考研考博-英語-山東文化產(chǎn)業(yè)職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解3

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-山東文化產(chǎn)業(yè)職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Howeverimportantweregardschoollifetobe,thereisnogainsayingthefactthatchildrenspendmoretimeathomethanintheclassroom.Therefore,thegreatinfluenceofparentscannotbeignoredordiscountedbytheteacher.Theycanbecomestrongalliesoftheschoolpersonnelortheycanconsciouslyorunconsciouslyhinderandthwartcurricularobjectives.

Administratorshavebeenawareoftheneedtokeepparentsapprisedofthenewermethodsusedinschools.Manyprincipalshaveconductedworkshopsexplainingsuchmatterasthereadingreadinessprogram,manuscriptwritinganddevelopmentalmathematics.

Moreover,theclassroomteacher,withthepermissionofthesupervisors,canalsoplayanimportantroleinenlighteningparents.Theinformalteaandmanyinterviewscarriedonduringtheyear,aswellasnewwaysofreportingpupils’progress,cansignificantlyaidinachievingaharmoniousinterplaybetweenschoolandhome.

Toillustrate,supposethatafatherhasbeendrillingJuniorinarithmeticprocessesnightafternight.Inafriendlyinterview,theteachercanhelptheparentsublimatehisnaturalpaternalinterestintoproductivechannels.HemightbepersuadedtoletJuniorparticipateindiscussingthefamilybudget,buyingthefood,usingayardstickormeasuringcupathome,settingtheclock,calculatingmileageonatripandengaginginscoresofotheractivitiesthathaveamathematicalbasis.

Ifthefatherfollowstheadvice,itisreasonabletoassumethathewillsoonrealizehissonismakingsatisfactoryprogressinmathematics,andatthesametime,enjoyingthework.

Toooften,however,teachers’conferenceswithparentsaredevotedtopettyaccountsofchildren’smisdemeanors,complaintsaboutlazinessandpoorworkhabits,andsuggestionforpenaltiesandrewardsathome.

Whatisneededismorecreativeapproachinwhichtheteacher,asaprofessionaladviser,plantsideasinparents’mindsforthebestutilizationofthemanyhoursthatthechildspendsoutoftheclassroom.Inthisway,theschoolandthehomejoinforcesinfosteringthefullestdevelopmentofyoungsters’capacities.

1.Thecentralideaconveyedintheabovepassageisthat（）.

2.Itcanreasonablybeinferredthattheauthor（）.

3.Wemayinferthatthewriterofthisarticledoesnotfavor（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.hometrainingismoreimportantthanschooltrainingbecauseachildspendssomanyhourswithhisparents

B.teacherscanandshouldhelpparentstounderstandandfurthertheobjectivesoftheschool

C.therearemanywaysinwhichthemathematicsprogramcanbeimplementedathome

D.parentsunwittinglyhavehinderedandthwartedcurricularobjectives

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.issatisfiedwithpresentrelationshipsbetweenhomeandschool

B.feelsthatthetraditionalprograminmathematicsisslightlysuperiortothedevelopmentalprogram

C.feelsthatparent-teacherinterviewscanbemademuchmoreconstructivethantheyareatpresent

D.isoftheopinionthatteachersofthisgenerationareinferiortothoseofthelastgeneration

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.afather’shelpinghissonwiththelatter’sstudies

B.writtencommunicationstotheparentfromtheteacher

C.havingtheparentsobservelessonswhichthechildrenarebeingtaught

D.principal-parentconferencesratherthanteacher-parentconferences

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知，第一段提出父母對(duì)孩子的影響是不容忽視的，接下來的內(nèi)容主要是討論如何幫助家長(zhǎng)理解并且推進(jìn)學(xué)校目標(biāo)的關(guān)鍵——教師。所以選項(xiàng)B更能概括全文。

2.細(xì)節(jié)推理題。根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容，作為一名專業(yè)顧問，教師最需要的是一種創(chuàng)造性的方法和家長(zhǎng)溝通，以便他們知道如何有效的利用孩子們的課外時(shí)間。由此可知，作者認(rèn)為教師和家長(zhǎng)之間的溝通可以更進(jìn)一步，更具有建設(shè)性意義。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

