考研考博-英語-天津中德應用技術大學考試押題卷含答案詳解

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-天津中德應用技術大學考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Heknewthatthearea’srichplantlifehadbeenseverely______bythehugeherdsofcowsgrazingtheland.

問題1選項

A.depleted

B.decomposed

C.corrupted

D.corroded

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項depleted“耗盡……的資源”；B選項decomposed“分解”；C選項corrupted“使惡化；使腐敗”；D選項corroded“腐蝕”。句意：他知道這個地區(qū)大量的植被已經(jīng)被大量放牧的牛群嚴重______。根據(jù)語境，depleted“耗盡……的資源”搭配richplantlife“豐富的植物”比較合理，意指植被資源被嚴重消耗。因此A選項正確。

2.單選題

SomepeoplewouldliketodoshoppingonSundayssincetheyexpectto_____wonderfulbargainsinthemarket.

問題1選項

A.pickup

B.bumpinto

C.pileup

D.bringback

【答案】A

【解析】pickup撿起,獲得,買到;bumpinto偶然碰上,猛撞,猛擊;pileup堆集,相撞;bringback拿回來,使...恢復;使...回憶起。句意：有些人喜歡在星期天購物,因為他們希望能在市場上買到物美價廉的東西。選項A符合句意。

3.單選題

LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowthatIndonesia’sbleakrateofdeforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountry'santipovertyprogram.

In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty.They'realreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,theprogramhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.

ButCCTprogramsdon'tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infact,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.

That'sbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.However,thosecorrelationsdon'tprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferrarosays.

Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesia’spoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012—includingduringIndonesia'sphase-inoftheantipovertyprogram—in7,468forestedvillagesacross15provincesandmultipleislands.TheduoseparatedtheeffectsoftheCCTprogramonforestlossfromotherfactors,likeweatherandmacroeconomicchanges,whichwerealsoaffectingforestloss.Withthat,“weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionindeforestation,”Ferrarosays.

That'slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ifrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplementtheirharvests.WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethemoneytosupplementtheirharvests.

Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody'sguess.Ferrarosuggeststheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthatwhat'sgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodvalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts.

1.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimto（

）.

2.ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthat（

）.

3.InhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Ferrarointendstofindout（

）.

4.AccordingtoFerraro,theCCTprograminIndonesiaismostvaluableinthat（

）.

5.Whatisthetextcenteredon?

問題1選項

A.facilitatehealthcarereform

B.helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff

C.improvelocaleducationsystems

D.lowerdeforestationrates

問題2選項

A.cattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepool

B.CCTprogramshavehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyles

C.antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmers

D.economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradation

問題3選項

A.itsacceptancelevelofCCTs

B.itsannualrateofpovertyalleviation

C.therelationofCCTstoitsforestloss

D.theroleofitsforestsinclimatechange

問題4選項

A.itwillbenefitotherAsiancountries

B.itwillreduceregionalinequality

C.itcanprotecttheenvironment

D.itcanboostgrainproduction

問題5選項

A.Theeffectsofaprogram.

B.Thedebatesoveraprogram.

C.Theprocessofastudy.

D.Thetransferabilityofastudy.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:A

4.單選題

Theuniquehumanhabitoftakinginandemployinganimals—evencompetitorslikewolves—spurredonhumantool-makingandlanguage,whichhavebothdrivenhumanity’ssuccess,PatShipmansays,paleoanthropologistofPennStateUniversity.“Whereveryougointheworld,whateverecosystem,whateverculture,peoplelivewithanimals,”Shipmansaid.

Forearlyhumans,takinginandcaringforanimalswouldseemlikeapoorstrategyforsurvival.“Onthefaceofit,youarewastingyourresources.Sothisisaveryweirdbehavior.”Shipmansaid.Butit’snotsoweirdinthecontextsomethingelsehumansweredoingabout2.6millionyearsago:switchingfromamostlyvegetariandiettoonerichinmeat.Thishappenedbecausehumansinventedstonehuntingtoolsthatenabledthemtocompetewithothertoppredators.Quitearapidandbizarreswitchforanyanimal.Soweinventedtheequipment,learnedhowtotrackandkill,andeventuallytookinanimalswhoalsoknewhowtohunt—likewolvesandothercanines.Others,likegoats,cowsandhorses,providedmilk,hairand,finally,hidesandmeat.

