以采用一種新工藝直接開(kāi)發(fā)這一豐富的資源。

12.翻譯題

Light,durable(經(jīng)久耐用),simpleandinexpensive,suchdevicesarewarmlyreceivedbyusers.

【答案】這種裝置（重量輕、耐用、簡(jiǎn)單、價(jià)廉）受到用戶的熱烈歡迎。

13.單選題

TomMacaulay,beingadiligentyoungman,neverrefusesto________moreworkthathisbossassignedtohim.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.takeup

B.takein

C.takeoff

D.takeon

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)takeup“占據(jù)”；B選項(xiàng)takein“吸收，領(lǐng)會(huì)”；C選項(xiàng)takeoff“脫下，起飛”；D選項(xiàng)takeon“承擔(dān)，承受”。句意：TomMacaulay作為一名勤奮的年輕人，從來(lái)不拒絕（）他老板派發(fā)給他的工作。派發(fā)的工作是要承擔(dān)的，因而答案選D最為合適。

14.單選題

Ⅳ.MichaelBrown’s2014deathinFerguson,Missourithrustpolice-officerinvolvedhomicidesintothepopularconsciousness.Aseriesofsubsequentofficer-involvedhomicideshaskepttheissuepoliticallyandlegallysalient.Despitethis,officialdatasourcesarethinandunreliable.Asinotherlargecities,shootingvictimsareoverwhelminglyminorities,withBlackpersonsconstitutingover80%ofvictims.Contrarytointuition,manyoftheofficershootersareminoritiesaswell.Theanalysisheresuggeststhatneitherracistmalevolencenorunconsciousbiasaffordcompleteexplanationsforwhyofficer-involvedshootingsoccur.Bothoftheseexplanatoryframeworksfocustoointensivelyuponindividualofficers’decision-makingattheexpenseofinstitutionalandsituationaldynamics.Scholarsandpolicymakersshouldfocusfarmoreintensivelyonregulatingbadpractices,ratherthanjustondiscipliningbadofficersfollowingegregiousincidents.Shiftingfocusinthiswaywillhelpidentifyconnectionsbetweeneverydaypolicingtacticsinminorityneighborhoods—suchasplainclothespolicingandaggressivestopandfrisk—andofficerinvolvedshootings.Thearticlealsoconcludesthatevidentiarychallengesmarposthocreviewofofficer-involvedshootings,whetheritisintheformofjudicialorcivilianreview.Thisalsounderscorestheimportanceofpreventiveregulation.

Thereisnoquantitativebenchmarkthatallowsonetoneatlyandobjectivelyproblematize(orrationalize)thehighnumbersofBlackandHispanicofficer-involvedshootingvictims.Claimingdisproportionalityrequiressignificantnormativejudgments.TheracialprofileofofficerinvolvedshootingvictimsintheIPRAReportsisdramaticallydisproportionatetothatofChicagoresidents.ComparableifnotquitesodramaticracialdisproportionalityholdsforothermunicipalitiesandtheUnitedStatesasawhole.ButtheIPRAReportssuggestthatthemajorityofshootingvictimswerearmedwhenshot.Thisshouldleadonetoaskwhetherthecity’soveralldemographicprofileistheproperbenchmarkformeasuringwhethershootingsareinordinatelyvisiteduponBlackandHispanicmen.Relatedisthequestionofwhatreferencepointshouldbeusedtoassesshowmanyshootingsaretoomany?Thesetwoquestionswillbefamiliartoanyonewhostudiesantidiscriminationlaw—establishingthefactofracialdisparityrequiresanappropriatecomparisongroup.Forexample,aplaintiffsuingamedicalemployerforracialdiscriminationinhiringofdoctorscouldnotpointtotheemployers’havinghiredfewerminoritiesthantheirshareofthegeneralpopulation.

1.Theunderlinedword“salient”isclosestinmeaningwith___inthesentence.

2.Whatcouldbetheintuitionreferredtobytheauthor?

3.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theauthorthinksthat___.

4.Inthelastsentence,theauthorgivesanexampleofmedicalemploymenttoillustratethat___.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.noticeable

B.significant

C.outwards

D.jumpingout

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.ManyofthevictimsareBlack.

B.Manyoftheofficershootersareminorities.

C.ManyoftheofficershootersareWhite.

D.Manyofthevictimsareminorities.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.badofficersfollowingegregiousincidentsarenotthecauseofofficer-involvedhomicides

B.racistmalevolenceandunconsciousbiashavenothingtodowithofficer-involvedhomicides

C.individualofficers’decision-makingisthecauseofofficer-involvedhomicides

D.scholarsandpolicymakersshouldnotfocusjustondiscipliningbadofficersfollowingegregiousincidents

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.thecity’soveralldemographicprofileistheproperbenchmarkformeasuring

B.establishingthefactofracialdisparityrequiresanappropriatecomparisongroup

C.Thereisnoquantitativebenchmarkthatallowsonetoproblematize(orrationalize)thehighnumbersofBlackandHispanicofficer-involvedshootingvictims

D.ComparabledramaticracialdisproportionalityholdsforothermunicipalitiesandtheUnitedStatesasawhole

