考研考博-英語-北京京北職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-北京京北職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Altruism,otherwiseknownashelpingbehavior,canbedefinedasbehaviorthatpromotesthewellbeingofotherswithoutconsciouslytakingaccountofself-interest.Batsonetal.statethat“egoisticallymotivatedhelpingisdirectedtowardtheend-stategoalofincreasingthe（

）ownwelfare”,while“altruisticallymotivatedhelpingisdirectedtowardtheend-stateofincreasingthe（

）welfare”.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.helper’s...other’s

B.other’s...helper’s

C.helper’s...another’s

D.another’s...other’s

【答案】A

【解析】考查代詞用法。表語空格處句意：利己主義者關(guān)心的是施助者的利益，利他主義者則關(guān)注他人的利益。先排除B和D選項(xiàng)。another“另一個(gè)”，不與定冠詞the連用，因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

2.單選題

Researcherswhoareunfamiliarwiththeculturalandethnicgroupstheyarestudyingmusttakeextraprecautionstoshedanybiasestheybringwiththemfromtheirownculture.Forexample,theymustmakesuretheyconstructmeasuresthataremeaningfulforeachoftheculturalorethnicminoritygroupsbeingstudies.

Inconductingresearchonculturalandethnicminorityissues,investigatorsdistinguishbetweentheemicapproachandtheeticapproach.Intheemicapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorinonecultureorethnicgroupintermsthataremeaningfulandimportanttothepeopleinthatcultureorethnicgroup,withoutregardtootherculturesorethnicgroups.Intheeticapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorsothatgeneralizationscanbemadeacrosscultures.Ifresearchersconstructaquestionnaireinaneticfashion,theirconcernisonlythattheirquestionsaremeaningfultotheparticularcultureorethnicgroupbeingstudied.If,however,theresearchersconstructaquestionnaireinaneticfashion,theywanttoincludequestionsthatreflectconceptsfamiliartoallculturesinvolved.

Howmighttheemicandeticapproachesbereflectedinthestudyoffamilyprocesses?Intheemicapproach7theresearchersmightchoosetofocusonlyonmiddle-classWhitefamilies,withoutregardforwhethertheinformationobtainedinthestudycanbegeneralizedorisappropriateforethnicminoritygroups.Inasubsequentstudy,theresearchersmaydecidetoadoptaneticapproachbystudyingnotonlymiddle-classWhitefamilies,butalsolower-incomeWhitefamilies,AfricanAmericanfamilies,SpanishAmericanfamilies,andAsianAmericanfamilies.Instudyingethnicminorityfamilies,theresearcherswouldlikelydiscoverthattheextendedfamilyismorefrequentlyasupportsysteminethnicminorityfamiliesthaninWhiteAmericanfamilies.Ifso,theemicapproachwouldrevealadifferentpatternoffamilyinteractionthanwouldtheeticapproach,documentingthatresearchwithmiddle-classWhitefamiliescannotalwaysbegeneralizedtoallethnicgroups.

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,researchersunfamiliarwiththetargetculturesareinclinedto（

）.

2.Whatdoestheauthorsayabouttheemicapproachandtheeticapproach?

3.Comparedwiththeeticapproach,theemicapproachisapparentlymore（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUEoftheethnicminorityfamiliesintheU.S?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.beovercautiousinconstructingmeaningfulmeasures

B.viewthemfromtheirownculturalperspective

C.guardagainstinterferencefromtheirownculture

D.acceptreadilywhatisalientotheirownculture

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theyhavedifferentresearchfocusesinthestudyofethnicissues

B.Theformerisbiasedwhilethelatterisobjective.

C.Theformerconcentratesonthestudyofculturewhilethelatteronfamilyissues.

D.Theyarebothheavilydependentonquestionnairesinconductingsurveys.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.culturallyinteractive

B.culture-oriented

C.culturallybiased

D.culture-specific

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theirculturalpatternsareusuallymoreadaptable.

B.Theirculturalconceptsaredifficulttocomprehend.

C.Theydon'tinteractwitheachothersomuchasWhitefamilies.

D.TheyhavecloserfamilytiesthanWhitefamilies

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

【解析】第1題:推理判斷題。由第一段“Researcherswhoareunfamiliarwiththeculturalandethnicgroupstheyarestudyingmusttakeextraprecautionstoshedanybiasestheybringwiththemfromtheirownculture.不熟悉他們所研究的文化和種族群體的研究人員必須采取額外的預(yù)防措施，以擺脫他們從自己的文化帶來的任何偏見?！笨芍芯空咴谘芯磕吧幕瘯r(shí)有從自己的文化出發(fā)的傾向。答案B

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第二段“Intheemicapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorinonecultureorethnicgroupintermsthataremeaningfulandimportanttothepeopleinthatcultureorethnicgroup,withoutregardtootherculturesorethnicgroups.Intheeticapproach,thegoalistodescribebehaviorsothatgeneralizationscanbemadeacrosscultures.在主位研究法中，目標(biāo)是用描述一種對(duì)某一種文化或民族有意義并且重要的行為，而不考慮其他文化或民族。在客位研究方法中，目標(biāo)是描述一些適用于不同文化的行為?！笨芍@兩種研究的重心不同。答案A

第3題:推理判斷題。通過上題以及對(duì)第二段和第三段的理解可知，emicapproach主位研究法偏向于研究某一個(gè)群體的文化；eticapproach客位研究法研究不同文化的共同之處。答案D

第4題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第三段倒數(shù)第二句“Instudyingethnicminorityfamilies,theresearcherswouldlikelydiscoverthattheextendedfamilyismorefrequentlyasupportsysteminethnicminorityfamiliesthaninWhiteAmericanfamilies.在研究少數(shù)民族家庭時(shí)，研究人員可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，與美國(guó)白人家庭相比，少數(shù)民族家庭中的大家庭更具有支撐地位?！笨赏浦贁?shù)民族家庭比白人家庭有更親密的親情關(guān)系。答案D

3.單選題

Inmanaginginformationresources,themediummaybethekeytoaneffectivesystem.Themediumisavehicle,atool,oracontainerforholdinginformation;theinformationitselfisthethingofvalue.