Managingalloftheseanimals—orjusttrackingthem—requirestechnology,knowledgeandwaystopreserveandconveyinformation.Solanguageshadtodevelopandevolvetomeetthechallenges.Trackinggamehasevenbeenarguedtobetheoriginofscientificinquiry,saidPeterRicherson,professoremeritus(名譽退休的)intheDepartmentofEnvironmentalScienceandPolicyattheUniversityofCalifornia,Davis.Oneofthesignsthatthishappenedisinpetroglyphs(史前巖畫)andotherrockartleftbyancientpeoples.Atfirsttheywereabstract,geometricpatternsthatareimpossibletodecipher(破譯).Thentheyconvergeononesubject:animals.

Therehavealsobeengeneticchangesinbothhumansandouranimals.Fortheanimalsthosechangesdevelopedbecausehumanbredthemforspecifictraits,likeacowthatgivesmoremilkorahenthatlaysmoreeggs.Butthisevolutionaryinfluenceworksbothways.Dogs,forinstance,mighthavebeenselectivelytakeninbyhumanswhosharedgenesformorecompassion.Thosehumansthenprosperedwiththedogs’helpinhuntingandsecuringtheirhomes.

31.Whatdowelearnfromthefirstparagraphaboutanimals?（）

32.WhydidShipmansaytakinginanimalisapoorstrategyforsurvival?（）

33.Whydidlanguageshavetodevelopandevolvetomeetthechallenges?（）

34.WhatdowelearnfromthestatementofPatShipmanandPeterRicherson?（）

35.Whatdowelearnfromthelastparagraph?（）

問題1選項

A.Animalshavedrivenhumanity’ssuccess.

B.Tool-makingandlanguageareuniquelyhumanhabits.

C.Employingwolvesisuniquelyhumanhabit.

D.Peoplelivewithanimalseverywhere.

問題2選項

A.Earlyhumanswerepoorinsurvivalresources.

B.Takinginanimalwasaveryweirdbehavior.

C.Earlyhumansdidn’tknowhowtotrackandkill.

D.Earlyhumansswitchedfromavegetariandiettomeat.

問題3選項

A.Earlyhumansshouldhavecommunicationintrackinggame.

B.Languagecanenablehumanstocompetewithothertoppredators.

C.Animalsshouldunderstandtheordersgivenbyhumans.

D.Languagecouldgivearapidandbizarreswitchforanyanimal.

問題4選項

A.Caringforanimalsseemedcommonafterpeopleinventedtools.

B.Afterlanguagedevelopedearlyhumanslearnedhowtotrackandkill.

C.Managingandtrackinganimalsaretheoriginofmodernscience.

D.Languagedevelopedfromabstracttospecificbecauseofanimals.

問題5選項

A.Animalschangesaredevelopedbythemselves.

B.Humanbredanimalsforspecificgenes.

C.Evolutionaryinfluenceworksonbothhumansandanimals.

D.Genescouldmakethedogshelppeopleinhunting.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】31.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段最后一句“Whereveryougointheworld,whateverecosystem,whateverculture,peoplelivewithanimals（無論你走到世界上的哪個角落，無論那里的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)如何、文化如何，人類都和動物生活在一起）”可知在任何地方人類都和動物生活在一起。A選項“動物促進了人類的成功”，文中第一段提到促進人類成功的因素是制作工具和語言能力的發(fā)展，因此A選項是不正確的；B選項“制作工具和使用語言是人類獨有的習慣”，文中提到馴養(yǎng)和利用動物是人類獨有的習慣，該選項偷換了概念。C選項“利用狼是只有人類獨有的習慣”，文中說到的“獨特習慣”是指馴養(yǎng)和利用動物，該選項也屬于偷換概念。D選項“在任何地方人類都和動物生活在一起”符合段意，因此D選項正確。

32.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段的第二句話“Onthefaceofit,youarewastingyourresources.Sothisisaveryweirdbehavior.（從表面上看，你是在浪費資源。所以這是一種非常奇怪的行為。）”，從該句可以推理出收養(yǎng)和照顧動物在浪費生存資源，因為早期時代人類生活資源匱乏。A選項“早期人類缺乏生存資源”符合題意；B選項“收養(yǎng)動物是一種非常奇怪的行為”實際上就是題干的意思，但是題目問的是其原因，因此B選項不是正確答案；C選項“早期人類不知道如何追蹤和打獵”和D選項“早期人類從素食轉(zhuǎn)向肉食”都是下文提到的內(nèi)容，與題干意思不大；因此A選項正確。