3.信息推斷題。根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知，老師在得到管理員允許的情況下也可以起到啟發(fā)家長(zhǎng)的重要作用，非正式的茶會(huì)和許多訪談，以及報(bào)告學(xué)生進(jìn)步的新方法，都可以顯著地幫助實(shí)現(xiàn)學(xué)校和家庭之間的和諧互動(dòng)。由此可知，作者支持的是老師來進(jìn)行面談會(huì)而不是校長(zhǎng)，所以選項(xiàng)D符合原文。

2.翻譯題

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Scholars,writersandteachersinthemodernacademiccommunityhavestrongfeelingsaboutacknowledgingtheuseofanotherperson’sideas.IntheEnglish-speakingworld,thetermplagiarismisusedtolabelthepracticeofnotgivingcreditforthesourceofone’sideas.Simplystated,plagiarismis“thewrongfulappropriationandpublicationasone’sownoftheideas,ortheexpressionofideasofanother.”

Thepenaltiesforplagiarismvaryfromsituationtosituation.Inmanyuniversities,thepunishmentmayrangefromfailureinaparticularcoursetoexpulsionfromtheuniversity.(46)Intheliteraryworld,wherewritersareprotectedfromplagiarismbyinternationalcopyrightlaws,thepenaltymayrangefromasmallfinetoimprisonmentandaruinedcareer.Protectionofscholarsandwriters,throughthecopyrightlawsandthroughthesocialpressuresoftheacademicandliterarycommunities,isarelativelyrecentconcept.

(47)Students,asinexperiencedscholarsthemselves,mustavoidvarioustypesofplagiarismbybeingself-criticalintheiruseofotherscholars’ideasandbygivingappropriatecreditforthesourceofborrowedideasandwords,otherwisedireconsequencesmayoccur.Thereareatleastthreeclassificationsofplagiarismasitisrevealedinstudents’inexactnessinidentifyingsourcesproperly.Theyareplagiarismbyaccident,byignorance,andbyintention.

Plagiarismbyaccident,oroversight,sometimesistheresultofthewriter’sinabilitytodecideorrememberwheretheideacamefrom.Hemayhavereaditlongago,hearditinalecturesinceforgotten,oracquireditsecond-handorthird-handfromdiscussionswithcolleagues.(48)Althoughthistypeofplagiarismmustbeguardedagainstitistheleastseriousand,iflessonslearned,canbeexemptfrombeingseverelypunished.

Plagiarismthroughignoranceissimplyawayofsayingthatinexperiencedwritersoftendonotknowhoworwhentoacknowledgetheirsources.Thetechniquesfordocumentation—note-taking,quoting,footnoting,listingbibliography—areeasilylearnedandcanpreventthewriterfrommakingunknowingmistakesoromissionsinhisreferences.(49)Although“thereisnocopyrightinnews,orinideas,onlyintheexpressionofthem.”thewritercannotpleadignorancewhenhissourcesforideasarechallenged.

Themostseriouskindofacademicthieveryisplagiarismbyintention.Thewrite,limitedbyhislazinessanddullness,copiesthethoughtsandlanguageofothersandclaimsthemforhisown.Henotonlysteals,hetriestodeceivethereaderintobelievingtheideasareoriginal.Suchwordsasimmoral,dishonest,offensive,anddespicableareusedtodescribethepracticeofplagiarismbyintention.

Theoppositeofplagiarismisacknowledgement.Allmatureandtrustworthywritersmakeuseoftheideasofothersbuttheyarecarefultoacknowledgetheirindebtednesstotheirsources.(50)Students,asdevelopingscholars,writers,teachers,andprofessionalleaders,shouldrecognizeandassumetheirresponsibilitytodocumentallsourcesfromwhichlanguageandthoughtsareborrowed.Othermembersoftheprofessionwillnotonlyrespectthescholarship,theywilladmirethehumilityandhonesty.

