考研考博-英語-山東職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-山東職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Inanycommercialtransactionaconsumermusthaveconfidencethatthebusinesswhoseproducttheyareabouttopurchaseisreliableandthattheproductbeingofferedisworththepricethatispaid.Theimportanceingainingandmaintainingisespeciallytruewhentheconsumerandbusinessdonotsharecommonalitiesofgeography,cultureand/orlegalframework.Thebestcompaniesalwaysunderstandthisexpectationandcontinuallystrivetoexceedit.Othercompanies-includingmanyneweronlinemerchantsmayhavegoodintentions,butlacktheskillsorexperiencetoturntheconsumer’sexpectationintoareality.Afewcompanieswillintentionallyseektoexploitthisconsumer'sexpectation.

Howtoseparatethesecompaniesinavirtualworldisnotalwayseasy,andhasbeenthesubjectofintensivediscussionbyconsumergroups,businessesandgovernments.Moreover,policingthecompaniesinthevirtualmarketplaceisperceivedtoadauntingchallenge.Thesediscussionshavegenerallyfocusedonthreekeyideas.

CodesofConductforOn-lineBusiness:Individualcorporations,businessassociationsand/orgovernmentsaroundtheworldhaveworkedtodevelopCodesofConduct,Guidelines.Principles,orBestPractice,etc.foron-linebusinesses.TheydescribetheactionsthataCompanyshouldtaketoprotectaconsumer’srights.Theymaybeincludedonthecompany’swebsiteandaconsumercanreviewthembeforemakingapurchase.

Trademark:Toincreaseconsumer'sconfidencethatacompanywillactinaccordancewithacodeofconductorbestpractices,athirdparty"Tmstmark"isoftenused.Theconceptisthatbydisplaying"Trustmark'.Thecompanyrepresentsthatitissubjecttoexternaloversight.Thecompanywouldnotbeallowedtodisplaythethirdpartymarkifthecompany’sactionwereinconsistentwithwhatiscontainedinthe"CodeofConduct"orsimilardocument.Trustmark’saremostusefulwhentheyhavestrongbrandrecognitionandcredibilityamongcustomers.

DisputeResolution:Consumer'sconfidencereliesonthebeliefthatanydisputewillbesettledquicklyandfairlyeitherbythecompanydirectlyorthroughsomeothermeans.Inthebricksandmortarworldaconsumerusuallyhastheabilitytoinspectproductbeforepurchasingitandifitisdefective-returnitforarefund,repairorreplacement.Mostofcompaniesseethisformofdisputeresolutionastheirownbestinterestandanextensionoftheircustomerrelationprograms.Whilethesameholdstrueintheworldofon-linetransactions,thecriticaldifferenceisthataconsumercan'tinspecttheproductbeforepurchasing,andinsteadhastorelyonthemerchant'sphotosordescriptionsoftheproduct.Inboththetraditionalandon-lineworld,whendisputecannotberesolveddirectlybetweentheconsumerandthecompany,themerchantandtheconsumermustresorttoothermeans.Theseoftenincludeappealstoconsumerprotectionagencies,recoursetothecourts,oruseofalternativedisputeresolutionsystems.

1.Thetopicofthearticleis（

）.

2.Whenthereexistdifferencesinculture,legalframeworkandgeographybetweenconsumersandbusinesses,whatappear(s)moreimportant?

3.Whatarethethreefocusesdiscussedandconsideredimportantinmarketplace?

4.InwhichcaseisTrustmarkmostinfluential?

5.Whatareotherwaystoresolvedisputesbesidesrefund,repairandreplacement?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.meetingconsumer'sexpectationinthemarketplace

B.resolvingdispute

C.displayingTrustmark’s

D.settingcodesofconduct

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Thebusiness'sreliability.

B.Thecompanies'understandingofconsumer'sexpectation.

C.Theproductsbeingworththepricebeingpaid

D.Gainingandmaintainingthatconfidence.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Confidence,goodintentionsandbestpractices.

B.Trustmark,rightusageandnewconcepts.

C.Codesofconduct,Trustmarkanddisputeresolution.

D.Cooperation,goodintensionsanddisputeresolution.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Whencompaniesarewellrecognizedandwellbelievedin.

B.Whencompanieshaveapowerfultrademark.

C.Whenacompany'sactionsareinconsistentwithitsCodesofConduct.