33.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段的第一句和第二句話“Managingalloftheseanimals—orjusttrackingthem—requirestechnology,knowledgeandwaystopreserveandconveyinformation.Solanguageshadtodevelopandevolvetomeetthechallenges.（管理所有這些動物——或者僅僅是追蹤它們——需要技術、知識和方式來保存和傳遞信息。因此，語言必須發(fā)展和進化來應對挑戰(zhàn)。）”，從該句可以推理出在狩獵過程中和狩獵后，都需要語言交流來使得狩獵順利進行。A選項“早期人類在追蹤游戲中需要進行交流”符合題意；B選項“語言能使人類與其他頂級掠食者競爭”說法錯誤，人類是因為發(fā)明了石器狩獵工具，才使他們能夠與其他頂級掠食者競爭；C選項“動物應該理解人類發(fā)出的命令”和D選項“語言可以給任何動物迅速而奇異的轉(zhuǎn)變”文中都沒有提到，因此A選項正確。

34.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段的第三句話“Trackinggamehasevenbeenarguedtobetheoriginofscientificinquiry（追蹤游戲甚至被認為是科學探究的起源）”，由此我們可知管理和追蹤動物是現(xiàn)代科學的起源。A選項“在人類發(fā)明了工具之后，照顧動物似乎很常見”與第二段PatShipman表示早期人類馴養(yǎng)和照顧動物的行為“是一種很怪異的行為”相反，因此A選項錯誤；B選項“在語言發(fā)展之后，早期人類學會了如何追蹤和獵殺”，

從第一段PatShipman的表述可知，是人類馴養(yǎng)和利用動物的獨特習慣促進了人類語言能力的發(fā)展，B選項顛倒了因果關系，因此B選項錯誤。C選項“管理和追蹤動物是現(xiàn)代科學的起源”符合題意；D選項“由于動物的存在，語言從抽象發(fā)展到具體”，文章倒數(shù)第二段的最后兩句講的是史前巖畫和巖石藝術的發(fā)展是從抽象到具體的動物形象的發(fā)展，所以D選項不正確。因此C選項正確。

35.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)題干定位到最后一段的第三句話“Butthisevolutionaryinfluenceworksbothways.（但這種進化的影響是雙向的。）”，這句話說明人和動物的進化影響是相互的。A選項“動物的變化是自發(fā)產(chǎn)生的”，但最后一段說到“Fortheanimalsthosechangesdevelopedbecausehumanbredthemforspecifictraits（對于動物來說，它們發(fā)生變化是因為人類為了特定的特性馴養(yǎng)它們）”，因此A選項是不正確的；B選項“人類為了特定的基因飼養(yǎng)動物”，文中說到的是人類為了特定的特性飼養(yǎng)它們，因此B選項不正確；D選項“基因可以讓狗幫助人類狩獵”文中沒有提及；C選項“人和動物的進化影響是相互的”符合段意，因此C選項正確。

5.單選題

TheassessmentreportsoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangehaveprovidedthescientificevidenceofhumanimpactontheclimate,andaglimpseofwhatthefuturemayholdifwedon’tactfast.Butwhiletheconsensusmaybegrowingontheneedforchangesinbehavior,we’renoclosertounderstandinghowwe’regoingtodoit.Attemptinganunprecedentedshiftinhumanbehaviorwithouttheinputofpsychologistsislikesettingsailforafarawaylandwithouttheaidofnauticalmaps.

PsychologicalresearchshowsthatmostpeopleintheUKdon’tfeelpersonallythreatenedbyclimatechangebecauseitisvague,abstractanddifficulttovisualize.Thismeansthatdoomsdayscenariosandapocalypticlanguageareunlikelytowork—althoughfearcanmotivatebehaviorchange,itonlyworkswhenpeoplefeelpersonallyvulnerable.