【答案】【參考譯文】

46.在文學(xué)界，作者受到國(guó)際版權(quán)法的保護(hù)，免受剽竊，處罰范圍從小額罰款到監(jiān)禁和毀掉職業(yè)生涯不等。

47.作為沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的學(xué)者，學(xué)生必須避免各種類型的剽竊和抄襲，在使用其他學(xué)者的想法時(shí)要自我批評(píng)，對(duì)借用的思想和詞語的來源給予適當(dāng)?shù)馁潛P(yáng)，否則會(huì)發(fā)生可怕的后果。

48.盡管這類剽竊必須加以防范，但它是最不嚴(yán)重的，如果吸取了教訓(xùn)，可以免于受到嚴(yán)厲的懲罰。

49.盡管“新聞和思想沒有版權(quán)，只有它們的表達(dá)方式”，但當(dāng)作者的思想來源受到質(zhì)疑時(shí)，他不能以無知為借口。

50.作為發(fā)展中的學(xué)者、作家、教師和職業(yè)領(lǐng)袖，學(xué)生應(yīng)該意識(shí)到并承擔(dān)自己的責(zé)任，記錄所有引用的語言和思想的來源。

3.翻譯題

Onaverage,kidsfarebetterintwo-parentfamilies.Butasizablepercentageofchildreninsingle-parentfamiliesthrive,andmanyintwo-parentfamiliesdonot.Whatmattersmost—regardlessoffamilystructure—iswhathappenswithinthefamily.

Particularlyimportantisthefamily’sabilitytosupportandnurture,minimizeconflict,practicedemocraticdecisionmaking,setandenforceboundaries,provideconsistentandpositiveformsofdisciplineandmodel,andencouragevaluesofcaringandresponsibility.

Familiesshouldalsoprovideaccesstostructuredactivities(e.g.,clubs,organizations,lessons)andastimulatingenvironmentforlearning(includingparentalinvolvementinschooling).

Whileitissomewhateasiertodelivertheseintwo-parentfamilies,somesingle-parentfamiliesdosucceedbydrawingoninformalandformalsupportsystemsfromneighborhoods,schools,andchurches.Ourchallengeistodiscoverwaystomaximizethenumberofstrongtwo-parentfamiliesandsupportallfamilyeffortstoraisehealthychildren,includingeffortsbysingle-parentfamilies.

【答案】參考譯文：

一般來說，在雙親家庭長(zhǎng)大的孩子成長(zhǎng)得更好。但是也有相當(dāng)大的一部分單親家庭的孩子得到健康成長(zhǎng)，而許多雙親家庭的孩子卻沒有。不管家庭結(jié)構(gòu)如何，最重要的是家庭內(nèi)部所發(fā)生的事情。

家庭的這些能力是極為重要的：撫養(yǎng)、避免沖突、踐行家庭民主抉擇、制定和實(shí)施家法、樹立典范以及鼓勵(lì)富有愛心和責(zé)任心。

每個(gè)家庭還應(yīng)該組織結(jié)構(gòu)性活動(dòng)（如參加俱樂部、社團(tuán)以及輔導(dǎo)班）并且營(yíng)造良好的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境（包括父母參與學(xué)校教育）。

雙親家庭做到這些顯得更加容易，但是單親家庭卻得靠鄰居、學(xué)校和教堂的正式和非正式的幫助。我們現(xiàn)在面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是如何盡量增加幸福家庭的數(shù)量，幫助所有單親和雙親家庭的孩子健康成長(zhǎng)。

4.單選題

Inlargepartasaconsequenceofthefeministmovement,historianshavefocusedagreatdealofattentioninrecentyearsondeterminingmoreaccuratelythestatusofwomeninvariousperiods.Althoughmuchhasbeenaccomplishedforthemodernperiod,premoderncultureshaveprovedmoredifficult:sourcesarerestrictedinnumber,fragmentary,difficulttointerpret,andoftencontradictory.Thus,itisnotparticularlysurprisingthatsomeearlierscholarshipconcerningsuchcultureshassofargoneunchallenged.AnexampleisJohannBachofen’s1861treatiseonAmazonswomen-ruledsocietiesofquestionableexistencecontemporarywithancientGreece.

Startingfromthepremisethatmythologyandlegendpreserveatleastanucleusofhistoricalfact,Bachofenarguedthatwomenweredominantinmanyancientsocieties.HisworkwasbasedonacomprehensivesurveyofreferencesintheancientsourcestoAmazonianandothersocietieswithmatrilinealcustoms——societiesinwhichdescentandpropertyrightsaretracedthroughthefemaleline.SomesupportforhistheorycanbefoundinevidencesuchasthatdrawnfromHerodotus,theGreek“historian”ofthefifthcenturyB.C.，whospeaksofanAmazoniansociety,theSauromatae,wherethewomenhuntedandfoughtinwars.Awomaninthissocietywasnotallowedtomarryuntilshehadkilledapersoninbattle.