D.Whenmutualcredibilityexists.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Toresolvethedisputesbetweentheconsumerandthecompany.

B.Appealingtoconsumerprotectionagencies;resourcingtothecourts;orusingofalternativedisputeresolutionsystems.

C.Toresorttoothermeans.

D.Togotothemarketplace.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章第一段中提出了consumer'sexpectation（消費(fèi)者的需求），B、C、D選項(xiàng)是圍繞如何滿足市場消費(fèi)者的需求展開論述的點(diǎn)，因此選A。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第一段中的Theimportanceingainingandmaintainingisespeciallytruewhentheconsumerandbusinessdonotsharecommonalitiesofgeography,cultureand/orlegalframework.（當(dāng)消費(fèi)者和企業(yè)不共享地理、文化和/或法律框架的共同點(diǎn)時(shí)，獲得和維持信心的重要性尤其正確）可知選D。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干信息“thethreefocuses”可定位至文章第二段中的最后一句話Thesediscussionshavegenerallyfocusedonthreekeyideas（這些討論一般集中在三個(gè)關(guān)鍵的想法上），由之后每一段的句首CodesofConductforOn-lineBusiness（網(wǎng)上業(yè)務(wù)行為守則）；Trademark（商標(biāo)）；DisputeResolution（糾紛解決）可知選C。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章倒數(shù)第二段中的Trustmark’saremostusefulwhentheyhavestrongbrandrecognitionandcredibilityamongcustomers.（當(dāng)Trustmark在客戶中具有很強(qiáng)的品牌知名度和可信度時(shí)，它是最有用的）可知A選項(xiàng)“當(dāng)公司得到廣泛的認(rèn)可和信任的時(shí)候”符合題意。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章最后一段中的Theseoftenincludeappealstoconsumerprotectionagencies,recoursetothecourts,oruseofalternativedisputeresolutionsystems.（這些措施通常包括向消費(fèi)者保護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu)提出上訴、訴諸法院或使用其他爭端解決系統(tǒng)）可知選B。

2.翻譯題

機(jī)器人我們正生活在一個(gè)機(jī)器人承擔(dān)許多工作的時(shí)代。機(jī)器人可以制造汽車、駕駛飛機(jī)和處理賬單。

不過這些機(jī)器人并不是人形機(jī)器。它們的外形并不像我們。它們是特別制造出來代替人做某些工作的機(jī)器，可以給它們以任何適宜的外形。機(jī)器人的“腦子”是一部電腦，它能夠儲(chǔ)存指令，并能夠控制其它部件。機(jī)器人有手臂，能夠做人用手干的多種工作。例如，機(jī)器人可以在汽車裝配線上焊接車身和噴漆。

使用機(jī)器人比使用工人的優(yōu)越之處是它們可以不停地長時(shí)間工作，它們從不疲勞，而工作的準(zhǔn)確性卻始終如一。它們可以在人無法忍受的條件下工作，如有高溫、有強(qiáng)烈的噪音或是有危險(xiǎn)射線的場合，隨著機(jī)器人數(shù)量的增加，它們的制造成本也會(huì)下降。

盡管機(jī)器人正在迅速承擔(dān)工業(yè)中的許多工作，但要在家里做家務(wù)活卻似乎還差得很遠(yuǎn)。問題在于即使干一半的家務(wù)活也需要有一個(gè)非常復(fù)雜、非常昂貴的機(jī)器人。

【答案】Robot3.單選題

Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors7namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.

Nolonger.TheInternet-andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit-ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment（OECD.hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.

Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.

Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor（orhisemployer）topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.

1.Theauthormainlytalksabout（）inParagraph1.

2.TheOECDreport（）.

3.Onlinepublicationissignificantbecause（）

4.Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredto（）

5.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting

B.therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers

C.thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication

D.thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.criticizesgovernment-fundedresearch

B.upsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers

C.benefitsscientificresearchconsiderably

D.introducesaneffectivemeansofpublication

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers

B.itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresults

C.itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch

D.itemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledge

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.coverthecostofitspublication.

B.subscribetothejournalpublishingit.

C.allowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreely.

D.completethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Authorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.

B.Publicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineservice.

C.TheInternetisposingathreattopublishers.