AnAmericanstudyplayedpeoplerecordingsofactorsdeliveringspeechesaboutclimatechange.Theversionthatpeoplerespondedtothebesttalkedabout“airpollution”ratherthan“climatechange”—becausepollutionissomethingvisiblethattheycouldrelateto,withstrongconnotationsofdirtinessandpoorhealth.Climatechangeisaboutmuchmorethanjustdirtyair,butfindingwaysofmakingclimatechangemorevisibleiscritical.Peoplesimplydon’tworryaboutthingstheycan’tsee(orevenimagine).Oneapproachthathasbeenusedtoincreasetheamountthatpeopleusepublictransportbreaksdownhabitsintosimple“if…then”plans.Tochangeahabitualbehavior,apersonhastoidentifyagoal(driveless,forexample),abehaviortheywanttoperforminpursuitofthatgoal(getthebustoworkonFridays)andasituationthatwilltriggerthebehavior(havingenoughtimetocatchthebus).

Ofcourse,somepeoplearecautiousaboutcommittingthemselvestochangesintheirpersonalbehavior.Theyarguethatpoliticalagreementsandtechnologicaladvanceswilldomoretoreducegreen-housegasesthananythinganindividualcouldachieve.Butwhileitiscomfortingtodrawsharpdistinctionsbetweenpolitics,technologyandindividuals,therealityisthathumanbehaviorsupportsitall.Politicalpartieswillnotpasslegislationthatispatentlyunpopularamongtheelectorate.Technologycanprovidelow-carbonalternativeslikeelectricbuses.Butazero-emissionsbuswillhavezeropassengersunlesspeopledecidetouseit.

IfthethoughtofpsychologicallyinformedlifestylechangecampaignssoundsabittooBigBrotherforyourliking,thenconsiderthealternative:millionsofpoundsspentontechnologythatisnevertakenup,andamarket-basedsystemofeconomiccoercionthatpenalizesthepoorwhiletherichkeeppolluting.Withoutanunderstandingofwhatdrivespeople’senvironmentalbehavior,thedreamofalow-carbonsocietywillremainforeveroutofreach.

16.Infaceofclimatechange,mostpeople（）.

17.Whichofthefollowingactivitiesmightbethemosteffectivewaytomotivateenvironmentalbehaviors?

18.TheauthorwritesParagraph4to（）.

19.Thephrase“BigBrother”(Line1,Paragraph5)probablymeans（）.

20.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext?

問題1選項

A.turnablindeyetotheapproachingthreat

B.feelunabletotakesuchabigresponsibility

C.endeavortofindoutasolutionwithpsychology

D.takenoenvironmentallyfriendlyaction

問題2選項

A.Watchingadisasterfilm.

B.Holdingaspeechonclimatechange.

C.Appealingforgreenlights.

D.Publicizinglawnadoption.

問題3選項

A.denytheroleofpoliticsandtechnologyinenvironmentalprotection

B.explainhowtodivideresponsibilitiesinenvironmentalprotection

C.showindividuals,politicsandtechnologyareindispensableinenvironmentalprotection

D.displaytheimportanceofhumanbehaviorinenvironmentalprotection

問題4選項

A.manipulative

B.troublesome

C.insightful

D.progressive

問題5選項

A.Behaviorchangeisthemostimportantlinkinenvironmentalprotection.

B.Psychologyisthemissinglinkintheclimatechangedebate.

C.Themotivationofpeople’senvironmentalbehavior.

D.Thepsychologicalwaytochangehumanbehavior.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.事實細節(jié)題。題干：面對氣候變化，大多數(shù)人___________。通過文章第二段第一句話PsychologicalresearchshowsthatmostpeopleintheUKdon’tfeelpersonallythreatenedbyclimatechangebecauseitisvague,abstractanddifficulttovisualize.（心理學研究表明，大多數(shù)英國人感覺不到氣候變化的威脅，因為氣候變化是模糊的、抽象的、難以想象的。），可知，A選項“對臨近的危險熟視無睹”，符合題意。B選項“感到不能承擔如此重大的責任”，C選項“用心理學的方法努力找出解決辦法”，D選項“不采取環(huán)保行動”在文中均未提及。所以本題的正確選項是A選項。