Nonetheless,thisassumptionthatthefirstrecordersofancientmythshavepreservedfactsisproblematic.IfonebeginsbyexaminingwhyancientsrefertoAmazons,itbecomesclearthatancientGreekdescriptionsofsuchsocietiesweremeantnotsomuchtorepresentobservedhistoricalfacts—realAmazoniansocieties—butrathertooffer“morallessons”onthesupposedoutcomeofwomen’sruleintheirownsociety.TheAmazonswereoftencharacterized,forexample,astheequivalentsofgiantsandcentaurs,enemiestobeslainbyGreekheroes.Theircustomswerepresentednotasthoseofarespectablesociety,butastheveryantithesesofordinaryGreekpractices.

Thus,Iwouldargue,thepurposeofaccountsoftheAmazonsfortheirmaleGreekrecorderswasdidactic,toteachbothmaleandfemaleGreeksthatall-femalegroups,formedbywithdrawalfromtraditionalsociety,aredestructiveanddangerous.MythsabouttheAmazonswereusedasargumentsforthemale-dominatedstatusquo,inwhichgroupscomposedexclusivelyofeithersexwerenotpermittedtosegregatethemselvespermanentlyfromsociety.Bachofenwasthusmisledinhisrelianceonmythsforinformationaboutthestatusofwomen.Thesourcesthatwillprobablytellcontemporaryhistoriansmostaboutwomenintheancientworldaresuchsocialdocumentsasgravestones,wills,andmarriagecontracts.Studiesofsuchdocumentshavealreadybeguntoshowhowmistakenwearewhenwetrytoderiveourpictureoftheancientworldexclusivelyfromliterarysources,especiallymyths.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（）.

2.AllofthefollowingarestatedbytheauthorasproblemsconnectedwiththesourcesforknowledgeofpremodernculturesEXCEPT（）.

3.Whichofthefollowingispresentedinthepassageasevidencesupportingtheauthor’sviewoftheancientGreeks’descriptionsoftheAmazons?

4.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheprobablereactionsofmanymalesinancientGreecetotheideaofasocietyruledbywomencouldbestbecharacterizedas（）.

5.TheauthorsuggeststhatthemainreasonforthepersistinginfluenceofBachofen’sworkisthat（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.comparecompetingnewapproachestounderstandingtheroleofwomeninancientsocieties

B.investigatetheramifications（影響，后果）ofBachofen’stheoryaboutthedominanceofwomeninancientsocieties

C.explaintherapidlyincreasedinterestamonghistoriansindeterminingtheactualstatusofwomeninvarioussocieties

D.criticizethevalueofancientmythsindeterminingthestatusofwomeninancientsocieties

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.partialcompleteness

B.restrictedaccessibility

C.difficultyofinterpretation

D.limitedquantity

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.TherequirementthatSauromataewomenkillinbattlebeforemarrying.

B.Thefailureofhistorianstoverifythatwomenwereevergovernorsofancientsocieties.

C.TheclassingofAmazonswithgiantsandcentaurs.

D.Thewell-establishedunreliabilityofHerodotusasasourceofinformationaboutancientsocieties.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.confusedanddismayed

B.waryandhostile

C.cynicalanddisinterested

D.curiousbutfearful

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.feministshaveshownlittleinterestinancientsocieties