D.Anewmodeofpublicationisemerging.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。第一段主要講述了期刊出版的過程，即收稿、審稿、出版或棄用、版權(quán)和引用收費(fèi)等步驟。C和D看似都符合。仔細(xì)閱讀全文可知，文章先講述了期刊出版以前是怎樣的，后來又是怎樣的，由Itusedtobesostraightforward.可知第一段主要講述的是過去期刊是出版的過程，C選項(xiàng)中“traditional”強(qiáng)調(diào)了過去。因此D項(xiàng)更符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干定位到第二段“Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.份報(bào)告是由澳大利亞維多利亞大學(xué)的約翰?霍頓和經(jīng)合組織的格雷厄姆?維克里共同撰寫的，對(duì)于那些迄今為止已經(jīng)獲得可觀利潤的出版商來說，這份報(bào)告讀起來很沉重?！睋?jù)此可知該報(bào)告讓盈利的出版商心情沉重。故B項(xiàng)正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第二段“Nolonger.TheInternet-andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit-ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.互聯(lián)網(wǎng)——以及來自資助機(jī)構(gòu)的壓力——正使獲取科學(xué)成果成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。資助機(jī)構(gòu)質(zhì)疑，為什么商業(yè)出版商通過限制對(duì)科研的訪問，從政府資助的研究中賺錢?？芍ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)使網(wǎng)上發(fā)表論文成為可能，同時(shí)網(wǎng)上發(fā)表論文使人們更易獲得科學(xué)成果。故B項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第四段“Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor（orhisemployer）topayforthepapertobepublished.有一種開放獲取的出版方式，通常要求作者（或其雇主）為發(fā)表的論文付費(fèi)?！睋?jù)此可知作者要為論文付費(fèi)。故A項(xiàng)正確。

5.主旨大意題。整篇文章都是在以客觀的角度來介紹新的出版方式，并沒有表明作者觀點(diǎn)，故A項(xiàng)“作者歡迎新的出版方式”不對(duì)；B項(xiàng)“在線服務(wù)使出版變得更容易?！睆睦碚撋线@觀點(diǎn)是正確的，但是文中未提及，也不是本文主題。C項(xiàng)“網(wǎng)絡(luò)對(duì)出版構(gòu)成威脅”文中沒提及。D項(xiàng)“一種新的出版方式正在出現(xiàn)”為本文主題，故D項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Theteacherwroteabriefcommentinthe（）toshowthestudentwhyitwaswrong.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.manual

B.margin

C.edge

D.verge

【答案】B

【解析】名詞辨析題。manual"手冊(cè),指南";margin"頁邊空白;邊緣;余地"，一般指書的邊緣;edge"邊緣;刀刃;優(yōu)勢"一般指懸崖邊上;verge"邊,邊緣,界線",常見用法為onthevergeof，意為瀕臨于。句意：老師在頁邊空白處寫了簡短的評(píng)語，向?qū)W生說明為什么錯(cuò)了。選項(xiàng)B符合句意。

5.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

“AHARMLESSdrudge.”O(jiān)fthedefinitionsinSamuelJohnson'sgreatEnglishdictionaryof1755,thatof“l(fā)exicographer”,hisowncalling,isthemostfamous,anexampleofthesamewitthatledhimtodefine“oats”as“agrain,whichinEnglandisgenerallygiventohorses,butinScotlandsupportsthepeople”.

Whynamealanguagecolumnafteraharmlessdrudge?BecauseJohnson,despitethedrudgery,knewthatlanguagewasnotharmless.Itspowertoinformandtoleadastray,toentertainandtoannoy,tobuildco-operationordestroyareputation,makeslanguageseriousstuff,TheEconomist's“Johnson”columnbeganin1992andwaslaterrevivedonline.Thisweekitreturnstotheprintedition,andhenceforthwillappearfortnightly.

Manyofthetopicstackledarefun:swearingandslang,preferencesandpeeves.Somearemorefundamental.Languagerevealsalotabouthumannature:howpeoplereasondifferentlyinaforeignlanguage,ortowhatextentdifferentlanguagesencodeaworldview,aresomeofthemostexcitingandcontroversialtopicsinlinguisticresearch.

Peoplecareintenselyabouttheirlanguage,andsolanguageinthewiderworldsometimescomesintoconflict.TheperceivedarroganceofCastilianstoCatalanthreatenstosunderSpain;“l(fā)anguagepolice”inQuebectellrestaurantownerstochange“pasta”and“grilledcheese”patesandfromaefondant.Attheextreme,thepassageofalawdowngradingRussianinUkrainehelpssparkwarinthatcountry;VladimirPutinhasuseditasevidencethatUkrainiannationalistsarebentonwipingoutRussianculturethere.Thewarhasrumbledonsince,withlanguagethemostobvioussymbolofwideridentityandsympathy.