2.推理判斷題。題干：以下那個行動可能是激發(fā)環(huán)境保護行為最有效的方法？通過第三段首句的內(nèi)容AnAmericanstudyplayedpeoplerecordingsofactorsdeliveringspeechesaboutclimatechange.Theversionthatpeoplerespondedtothebesttalkedabout“airpollution”ratherthan“climatechange”—becausepollutionissomethingvisiblethattheycouldrelateto（美國的一項研究給人們播放了演員就氣候變化發(fā)表演講的錄音。人們反應最好的版本談論的是“空氣污染””而不是“氣候變化”——因為污染是他們可以聯(lián)系到的可見的東西），可以推斷，A選項“看災難片”，B選項“就氣候變化問題發(fā)表演講”，都不可能刺激人們做出環(huán)境保護的行為。第三段倒數(shù)第二句話Tochangeahabitualbehavior,apersonhastoidentifyagoal(driveless,forexample)（要改變習慣性行為，一個人必須確定一個目標(例如少開車)），說明方法必須是具體化而且有目的的，只有D選項“宣傳草坪采用”，具體到了某一事件。綜上所述，本題的正確答案為D選項。

3.推理判斷題。題干：作者寫第4段，是為了_________。第四段的主要內(nèi)容是人們認為政治協(xié)議和技術進步在減少溫室氣體排放方面所起的作用比任何個人都要大。但現(xiàn)實是如果法律不夠民眾歡迎，政黨不會通過。說明政治，技術和環(huán)境自然界限清楚，但是在環(huán)境保護中缺一不可。所以C選項“表明個人、政治和技術在環(huán)境保護中是不可或缺的”，符合題意。A選項“否認政治和技術在環(huán)境保護中的作用”，作者在第四段并沒有否認政治和技術在環(huán)境保護中的重要性，排除A選項。B選項“解釋在環(huán)境保護中如何劃分責任”，第四段表明，政治、技術、個人在環(huán)境保護中界限清晰，但是并沒有劃分清楚各自的責任，所以B選項也不正確。D選項“表明人類行為在環(huán)境保護中的重要性”，人類行為在環(huán)境保護中固然重要，但這也離不開政治和技術的支持。綜上所述，本題的正確答案為C選項。

4.推理判斷題。題干：詞組“BigBrother”(第五段第一行)的意思可能是________。第五段第一句話IfthethoughtofpsychologicallyinformedlifestylechangecampaignssoundsabittooBigBrotherforyourliking,thenconsiderthealternative：millionsofpoundsspentontechnologythatisnevertakenup,andamarket-basedsystemofeconomiccoercionthatpenalizesthepoorwhiletherichkeeppolluting.（如果從心理上改變生活方式的運動聽起來有點太老大哥了，那就考慮另一種選擇。數(shù)百萬英鎊花在了從未被使用的技術上，以及一個以市場為基礎的經(jīng)濟強制體系上，這個體系懲罰窮人，而富人卻繼續(xù)造成污染。），所以這里“BigBrother”指的是獨裁的方法，因此A選項“操作的，操縱的”，符合題意。B選項“麻煩的，討厭的”，C選項“有深刻見解的，富有洞察力的”，D選項“進步的，先進的”均不是文章想表達的意思。綜上所述，本題的正確答案為A選項。

5.主旨大意題。題干：以下那個選項是文章最好的標題？文章開頭表明，人類對于氣候改變帶來的影響沒有太多的危機意識，因為他們認為氣候變化是模糊的難以想象出來的。之后展開說明人們對習慣性行為的改變，需要明確目標，才能觸發(fā)行為。政府、科技和個人對環(huán)境保護同等重要。如果不了解是什么驅(qū)使人們做出環(huán)境保護，那么低碳社會的夢想將永遠無法實現(xiàn)。所以說個人做出行為改變的動機尤其重要，C選項“人們環(huán)境行為的動機”，可以很好的總結(jié)全文。A選項“行為改變是環(huán)境保護中最重要的環(huán)節(jié)”，B選項“心理學是氣候變化辯論中缺失的一環(huán)?！盌選項“改變?nèi)祟愋袨榈男睦韺W方法?！比齻€選項對文章內(nèi)容及主旨的概括不是那么全面。綜上所述，本題的正確答案為C選項。

6.單選題

“HELLisacitymuchlikeLondon,”opinedPercyByssheShelleyin1819.Modernacademicsagree.LastyearDutchresearchersshowedthatcitydwellershavea21%higherriskofdevelopinganxietydisordersthandotheircalmerruralcountrymen,anda39%higherriskofdevelopingmooddisorders.Butexactlyhowtheinnerworkingsoftheurbanandruralmindscausethisdifferencehasremainedobscure—untilnow.AstudyjustpublishedinNaturebyAndreasMeyer-LindenbergoftheUniversityofHeidelbergandhiscolleagueshasusedascanningtechniquecalledfunctionalmagnetic-resonanceimaging(FMRI)toexaminethebrainsofcitydwellersandcountrybumpkinswhentheyareunderstress.