B.Bachofen’sknowledgeofAmazoniancultureisunparalleled

C.reliableinformationabouttheancientworldisdifficulttoacquire

D.ancientsocietiesshowthebestevidenceofwomeninpositionsofpower

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章第一段主要提到了由于前現(xiàn)代文化的許多可靠的資料難以獲得，所以巴霍芬關(guān)于亞馬遜女性統(tǒng)治社會(huì)的論文具有長(zhǎng)期的參考性和影響力。第二段接著介紹了巴霍芬論文的核心，主要是介紹了亞馬遜女性統(tǒng)治社會(huì)的特點(diǎn)。第三段中作者展開討論，認(rèn)為有關(guān)于古代社會(huì)的這些最初記錄的資料或論文存在一些不合理性。最后一段提及了古希臘的男性記錄亞馬遜的女性統(tǒng)治社會(huì)的原因是具有教誨性的，并且提出單靠一些古代的文學(xué)資源或者資料，尤其是古代的神話，來獲得我們對(duì)古代社會(huì)的印象會(huì)具有一定的誤導(dǎo)性。可判斷出作者寫這篇文章的主要目的是批判了古代神話在研究并確定古代社會(huì)婦女地位問題中的價(jià)值。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“premoderncultures”定位到文章第一段“Althoughmuchhasbeenaccomplishedforthemodernperiod,premoderncultureshaveprovedmoredifficult:sourcesarerestrictedinnumber,fragmentary,difficulttointerpret,andoftencontradictory.”，可知盡管現(xiàn)代時(shí)期已經(jīng)取得了很多成就，但前現(xiàn)代文化被證明面臨著更多困難：來源在數(shù)量上受到限制；不完整性；難以理解并且經(jīng)常存在爭(zhēng)議?？膳袛喑鲎髡哧愂龅年P(guān)于前現(xiàn)代文化的知識(shí)來源的問題，包括資源來源的不完整性（partialcompleteness）、難以解讀性（difficultyofinterpretation）以及數(shù)量受限（limitedquantity），所以不包括restrictedaccessibility，故選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

3.判斷推理題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“theancientGreeks’descriptionsoftheAmazons”定位到文章第三段“...ancientGreekdescriptionsofsuchsocietiesweremeantnotsomuchtorepresentobservedhistoricalfacts—realAmazoniansocieties—butrathertooffer“morallessons”onthesupposedoutcomeofwomen’sruleintheirownsociety.TheAmazonswereoftencharacterized,forexample,astheequivalentsofgiantsandcentaurs,enemiestobeslainbyGreekheroes.”可知作者認(rèn)為古希臘對(duì)這種社會(huì)的描述，并不是要過多地去表現(xiàn)觀察到的歷史事實(shí)——真正的亞馬遜社會(huì)——而是要就婦女在其社會(huì)中的統(tǒng)治地位的預(yù)期后果提供一種道德教訓(xùn)。例如，亞馬遜人經(jīng)常被描述為等同于巨人族和人馬族，他們都是被希臘英雄殺死的敵人。而根據(jù)文章第三段第一句“Nonetheless,thisassumptionthatthefirstrecordersofancientmythshavepreservedfactsisproblematic.”可判斷作者對(duì)于古希臘人對(duì)亞馬遜人的描述持有不贊同的態(tài)度，認(rèn)為其存在問題。所以下文利用亞馬遜人都是人馬族和半馬族的這種描述，表達(dá)其不合理性，與作者觀點(diǎn)相符，故選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

4.判斷推理題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“probablereactionsofmanymalesinancientGreece”定位到文章第四段“…thepurposeofaccountsoftheAmazonsfortheirmaleGreekrecorderswasdidactic,toteachbothmaleandfemaleGreeksthatall-femalegroups,formedbywithdrawalfromtraditionalsociety,aredestructiveanddangerous.”可知，對(duì)于古希臘的男性來說，記錄亞馬遜人的目的是教誨性的，是為了告訴所有的希臘人：從傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)分離出去而形成的女性統(tǒng)治社會(huì)或團(tuán)體都是危險(xiǎn)的，具有毀滅性?？膳袛喑龉畔ＥD的男性對(duì)于女性統(tǒng)治社會(huì)可能會(huì)有反應(yīng)是持有謹(jǐn)慎態(tài)度的，并且會(huì)有抵觸敵對(duì)心理。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

5.判斷推理題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“Bachofen’swork”定位到文章第一段“…premoderncultureshaveprovedmoredifficult:sourcesarerestrictedinnumber,fragmentary,difficulttointerpret,andoftencontradictory.Thus,itisnotparticularlysurprisingthatsomeearlierscholarshipconcerningsuchcultureshassofargoneunchallenged.AnexampleisJohannBachofen’s1861treatiseonAmazonswomen-ruledsocietiesofquestionableexistencecontemporarywithancientGreece.”可知前現(xiàn)代文化存在許多問題和困難，如資料數(shù)量有限、殘缺不完整、難以理解等問題，這使得人們很難得到關(guān)于這些文化的信息或資料，所以一些早期的學(xué)術(shù)研究和著作在現(xiàn)今都未受到挑戰(zhàn)，具有長(zhǎng)期性的影響力，Bachofen的論文和著作就是其中的典例之一?？膳袛喑鲎髡哒J(rèn)為Bachofen的論文能夠長(zhǎng)期具有影響力的原因是人們現(xiàn)今很難獲得關(guān)于古代社會(huì)的可靠信息或資料。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