SotheJohnsoncolumntreatstopicslightandheavyaswellaslanguagebothEnglishandinternational.Alanguagecolumnisexpectedtotacklequestionsofrightandwrong.Thereareroughlytwoviewsofhowtodothis:onetop-down,basedonauthority,prestige,writingandstability;onebottom-up,restingonhowmostpeopleactuallyusethelanguage,andopentochange.

Thetwoschoolsofthought,knownas“prescriptivism”(whichsetsdownhowthelanguageshouldbe)and“descriptivism”(whichtellshowitis),haveoftenbeenatdaggersdrawn:Englishteachersandsomeusage-bookwritersononeside,andacademiclinguists,lexicographersandotherusage-bookwritersontheother.Inthecaricature,prescriptivistsareauthoritarianswiththeirheadsinthesand,insistingonVictorian-eranon-rules.Thedescriptivistsaremockedas“anything-is-correct",embracingeveryfad,eventhatShakespeareshouldbetaughtintext-message-speak.

Anintellectualwritingforaneliteaudience,SamuelJohnsondidnotshyawayfrom“right”and“wrong”,even“barbarity”,“depravity”and“corruption”,inmattersoflanguage.Buthedeclaredhistaskwasnotto“form”butto“register”(thatis,describe)thelanguage;tryingtostopchangewasliketryingto“l(fā)ashthewind”.Aboveall,hisyearsofdrudgingatthedictionaryhadtaughthimhumility:heknewhewassuretocommit“afewwildblunders,andvisibleabsurdities,fromwhichnoworkofsuchmultiplicitywaseverfree”.

Prescribingisnotreallytheoppositeofdescribing.LexicographersfromJohnson'sdayonmustdescribethelanguage,groundingtheirdefinitionsinreallivingEnglish.Butthatisinordertogivestrongerrootstoabooktheyknowpeoplewilluseforfirmguidance.Academiclinguists,thearch-descriptivists,areperfectlywillingtocallsomeusageswrongandothersplainugly.

1.WhichofthefollowingisINCORRECTaboutSamuelJohnsonaccordingtothepassage?

2.Whyislanguageseriousstuffaccordingtothepassage?

3.FromPara4,theauthorhaslistedtheconflictscausedbylanguageinthefollowingcountriesEXCEPT（）.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTMENTIONEDinthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.SamuelJohnsononcecompiledagreatEnglishdictionary.

B.SamuelJohnsondefinedoatsasagrainwhichisgenerallygiventohorsesinEnglandbutsupportsthepeopleinScotland.

C.SamuelJohnsondefinedlexicographerasaharmlessdrudge.

D.SamuelJohnsonknewthatlanguagewasharmless.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Ithaspowertoinformandtoleadastray.

B.Ithaspowertoentertainandtoannoy.

C.Ithaspowertobuildcooperationordestroyareputation.

D.Alloftheabove.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Ukraine

B.Canada

C.Quebec

D.Spain

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.TheEconomist's“Johnson”columnbegunin1992treatsdifferenttopicsindifferentlanguages.

B.Bothprescriptivistsanddescriptivistsaremockedintheacademicarticles.

C.Tryingtostopchangeinlanguagewasliketryingto“l(fā)ashthewind”.

D.LexicographersfromJohnson'sdayonmustgroundtheirdefinitionsinreallivingEnglish.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

【解析】第1題:1.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

1.WhichofthefollowingisINCORRECTaboutSamuelJohnsonaccordingtothepassage?1.根據(jù)文章，關(guān)于塞繆爾?約翰遜，下列哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的？

A.SamuelJohnsononcecompiledagreatEnglishdictionary.A.塞繆爾?約翰遜曾編過一本偉大的英語詞典。

B.SamuelJohnsondefinedoatsasagrainwhichisgenerallygiventohorsesinEnglandbutsupportsthepeopleinScotland.B.塞繆爾?約翰遜將燕麥定義為一種谷物，這種谷物在英格蘭通常用來喂馬，但在蘇格蘭卻可以養(yǎng)活人民。