InDr.Meyer-Lindenberg’sfirstexperiment,participantslyingwiththeirheadsinascannertookmathsteststhattheyweredoomedtofail(theresearchershaddesignedsuccessratestobejust25%-40%).Tomaketheexperiencestillmorehumiliating,theteamprovidednegativefeedbackthroughheadphones,allthewhilecheckingparticipantsforindicationsofstress,suchashighbloodpressure.

Theurbanites’generalmentalhealthdidnotdifferfromthatoftheirprovincialcounterparts.However,theirbrainsdealtwiththestressimposedbytheexperimentersindifferentways.Thesedifferenceswerenoticeableintworegions:theamygdalasandtheperigenualanteriorcingulatecortex(PACC).Theamygdalasareapairofstructures,oneineachcerebralhemisphere,thatarefounddeepinsidethebrainandareresponsibleforassessingthreatsandgeneratingtheemotionoffear.ThePACCispartofthecerebralcortex(again,foundinbothhemispheres)thatregulatestheamygdalas.

Peoplelivinginthecountrysidehadthelowestlevelsofactivityintheiramygdalas.Thoselivingintownshadhigherlevels.Citydwellershadthehighest.Notthatsurprising,tothoseofaShelleyesquedisposition.InthecaseofthePACC,however,whatmatteredwasnotwheresomeonewaslivingnow,butwhereheorshewasbroughtup.Themoreurbanaperson’schildhood,themoreactivehisPACC,regardlessofwherehewasdwellingatthetimeoftheexperiment.

Theamygdalasthusseemtorespondtothehere-and-nowwhereasthePACCisprogrammedearlyon,anddoesnotreactinthesame,flexiblewayastheamygdalas.Second-to-secondchangesinitsactivitymight,though,beexpectedtobecorrelatedwithchangesintheamygdalas,becauseofitsroleinregulatingthem.FMRIallowssuchcorrelationstobemeasured.

Inthecasesofthosebroughtupinthecountryside,regardlessofwheretheynowlive,thecorrelationswereasexpected.Forthosebroughtupincities,however,thesecorrelationsbrokedown.Theregulatorymechanismofthenativeurbanite,inotherwords,seemstobeoutofkilter.Furtherevidence,then,forShelley’spointofview.Moreover,itisalsoknownthatthePACC-amygdalalinkisoftenoutofkilterinschizophrenia,andthatschizophreniaismorecommonamongcitydwellersthancountryfolk.Dr.Meyer-Lindenbergiscarefulnottoclaimthathisresultsshowthecauseofthisconnection.Buttheymight.

Dr.Meyer-Lindenbergandhisteamconductedseveralsubsequentexperimentstochecktheirfindings.Theyaskedparticipantstocompletemoremathstests—andalsotestsinwhichtheymentallyrotatedanobject—whileinvestigatorschidedthemabouttheirperformance.Theresultsmatchedthoseofthefirsttest.Theyalsostudiedanothergroupofvolunteers,whoweregivenstress-freetaskstocomplete.TheseexperimentsshowednoactivityineithertheamygdalasorthePACC,suggestingthattheearlierresultswereindeedtheresultofsocialstressratherthanmentalexertion.

Asisusuallythecaseinstudiesofthissort,thesamplesizewassmall(andthereforenotasrobustasmightbedesirable)andtheresultshowedanassociation,ratherthanadefinite,causalrelationship.Thatassociationis,nevertheless,interesting.Livingincitiesbringsmanybenefits,butDr.Meyer-Lindenberg’sworksuggeststhatShelleyandhisfellowRomanticshadatleasthalfapoint.

16.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?

17.WhydoestheauthormentionShelly’swordsatthebeginningofthetext?

18.“outofkilter”(Paragraph6)isclosestinmeaningwith________.

19.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthefindingsofthestudy?

20.Whichofthefollowingisamongthelimitationsofthestudymentionedinthetext?