5.單選題

Ajobdescriptionshouldgivedetailsoftheperformance______aspecificjob.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thatisrequiredfor

B.thatrequired

C.thatrequires

D.requiringfor

【答案】A

【解析】考查定語從句。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和句意，先行詞performance在定語從句中是require的邏輯賓語，是被要求具備的，要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)；C、B、D均為主動(dòng)語態(tài)；本句句意是：工作描述應(yīng)詳細(xì)說明具體工作所需的表現(xiàn)。因此選A。

6.單選題

Mothersandmatchmakershavealwaysknownthatnotbeingmoniedisadefinitehealthhazard.ButwhenateamofresearchfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,reportedafewweeksagothatmiddle-agedmenwithoutwiveswereactuallytwiceaslikelytodieduringa10-yearspanasmenwithwives,theespousedandthespouselessalikestoppedtotakenotice.Itwasthekindofnewsthatsweptthroughofficesandwateringholes—anditmadepeoplefeelsmugandanxious,dependingontheircircumstances.Nowtheresearcherswhoconductedthestudyaretryingtofindoutwhataccountedforthedramaticdifferencesinsurvivalrates.

Theinvestigators,headedbyUCSFassociateprofessorofepidemiologyandbiostatisticsMaradeeA.Davis,hadsetcuttoexaminetheeffectofvariouslivingarrangementsonmortality.Becauseofthebutteringsocialsupportmarriageisknowntoprovide.Davisandhercolleaguesfullyexpectedtofindthatmenandwomendwellingalonefaredworstinsurvivalrates.Itcameassomesurprise,however,thatintheirstudypopulation,subjectswhosharedlivingquarterswithpeopleotherthanaspousehadthesamelowersurvivalratesasthosewholivedbythemselves."Thecriticalfactor,"Davissays,"seemstobethepresenceofaspouse."

Thelowersurvivalratesforthespouselesswerefoundprimarilyinmenwhowerewidowed,separatedordivorced,ratherthaninthosewhohadneverbeenmarried.Davisandhercolleagueshavealreadyeliminatedcertainhealthfactorsascausesofhighermortalitybyadjustingtheirdatatodiscounttheeffectsofsmoking,alcoholconsumption,obesityandlackofexercise.Nowtheywilllookmorecloselyatavarietyofotherconsiderations,suchasbloodpressure,cholestericlevelsandchronicillnesses.

Whilemanymiddle-agedmennowknowthedifferencebetweenacheesegraterandagarlicpress,nutritionmaystillaccountforsomeoftheCaliforniastudy'sfindings.PreviousresearchbyDavis'teamshowedthatunmarriedman-eveniftheylivedwithotherpeople—atelesshealthydietsthanmarriedme.'Traditionalsexroleshavemeantthatmenaren'taswellinformedaswomenaboutnutritionalshoppingandfoodpreparation,"saysDavis.

Emotionalandsocialfactorsprobablyalsoplayedaroleinhighermortalityamongthespouselessmen.TheSanFranciscoresearcherswillexaminearandomlyselectedsubgroupoftheirstudypopulationformoredetailedmedicaldata,andthey'lllookatatraittheycall“generalwell-being.”Thisfocusesonsubjectivelyreportedfeelingsandmoods,ratherthanspecificpsychologicalsymptoms.Theresearcherswillanalyzequestionnairesthataskedhowfrequentlythemenfeltworried,nervousorpoorlyrested.Buttheteamwillalsolookatthecausesofdeath;ifthemenwithoutwivesshowhigherratesofsuicideorfatalaccidents,it'slikelythatemotionalstresscontributedtotheirhighermortalityrate.

Davishasalreadydiscoveredthatthemarriedmenreportedasignificantlyhigherlevelofwell-beingthanthosewhoweren'tmarried.Soperhapstheexplanationfortheirlongersurvivalisn'treallysocomplicated.Becausetheyarecaredforbynurturingwives,theyjustplainlyfeelhappierthantheotherguysdo.Andwhatbetterreasonistherethanthatforstayingalive?

1.Whenresearchersreportedthatmiddle-agedmenwithoutwivesweretwiceaslikelytodieduringa10-yearspanasmenwithwives（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,aman（）waslikelytohavethelowestsurvivalrates.