C.SamuelJohnsondefinedlexicographerasaharmlessdrudge.C.塞繆爾?約翰遜把詞典編纂者定義為無害的苦工。

D.SamuelJohnsonknewthatlanguagewasharmless.D.塞繆爾?約翰遜知道語言是無害的。

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第二段第二句“因?yàn)楸M管約翰遜的工作很辛苦，但他知道語言并非無害（languagewasnotharmless）”，理解可知，“語言并非無害”即“語言是有害的”，所以D項(xiàng)與原文相反。該題選擇D項(xiàng)符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A選項(xiàng)“塞繆爾?約翰遜曾編過一本偉大的英語詞典”、B選項(xiàng)“塞繆爾?約翰遜將燕麥定義為一種谷物，這種谷物在英格蘭通常用來喂馬，但在蘇格蘭卻可以養(yǎng)活人民”和C選項(xiàng)“塞繆爾?約翰遜把詞典編纂者定義為無害的苦工”符合原文第一段“1755年塞繆爾?約翰遜的《英語大詞典》中對(duì)‘無害的苦力’的定義中，‘詞典編纂者’的定義是最著名的，也是一個(gè)機(jī)智的例子，使他將‘燕麥’定義為‘一種谷物，在英格蘭通常是給馬吃的，但在蘇格蘭是給人吃的’”的內(nèi)容，屬于反向干擾。

第2題:2.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

2.Whyislanguageseriousstuffaccordingtothepassage?2.根據(jù)文章，為什么語言是嚴(yán)肅的東西？

A.Ithaspowertoinformandtoleadastray.A.它有提供信息和誤導(dǎo)的力量。

B.Ithaspowertoentertainandtoannoy.B.它既有娛樂的力量，也有騷擾的力量。

C.Ithaspowertobuildcooperationordestroyareputation.C.它有能力建立合作，也有能力摧毀聲譽(yù)。

D.Alloftheabove.D.以上都是。

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞seriousstuff定位至原文第二段第三句“它既能提供信息，也能誤導(dǎo)人，既能娛樂，也能惹怒人，既能建立合作關(guān)系，也能毀掉聲譽(yù)，這使得語言變得嚴(yán)肅起來”，理解可知，因?yàn)檎Z言的雙面性使得它成為一個(gè)嚴(yán)肅的事情。D選項(xiàng)“以上都是”完整地概括了原文的信息，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A選項(xiàng)“它有提供信息和誤導(dǎo)的力量”、B選項(xiàng)“它既有娛樂的力量，也有騷擾的力量”和C選項(xiàng)“它有能力建立合作，也有能力摧毀聲譽(yù)”根據(jù)解題思路可知，總結(jié)不全面，以偏概全。

第3題:3.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

3.FromPara4,theauthorhaslistedtheconflictscausedbylanguageinthefollowingcountriesEXCEPT______.3.在第4段中，作者列舉了除______以外的以下國家因語言而引起的沖突。

A.UkraineA.烏克蘭

B.CanadaB.加拿大

C.QuebecC.魁北克

D.SpainD.西班牙

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位至第四段，該段提到“卡斯提爾人對(duì)加泰羅尼亞人的傲慢威脅著西班牙的分裂；魁北克的‘語言警察’要求餐館老板更換‘意大利面’和‘烤奶酪’餡餅和方旦糖。在極端情況下，通過一項(xiàng)降低俄羅斯在烏克蘭地位的法律，有助于在該國引發(fā)戰(zhàn)爭……”，從中可知，烏克蘭、加拿大和西班牙這三個(gè)國家都有提到，而魁北克是加拿大的一個(gè)城市，不是國家，所以該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A選項(xiàng)“烏克蘭”、B選項(xiàng)“加拿大”和D選項(xiàng)“西班牙”都有提到，屬于反向干擾。

第4題:4.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTMENTIONEDinthepassage?4.文章中沒有提到下列哪項(xiàng)？

A.TheEconomist’s“Johnson”columnbegunin1992treatsdifferenttopicsindifferentlanguages.A.《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》的“約翰遜”專欄始于1992年，用不同的語言探討了不同的話題。

B.Bothprescriptivistsanddescriptivistsaremockedintheacademicarticles.B.規(guī)范主義者和描述主義者都在學(xué)術(shù)文章中遭到嘲笑。

C.Tryingtostopchangeinlanguagewasliketryingto“l(fā)ashthewind”.C.試圖阻止語言的變化就像試圖“鞭策風(fēng)”。