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

【解析】1.詞義辨析題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段劃線部分句子Aseriesofsubsequentofficer-involvedhomicideshaskepttheissuepoliticallyandlegallysalient.（隨后發(fā)生的一系列與警官有關(guān)的殺人案使這個(gè)問(wèn)題在政治上和法律上都很重要）此處的salient表示“很突出，很重要”；A選項(xiàng)“顯而易見(jiàn)的，顯著的”；B選項(xiàng)“重大的（大的，重要的足以產(chǎn)生影響或引起注意的）；有效的；有意義的；值得注意的；意味深長(zhǎng)的”；C選項(xiàng)“向外地”；D選項(xiàng)“跳出”，C選項(xiàng)和D選項(xiàng)排除，和原文詞義不匹配，noticeable側(cè)重所描繪的事物引人注意，significant側(cè)重某事物由于特別優(yōu)秀或特別有意義而顯得重要與突出，此處significant更符合salient在句中的含義。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段Contrarytointuition,manyoftheofficershootersareminoritiesaswell.（與直覺(jué)相反，許多槍擊警察的人也是少數(shù)族裔）推測(cè)出直覺(jué)為許多槍擊警察的人會(huì)是白人，選C選項(xiàng)“許多射擊警察的人是白人”；A選項(xiàng)“許多受害者是黑人”，D選項(xiàng)“許多受害者是少數(shù)民族”和受害者有關(guān)，而直覺(jué)是和槍擊警察的人有關(guān)，不匹配；B選項(xiàng)“許多槍擊警察的人都是少數(shù)民族”屬于原文中的內(nèi)容，和直覺(jué)相反，排除。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段Scholarsandpolicymakersshouldfocusfarmoreintensivelyonregulatingbadpractices,ratherthanjustondiscipliningbadofficersfollowingegregiousincidents.（學(xué)者和政策制定者應(yīng)該更加集中精力規(guī)范不良行為，而不是僅僅在發(fā)生惡劣事件后懲戒不良官員）可知選D選項(xiàng)“學(xué)者和政策制定者不應(yīng)該只關(guān)注在惡劣事件發(fā)生后懲罰壞官員”；A選項(xiàng)“糟糕的警官在發(fā)生令人震驚的事件后并不是涉及警官的殺人案的原因”第一段未明確指出；第一段Theanalysisheresuggeststhatneitherracistmalevolencenorunconsciousbiasaffordcompleteexplanationsforwhyofficer-involvedshootingsoccur.（這里的分析表明，無(wú)論是種族主義的惡意，還是無(wú)意識(shí)的偏見(jiàn)，都不能完全解釋與警察有關(guān)的槍擊事件發(fā)生的原因）只是說(shuō)不能完全解釋，而不是沒(méi)有任何關(guān)系，B選項(xiàng)“種族主義的惡意和無(wú)意識(shí)的偏見(jiàn)與警官參與的殺人案沒(méi)有任何關(guān)系，只是不能完全解釋”錯(cuò)誤；Bothoftheseexplanatoryframeworksfocustoointensivelyuponindividualofficers’decision-makingattheexpenseofinstitutionalandsituationaldynamics.（這兩種解釋框架都過(guò)于集中于個(gè)別軍官的決策，而犧牲了制度和情境的動(dòng)態(tài)）可知個(gè)人警官的決策并不能完全解釋與警察有關(guān)的槍擊事件發(fā)生的原因，C選項(xiàng)“個(gè)人警官的決策是涉及警官的殺人案的原因”太過(guò)片面。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段最后一句Forexample,aplaintiffsuingamedicalemployerforracialdiscriminationinhiringofdoctorscouldnotpointtotheemployers’havinghiredfewerminoritiesthantheirshareofthegeneralpopulation.（例如，一名原告起訴一名醫(yī)療雇主在雇用醫(yī)生時(shí)存在種族歧視，但不能指出該雇主雇用的少數(shù)族裔人數(shù)少于其在總?cè)丝谥兴急壤┙Y(jié)合上一句話Thesetwoquestionswillbefamiliartoanyonewhostudiesantidiscriminationlaw—establishingthefactofracialdisparityrequiresanappropriatecomparisongroup.（這兩個(gè)問(wèn)題對(duì)任何研究反歧視法的人來(lái)說(shuō)都很熟悉——建立種族差異的事實(shí)需要一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膶?duì)照組）可知舉例是為了說(shuō)明建立種族差異的事實(shí)需要一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膶?duì)照組，選B選項(xiàng)“建立種族差異的事實(shí)需要一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)谋容^組”；A選項(xiàng)“城市的總體人口概況是衡量的適當(dāng)基準(zhǔn)”，C選項(xiàng)“沒(méi)有定量的基準(zhǔn)允許人們質(zhì)疑（或合理化）大量的黑人和西班牙裔警察參與的槍擊受害者”以及D選項(xiàng)“其他城市和整個(gè)美國(guó)都存在類似的戲劇性的種族不均衡現(xiàn)象”和原文不符合。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

15.單選題

Sincethedatafromtheexperimentsarenoteasytobeanalysed,itwillbeseveralweeksbeforeweknowwhetherwearefreetoproceedwiththesecondpartofourresearchprogram.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.from

B.arenoteasy

C.tobeanalysed

D.freetoproceedwith

【答案】B

【解析】語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。主謂不一致。are改成is。主語(yǔ)thedata為單數(shù)，故系動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用is。

16.單選題

Earthquakesarenature’scrudest（1）onthepoorestpeoplewhosquatonthesurfaceoftheglobe.Thedreadfulcat