3.Theword"discount"(line4ofparagraph3)mostprobablymeans（）.

4.Theword"this"inline4ofparagraph5refersto（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingcanbethetitleforthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.peoplefeltbothpleasedandworried

B.peoplefeltsoshockedthattheytoldoneanotheraboutthenews

C.peoplefeltthattheoldsaying"Nonewsisgoodnews"isreallytrue

D.peopleunderdifferentcircumstancesreacteddifferentlytoit

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.whowaswidowed,separatedordivorced

B.whohadneverbeenmarried

C.whowaslivingwithhiswife

D.whosharedlivingquarterswithpeople

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.overlook

B.understate

C.discontent

D.overstate

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.highermortality

B.arandomlyselectedsubgroup

C.atrait

D.moredetailedmedicaldata

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.ForaLongerLife,TakeaWife.

B.ANewSurveyonSurvivalRates.

C.TheEspousedandtheSpouseless.

D.LivingArrangementsandMortality

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.根據(jù)第一段倒數(shù)第二句“Itwasthekindofnewsthatsweptthroughofficesandwateringholes—anditmadepeoplefeelsmugandanxious,dependingontheircircumstances.”這類新聞席卷了辦公室和酒吧,人們既高興又焦慮,當(dāng)然這取決于他們所處的環(huán)境。選項(xiàng)D符合原文。

2.根據(jù)第三段第一句“Thelowersurvivalratesforthespouselesswerefoundprimarilyinmenwhowerewidowed,separatedordivorced,ratherthaninthosewhohadneverbeenmarried.”無配偶者的存活率較低,主要是喪偶、分居或離婚的男性,而非從未結(jié)過婚的男性。所以選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

3.根據(jù)原文句意：Davis和她的同事們已經(jīng)通過調(diào)整他們的數(shù)據(jù),排除了某些健康因素作為高死亡率的原因,對(duì)吸煙、飲酒、肥胖和缺乏鍛煉等影響忽略不計(jì)。由此可推斷,選項(xiàng)A與“discount”意思相近。

4.根據(jù)原文句意：他們將研究一種他們稱之為“總體幸福感”的特征。這個(gè)特征是主觀產(chǎn)生的感覺和情緒,而不是具體的心理癥狀。由此可知,“this”指代是上句提到的“trait”。選項(xiàng)C正確。

5.結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知,本文首先介紹了婚姻狀況與死亡率密切相關(guān),通過進(jìn)一步調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)死亡率與其他生活方式也有關(guān)聯(lián),由此可知,選項(xiàng)D最能概括全文。

7.單選題

Inmostcountries,thelawonorgantransplantationispoorlydefined,aslegislationhasnotyetbeencreatedtocopewiththisadvanceinsurgery.Theexistingframeworkrelatingtophysicalassaultandcareofthedeadhasnoprovisionfororgantransplantation.Itiscustomarytoaskthepermissionoftherelatives,butbecauseorganremovalmusttakeplaceimmediatelyafterdeath,itmaybeimpossibletoreachtherelativesintime.Ithasbeensuggestedthatthereshouldbeawidespreadcampaigntoencouragepersonstoprovideintheirwillsthattheirorgansbeusedfortransplantation.Analternativeistoprovidebylawthatpermissionisassumedunlessremovalhasbeenforbiddenbytheindividualinhislifetime.SuchlawshavebeenpassedinDenmark,France,Sweden,Italy,andIsrael.Compulsorypostmortemexamination,afarmoreextensiveprocedurethanorganremovalforgrafting,isrequiredinmostcountriesafterunexpecteddeath,andthiscompulsionisnotamatterofpublicconcernanddebate.

Therewouldseemtobenoreasonwhyorganremovalfortransplantationpurposesshouldnotalsobeacceptabletopublicopinion,providedthereisamechanismbywhichindividualsintheirlifetimecanrefusethispermission.This,ofcourse,requiresanefficientregisterofthosewhoindicatetheirrefusal;theregisterwouldbeconsultedbeforeanyorganswouldberemoved.Itisimportantthattherebepublicreassurancethatconsiderationoftransplantationwouldnotimpairnormalresuscitativeeffortsofthepotentialdonor.