D.LexicographersfromJohnson’sdayonmustgroundtheirdefinitionsinreallivingEnglish.D.從約翰遜時(shí)代起，詞典編纂者們的定義必須以現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的英語為基礎(chǔ)。

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第六段最后兩句“在漫畫中，規(guī)范主義者是躲在沙子里的威權(quán)主義者，堅(jiān)持維多利亞時(shí)代的無規(guī)則。這些描述主義者被嘲笑為‘一切都是正確的’，他們擁抱每一種時(shí)尚，甚至認(rèn)為莎士比亞應(yīng)該用短信用語來教授。”，從中可知，規(guī)范主義者和描述主義者是在漫畫中被嘲諷，而不是在學(xué)術(shù)文章中，所以B選項(xiàng)“規(guī)范主義者和描述主義者都在學(xué)術(shù)文章中遭到嘲笑”不符合原文，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》的‘約翰遜’專欄始于1992年，用不同的語言探討了不同的話題”定位第二段第二句“……《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》的‘約翰遜’專欄始于1992年……”，以及第三段前兩句“很多話題都很有趣：臟話和俚語，喜好和煩惱。有些是更基本的?！?，理解可知，A項(xiàng)正確，屬于反向干擾；

C選項(xiàng)“試圖阻止語言的變化就像試圖‘鞭策風(fēng)’”定位至倒數(shù)第二段第二句“……試圖阻止改變就像試圖鞭策風(fēng)’”，可知該項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾；

D選項(xiàng)“從約翰遜時(shí)代起，詞典編纂者們的定義必須以現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的英語為基礎(chǔ)”定位至最后一段第二句“從約翰遜時(shí)代起，詞典編纂者就必須以真實(shí)的英語為基礎(chǔ)來描述這種語言”，可知該項(xiàng)也屬于反向干擾。

6.單選題

Researchershavestudiedthepoorasindividuals,asfamiliesandhouseholds,asmembersofpoorcommunities,neighborhoodsandregions,asproductsoflargerpovertycreatingstructures.Theyhavebeenanalyzedasvictimsofcrimeandcriminals,asmembersofminoritycultures,aspassiveconsumersofmasscultureandactiveproducersofa“counterculture”,asparticipantsintheinformaleconomy,asinventionsofsurvivalstrategies,asaneconomicburdenandasareservearmyoflabor—tomentionjustsomeofthepreoccupationsofpovertyresearch.

Theelites,whooccupythesmallupperstratumwithinthecategoryofthenon-poor,andtheirfunctionsintheemergenceandreproductionofpovertyareasinterestingandimportantanobjectforpovertyresearchasthepoorthemselves.Theeliteshaveimagesofthepoorandofpovertywhichshapetheirdecisionsandactions.Sofar,littleisknownaboutthoseimages,exceptastheyaresketchilyportrayedinpopularstereotypes.Theelitesmaywellignoreordenytheexternaleffectsoftheirownactions(andomissions)uponthelivingconditionsofthepoor.Manysocialscientistsmaytakeaverydifferentview.Aspovertyemergedandwasreproduced,legalframeworkswerecreatedtocontaintheproblemsitcausedwithprofound,andlargelyunknown,consequencesforthepoorthemselves.Ingeneral,political,educationalandsocialinstitutionstendtoignoreorevendamagetheinterestsofthepoor.Inconstructingaphysicalinfrastructurefortransport,industry,tradeandtourism,thesettlementsofthepoorareoftenthefirsttosufferortobeleftstandingandexposedtopollution,noiseandcrowding.

Mostimportantaretheeconomicfunctionsofpoverty,as,forlackofotheroptionsthepoorareforcedtoperformactivitiesconsidereddegradingorunclean.Thepooraremorelikelytobuysecond-handgoodsandleftoverfoodstuffs,thusprolongingtheireconomicutility.Theyarelikelytousetheservicesoflow-qualitydoctors,teachersandlawyerswhomthenon-poorshyawayfrom.Povertyandthepoorserveanimportantsymbolicfunction,inremindingcitizensofthelotthatmaybefallthosewhodonotheedthevaluesofthrift,diligenceandcleanliness,andoftheconstantthreatthattherough,theimmoralandtheviolentrepresentfortherestofsociety.