問題1選項

A.Whythecityisnotasuitableplacetolive.

B.Howtodetecttheinnerworkingofpeopledealingwithstress.

C.Howurbanandruralresidentsdifferintermsofmentalmechanism.

D.Whycitydwellerssufferahigherriskofmooddisorderthancountrymen.

問題2選項

A.ToexpresshisaversiontobigcitieslikeLondon.

B.Tointroducethefollowingdiscussionabouturbanandruraldwellers.

C.Toshowhisfamiliaritywithliteraryworks.

D.Toindicatetheoriginofdifferencesobservedbetweenthecityandcountryside.

問題3選項

A.unexpected

B.outofcontrol

C.ill-informed

D.contradictory

問題4選項

A.CitydwellershadthehighestlevelofPACCactivityintimeofpressure.

B.Theplacewheretheparticipantswerebroughtupmattersmoreinpredictingtheirmentalactivity.

C.Ruralresidentshadthelowestlevelsofamygdalasactivitywhenconfrontedwithstress.

D.TheregulatorymechanismofPACCfailsamongpeoplewhonowliveinthecity.

問題5選項

A.Thescanningtechniqueusedtoexaminethebrains.

B.Therandomnessofchoosingparticipants.

C.Itsinadequatedesignofmathproblemsthattheparticipantsareaskedtosolve.

D.Itsinabilitytoclaimacausalrelationshipbetweensocialstressandmental.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】16.主旨大意題。文章開頭引出城鄉(xiāng)居民在患心理疾病上的差異，隨后拋出實驗來闡述城鄉(xiāng)居民在生理和心理的不同，所以C選項“城鄉(xiāng)居民心理機制的差異”正確。A選項“為什么城市不適合居住”：文章沒有討論這個話題，故錯誤。B選項“如何發(fā)現(xiàn)應對壓力的人的內(nèi)心活動”和D選項“為什么城市居民比鄉(xiāng)村居民患情緒障礙的風險更高”：是文章內(nèi)容的一部分，不能概括全文，故錯誤。因此C項正確。

17.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第二、三句Modernacademicsagree.LastyearDutchresearchersshowedthatcitydwellershavea21%higherriskofdevelopinganxietydisordersthandotheircalmerruralcountrymen,anda39%higherriskofdevelopingmooddisorders.（現(xiàn)代學者同意這個觀點。去年，荷蘭研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，城市居民患焦慮癥的風險比平靜的農(nóng)村居民高21%，患情感障礙的風險比鄉(xiāng)村居民高39%。），引用雪萊的話以后，緊接著提出城鄉(xiāng)居民在患精神類疾病風險的不同，所以B選項“引入以下關于城市和農(nóng)村居民的討論”正確。A選項“表達對倫敦這樣的大城市的厭惡”和C選項“顯示對文學作品的了解”：不是文章想要表達的重點，故錯誤。D選項“指出城市和農(nóng)村差異的起因”：這里不能得出城鄉(xiāng)差異的起因，故錯誤。因此B選項正確。

18.語義推測題。outofkilter的意思是“失常，失衡”，根據(jù)第六段Inthecasesofthosebroughtupinthecountryside…thecorrelationswereasexpected.Forthosebroughtupincities,however,thesecorrelationsbrokedown.Theregulatorymechanismofthenativeurbanite,inotherwords,seemstobeoutofkilter.（對于那些在農(nóng)村長大的人來說，這種相關性在意料之中。然而，對于那些在城市長大的人來說，這種相關性就不存在了。換句話說，土生土長的都市人的調(diào)節(jié)機制似乎失衡了。），對于生長在農(nóng)村的人來說，這種相關性可以預料，也就是有規(guī)律可循，處于正常的狀態(tài)，而對于生長在城市的人來說，這種相關性已經(jīng)消失，也就是說不是正常該有的狀態(tài)，所以B選項“失控的”正確。A選項“想不到的”，C選項“所知不多的”和D選項“矛盾的”不符合題意，故錯誤。因此B選項正確。