Transplantationhasobviouslyraisedimportantethicalconsiderationsconcerningthediagnosisofdeath,andparticularly,howfarresuscitationshouldbecontinued.Everyeffortmustbemadetorestoretheheartbeattosomeonewhohashadasuddencardiacarrestorbreathingtosomeonewhocannotbreathe.Artificialrespirationandmassageoftheheart,thestandardmethodsofresuscitation,arecontinueduntilitisclearthatthebrainisdead.Mostphysiciansconsiderthatbeyondthispointeffortsatresuscitationareuseless.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTasuggestionmadeinthepassage?

3.Theword“impair”attheendofParagraph2canbebestreplacedby（

）.

4.Itisbelievedthateffortsatresuscitationareuselesswhen

（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingsentencescanbestsumupthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Mostcountriesdonothaveaneffectivelawonorgantransplantation

B.Thetraditionalwaysofaskingforpermissionofrelativesfororganremovaldosnotprovedtobealwaysfeasible

C.Itishardtounderstandwhypeopleshouldremainsilentoncompulsorypostmortemexamafterunexpecteddeath.

D.Insomecountriesthesearelawsprovidingthatthepermissionoforganremovalistakenforgrantedunlessithasbeenrefusedbythepersoninhislifetime.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Peopleshouldbeencouragedtodonatetheirorgansafterdeath

B.Organremovalshouldbepermittedinthecourseofcompulsorypostmortemexam.

C.Organremovalfortransplantationshouldbeadvocatedbecauseitbenefitsthehumansociety

D.Organremovalfortransplantationcouldbeconsideredlegalunlessthedeadpersonstatedotherwiseinhislifetime.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.neglect

B.weaken

C.cometogetherwith

D.besuperiorto

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.artificialrespirationandmassageofthehearthaveyieldednoobviousresult

B.aperson’sheartbeatandbreathhastotallystopped

C.standardmethodsofresuscitationhavefailed

D.thebrainiscertainlydead

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Legalandethicalproblemsoforgantransplantation

B.Someunderlyingprinciplesonorgantransplantation

C.Thediagnosisofdeathbeforeorgantransplantation

D.Thedifferencebetweencompulsorypostmortemexamandorgantransplantation

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第一段首句Inmostcountries,thelawonorgantransplantationispoorlydefined,aslegislationhasnotyetbeencreatedtocopewiththisadvanceinsurgery.（在大多數(shù)國(guó)家，器官移植的法律定義很不明確，因?yàn)樯形粗贫ǔ鲠槍?duì)外科手術(shù)進(jìn)步的立法）可知A選項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)國(guó)家沒有關(guān)于器官移植的有效法律”正確；由第一段中的Itiscustomarytoaskthepermissionoftherelatives,butbecauseorganremovalmusttakeplaceimmediatelyafterdeath,itmaybeimpossibletoreachtherelativesintime.（習(xí)慣上要征得親屬的允許，但由于器官的摘除必須在死亡后立即進(jìn)行，可能無法及時(shí)聯(lián)系到親屬）可知B選項(xiàng)“傳統(tǒng)的器官摘除請(qǐng)求親屬許可的方法并不總是可行的”正確；由第一段中的Analternativeistoprovidebylawthatpermissionisassumedunlessremovalhasbeenforbiddenbytheindividualinhislifetime.SuchlawshavebeenpassedinDenmark,France,Sweden,Italy,andIsrael.（另一種辦法是通過法律規(guī)定，除非個(gè)人在一生中禁止摘除，否則必須獲得許可。丹麥、法國(guó)、瑞典、意大利和以色列都通過了這樣的法律）可知D選項(xiàng)“在一些國(guó)家，這些法律規(guī)定，除非個(gè)人在一生中拒絕摘除，否則摘除器官的許可是理所當(dāng)然的”正確。通過排除法排除A、B、D，因此選C。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第一段中的Ithasbeensuggestedthatthereshouldbeawidespreadcampaigntoencouragepersonstoprovideintheirwillsthattheirorgansbeusedfortransplantation.（有人建議，應(yīng)開展廣泛的宣傳，鼓勵(lì)人們?cè)谄溥z囑中規(guī)定將其器官用于移植）可知A選項(xiàng)“應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)人們?cè)谒篮缶璜I(xiàn)器官”和C選項(xiàng)“器官移植應(yīng)該提倡，因?yàn)樗欣谌祟惿鐣?huì)”正確；由第一段中的Analternativeistoprovidebylawthatper