Physically,thepoorandthenon-poorarekeptapart,throughdifferentiallanduseandghettoization.Socially,theyareseparatedthroughdifferentialparticipationinthelabormarket,theconsumptioneconomy,andinpolitical,socialandculturalinstitutions.Conceptually,theyaredividedthroughstereotypingandmediacliché.Thisseparationisevenmorepronouncedbetweentheelitesandthepoor.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,studyingtheelitesalsoshedslightonpovertyresearchbecause____.

2.Whilesocialscientistsaredevotingmuchoftheirefforttopovertyresearch,____.

3.Intheeyesofthesociety,____.

4.Theword“pronounced”inthelastsentenceofthepassageprobablymeans____.

5.Inthepassage,theauthorismainlyconcernedwith____.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.theyarealsomembersofthesamesocietyasthepoor

B.theyplayanimportantroleincreatingandreproducingpoverty

C.solutionofthepovertyproblemisattheirmercy

D.theyknowthelivingconditionsofthepoorbetterthanothergroups

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.notenoughlegalframeworkshavebeencreatedtorelievetheconditionofthepoor

B.theyhavedonelittletoactuallyprovidereliefprogramsforthepoor

C.theyignoretheroleoftheelitesasanobjectforpovertyresearch

D.thepoorpeoplethemselvesdonotmuchappreciatesucheffort

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.thepoortendtosymbolizewhatlazyandevilpeopleturnouttobe

B.thepoorarenotworthyofthesympathythesocietyshowsthem

C.economicprejudiceismoreofanobstacletothesolutionofpoverty

D.thenon-poorshouldshowmoresympathyforthepoor

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.sympathetic

B.conspicuous

C.identifiable

D.unbridgeable

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.analyzingaproblem

B.providingasolution

C.definingasituation

D.outliningaproposal

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Accordingtotheauthor,studyingtheelitesalsoshedslightonpovertyresearchbecause____.根據(jù)作者的說法，研究精英階層也有助于貧困研究，因?yàn)開___。

A.theyarealsomembersofthesamesocietyasthepoorA.他們和窮人是同一個(gè)社會(huì)的成員

B.theyplayanimportantroleincreatingandreproducingpovertyB.他們?cè)谥圃旌驮僭熵毟F方面發(fā)揮著重要作用

C.solutionofthepovertyproblemisattheirmercyC.貧困問題的解決取決于他們

D.theyknowthelivingconditionsofthepoorbetterthanothergroupsD.他們比其他群體更了解窮人的生活條件

【答案】B

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞theelites和povertyresearch定位到原文第二段第一句，該句提到“精英階層在貧困產(chǎn)生和再生中的作用（theirfunctionsintheemergenceandreproductionofpoverty），與窮人本身一樣，都是貧困研究中有趣而重要的研究對(duì)象（anobjectforpovertyresearch）。”由此可知，研究精英階層也有助于貧困研究，是因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)谪毨Мa(chǎn)生和再生中的作用是貧困研究的研究對(duì)象。因此，B選項(xiàng)“他們?cè)谥圃旌驮僭熵毟F方面發(fā)揮著重要作用”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“他們和窮人是同一個(gè)社會(huì)的成員”，原文并未提及，且與題干無關(guān)，該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有；

C選項(xiàng)“貧困問題的解決取決于他們”，原文并未提及，該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有；

D選項(xiàng)“他們比其他群體更了解窮人的生活條件”，原文并未提及，該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有。

第2題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Whilesocialscientistsaredevotingmuchoftheirefforttopovertyresearch,____.雖然社會(huì)科學(xué)家們正致力于貧困研究，但是____。

A.notenoughlegalframeworkshavebeencreatedtorelievetheconditionofthepoorA.沒有建立足夠的法律框架來緩解窮人的狀況

B.theyhavedonelittletoactuallyprovidereliefprogramsforthepoorB.他們幾乎沒有為窮人提供實(shí)際的救濟(jì)項(xiàng)目

C.theyignoretheroleoftheelitesasanobjectforpovertyresearchC.他們忽視了精英階層作為貧困研究對(duì)象的作用