19.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句Peoplelivinginthecountrysidehadthelowestlevelsofactivityintheiramygdalas.（生活在農(nóng)村的人杏仁核的活動水平最低。），可知實驗的結(jié)果是C選項“面對壓力時，農(nóng)村居民的杏仁核活動水平最低”，故正確。A選項“城市居民有壓力時扣帶皮層活動水平最高”：根據(jù)第四段最后一句Themoreurbanaperson’schildhood,themoreactivehisPACC,regardlessofwherehewasdwellingatthetimeoftheexperiment.（一個人的童年生活在城市的時間越長，他的扣帶皮層部位就越活躍，無論他在實驗期間住在哪里。），可知扣帶皮層活躍與否與壓力無關，而與生長環(huán)境有關，故錯誤。B選項“參與者成長的地方對于預測心理活動更重要”：文章沒有強調(diào)參與者成長的地方對于實驗結(jié)果的重要性，在實驗過程中需要參考參與者成長的地方，故錯誤。D選項“扣帶皮層的調(diào)節(jié)機制在現(xiàn)在居住在城市的人群中失效”：根據(jù)第三段最后一句ThePACCispartofthecerebralcortex(again,foundinbothhemispheres)thatregulatestheamygdalas.（扣帶皮層是大腦皮層的一部分（同樣存在于兩個大腦半球），負責調(diào)節(jié)杏仁核。）和第四段第三句Citydwellershadthehighest.（城市居民的比例最高。），可知居住在城市中的人的扣帶皮層沒有失效，故錯誤。因此C選項正確。

20.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第八段第一句Asisusuallythecaseinstudiesofthissort,thesamplesizewassmall(andthereforenotasrobustasmightbedesirable)andtheresultshowedanassociation,ratherthanadefinite,causalrelationship.（就像這類研究中的常見情況，樣本量很?。ㄒ虼瞬幌衿谕哪敲纯煽浚?，結(jié)果顯示的是一種關聯(lián)，而不是一種確定的因果關系。），可知這個研究的局限在于不能得出因果關系，所以D選項“不能得出社會壓力和精神之間有因果關系的結(jié)論”正確。A選項“掃描技術用于檢查大腦”，B選項“選擇參與者的隨機性”和C選項“要求參與者解決的數(shù)學問題設計不合理”文章沒有提到，故錯誤。因此D選項正確。

7.單選題

Hisshirtfactoryisgrowingsofastthathemust（

）moreworkers.

問題1選項

A.takeon

B.takeup

C.takeout

D.takeover

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。takeon意為“承擔，接受，雇用”；takeup意為“開始從事”；takeout意為“取出，除去”；takeover意為“接收，接管”。

句意：他的襯衫工廠發(fā)展很快，以至于他必須雇傭更多的工人。

8.單選題

Canyougivemeanotherhintwithout______theanswer?

問題1選項

A.givingoff

B.givingaway

C.givingup

D.givingin

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項givingoff“發(fā)出”；B選項givingaway“泄露”；C選項givingup“放棄”；D選項givingin“屈服”。句意：你能在不告訴我答案的情況下再給我一個提示嗎？本句表示泄露答案。因此B選項正確。

9.單選題

Everyyearthousandsofpeoplearearrestedandtakentocourtforshop-lifting.InBritainalone,aboutHK$3,000,000worthofgoodsarestolenfromshopseveryweek.Asaresultofthis"shrinkage"astheshopscallit,thehonestpublichastopayhigherprices.

Shop-lifterscanbedividedintothreemaincategories:theprofessionals,thedeliberateamateur,andthepeoplewhojustcan'thelpthemselves.Theprofessionalsdonotposemuchofaproblemforthestoredetectives,who,assistedbyclosedcircuittelevision,canusuallycopewiththem.Theprofessionalstendtogoforhighvaluegoodsinpartsoftheshopswheresecuritymeasuresaretightest.And,inanycase,theyaccountforonlyasmallpercentageofthetotallossesduetoshop-lifting.

Thesameappliestothedeliberateamateurwhois,sotospeak,aprofessionalintraining.Mostofthemgetcaughtsoonerorlater,andtheyaredealtwithseverelybythecourts.

Therealproblemisthepersonwhogiveswaytoasuddentemptationandisinallotherrespectsanhonestandlaw-abidingcitizen.Contrarytowhatonewouldexpect,thiskindofshop-lifterisrarelypoor.Hedoesnotstealbecauseheneedsthegoodsandcannotaffordtopayforthem.Hestealsbecausehesimplycannotstophimself.Andtherearecountlessotherswho,