D.thepoorpeoplethemselvesdonotmuchappreciatesucheffortD.窮人自己并不怎么感激這種努力

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞povertyresearch定位到原文第一、二段。原文第一段介紹了“貧困研究的一些關(guān)注點(diǎn)（someofthepreoccupationsofpovertyresearch）”；第二段第一句提到“精英階層（Theelites）在貧困產(chǎn)生和再生產(chǎn)中的作用，是貧困研究的研究對(duì)象（anobjectforpovertyresearch）”；第二句提到“精英們對(duì)窮人和貧困的印象（imagesofthepoorandofpoverty）影響了他們的決策和行動(dòng)”；第三句提到“到目前為止，人們對(duì)這些形象知之甚少（littleisknownaboutthoseimages）”。綜上所述，關(guān)于“精英們對(duì)窮人和貧困的印象”，社會(huì)科學(xué)家們了解得很少，那么關(guān)于“這些印象對(duì)精英們決策和行動(dòng)的影響作用”的研究也很少，即社會(huì)科學(xué)家們很少研究精英階層在貧困產(chǎn)生和再生產(chǎn)中的作用。因此，C選項(xiàng)“他們忽視了精英階層作為貧困研究對(duì)象的作用”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“沒有建立足夠的法律框架來緩解窮人的狀況”，原文并未提及，該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有；

B選項(xiàng)“他們幾乎沒有為窮人提供實(shí)際的救濟(jì)項(xiàng)目”，原文并未提及，該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有；

D選項(xiàng)“窮人自己并不怎么感激這種努力”，原文并未提及，該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有。

第3題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Intheeyesofthesociety,____.在社會(huì)的眼中，____。

A.thepoortendtosymbolizewhatlazyandevilpeopleturnouttobeA.窮人往往代表著懶惰和邪惡的人

B.thepoorarenotworthyofthesympathythesocietyshowsthemB.窮人不值得社會(huì)對(duì)他們的同情

C.economicprejudiceismoreofanobstacletothesolutionofpovertyC.經(jīng)濟(jì)偏見更多的是解決貧困問題的障礙

D.thenon-poorshouldshowmoresympathyforthepoorD.非窮人應(yīng)該對(duì)窮人表示更多的同情

【答案】A

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞thesociety定位到原文第三段。本段最后一句提到“貧窮和窮人發(fā)揮著重要的象征作用，它提醒公民，如果不遵守（donotheed）節(jié)儉、勤奮和愛干凈的（thrift,diligenceandcleanliness）價(jià)值觀，將會(huì)遭遇厄運(yùn)，并提醒他們粗魯、不道德和暴力（therough,theimmoralandtheviolent）對(duì)社會(huì)構(gòu)成的持續(xù)威脅?！庇纱丝芍谏鐣?huì)的眼中，窮人的形象是“不節(jié)儉、不勤奮、不愛干凈、粗魯、不道德、暴力”，因此，A選項(xiàng)“窮人往往代表著懶惰和邪惡的人”符合原文。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B選項(xiàng)“窮人不值得社會(huì)對(duì)他們的同情”，原文并未提及，該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有；

C選項(xiàng)“經(jīng)濟(jì)偏見更多的是解決貧困問題的障礙”。原文雖然提到了窮人被迫從事一些有辱人格或不干凈的工作，也只能享受得起質(zhì)量不高的服務(wù)，但是，原文并沒有說，在社會(huì)看來，這是解決貧困問題的障礙，該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有；

D選項(xiàng)“非窮人應(yīng)該對(duì)窮人表示更多的同情”，原文并未提及，該選項(xiàng)屬于無中生有。

第4題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Theword“pronounced”inthelastsentenceofthepassageprobablymeans____.文章最后一句中的“pronounced”可能是____的意思。

A.sympatheticA.同情的

B.conspicuousB.出色的

C.identifiableC.可辨認(rèn)的

D.unbridgeableD.無法彌合的

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】詞匯推測題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞pronounced和thelastsentence定位到原文最后一句，該句提到“在精英和窮人之間，這種分離更為____?！庇纱丝芍琾ronounced修飾的是“分離”。前文講的是窮人和非窮人在物理、社會(huì)以及概念上的分離，而定位句講的是精英與窮人之間的分離，根據(jù)常識(shí)，這種分離應(yīng)該是更明顯的。另外，pronounced的本意是“明顯的”，因此，C選項(xiàng)“可辨認(rèn)的”最符合原文。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A選項(xiàng)“同情的”、B選項(xiàng)“出色的”、D選項(xiàng)“無法彌合的”，不符合原文語義銜接。

第5題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Inthepassage,theauthorismainlyconcernedwith____.在本文中，作者主要關(guān)注的是____。

A.analyzingaproblemA.分析問題

B.providingasolutionB.提供解決辦法

C.definingasituationC.