Threepopularcategoriesofinformationmediaarepaper,film，andelectronicstoragedevices.Themediachoicemustnotbeviewedasachoiceamongthesethree,however;itmustbeviewedasanopportunitytoselectfromamultitudeofmediapossibilitiesincombinationsthatbuildeffectivesystems.Inmanyinstancesthepersonresponsibleforinformation-resourcemanagementisnotthepersonwhodeterminesthemediuminwhichinformationwillbecreated.Insuchacase,themanagerofafirm’sinformationresourcesfacesachallengeinmakingasignificantcontributiontotheorganization’sobjectives.

Foreffectivemanagementofinformationresources,mediaconversionmaybenecessary.Examplesincludekeyingorscanningpaperdocumentstoconvertthemtoelectronicmedia.Otherprocessesconvertelectronicmediafromoneformattoanother.Forexample,diskfilescreatedononesystemmaynotbecompatiblewithanothersystem.Varioushardwareandsoftwarecombinationscanbeusedtoconvertfilestoformatsthatequipmentwillaccept.Forinformationgeneratedwithinorganizations,thisnecessityofmakingsystemscompatiblemaybeeliminatedbycooperativeplanning.However,verylittlecontrolcanbeexercisedoverthemediausedtogenerateinformationthatcomestoyourorganizationfromtheoutside.

Themediumforinformationmaybeselectedtosatisfyaneedthatexistswheninformationiscreatedandcommunicated.Forexample,apaperrecordmaybecreatedbecauseofitsportabilityandbecausenospecialequipmentisnecessaryforlaterreferencestothatinformation;electronictransmissionmaybeselectedbecauseitisthefastestmeansofcommunicatinginformation.Afirmmayuseelectronicmailbecauseanetworkalreadyexistsforon-linecomputercommunication.Theadditionalapplicationmaycostlessthanpostagetomailpapermemo.

1.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsumupthepassage?

2.Thefirstparagraphaimsattellingthereader（）

3.Accordingtotheauthor,（）

4.Foreffectivemanagementofinformationresources,themanagershould（）

5.Themainideaofthelastparagraphis（）

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.MediaSelectioninManagingInformationResources.

B.TheImportanceandNecessityofMediaConversion.

C.ThreeCategoriesofInformationMedia.

D.VariousMeansofCommunicatingInformation.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.theimportanceofinformationresourcesmanagement

B.therelationshipbetweenthemediumandinformation

C.thegreatvarietyofmediaforholdinginformation

D.thenumerousresourcesofinformation

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.paperisthebeststoragedevice

B.peoplehavethreechoicesinselectinginformationmedium

C.itisbettertoletthepersonresponsibleforinformation-resourcemanagementdeterminethemedium

D.themanagershouldbuildaneffectivesystembyselectingagoodcombinationofdifferentmedia

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.convertallpaperdocumentstoelectronicmedia

B.makemediaconversionwhennecessary

C.controlthemediausedtogenerateinformationbothinsideandoutsidehisorganization

D.useoneformatinprocessinginformation

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.paperrecordisthemostconvenientmediumforlaterreference

B.electronicmailcostslessthanpostagetomailpapermemos

C.differentmediaforinformationmaybeselectedfordifferentpurposes

D.byusingdifferentmedia，afirmcancreatevariousinformationforitsobjectives

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。本文主要是講信息資源管理中的媒介選擇。選項(xiàng)A正確，其余選項(xiàng)都是片面的觀點(diǎn)。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第一段的內(nèi)容可知：媒介是一種承載信息的載體、工具或容器；信息本身就是有價(jià)值的東西。所以本段主要是講媒體與信息之間的關(guān)系。選項(xiàng)B正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第二段的第二句“Themediachoice...thatbuildeffectivesystems.”媒體的選擇不能被視為這三種選擇之一；它必須被視為一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，從眾多的媒體選擇的可能性組合，以建立有效的系統(tǒng)。選項(xiàng)D符合原文。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第三段的第一句“Foreffectivemanagementofinformationresources,mediaconversionmaybenecessary.”為了有效地管理信息資源，可能需要進(jìn)行媒體轉(zhuǎn)換。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

5.主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段的第一句“Themediumforinformationmaybeselectedtosatisfyaneedthatexistswheninformationiscreatedandcommunicated.”信息媒體可能被選擇，以滿足在創(chuàng)建和傳播信息時(shí)存在的需要。也就是說不同信息媒體的選擇是出于不同的目的。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

4.單選題

SomeofthewordsemployedbyShakespeareinhisworkshavebecome____andarenolongerusedinthepresentdays.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.obsolete

B.obscene

C.obvious

D.oblique

【答案】A

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.obsolete廢棄的B.obscene淫穢下流的；令人憎惡的

C.obvious明顯的D.oblique隱晦的

【考查點(diǎn)】句間邏輯

【解題思路】根據(jù)and可知空格處所填詞與后文“現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再使用了（nolongerused）”為并列關(guān)系，前后語義一致，因此，A選項(xiàng)obsolete“廢棄的”符合原文。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B、C、D選項(xiàng)不符合原文語義邏輯，沒有依據(jù)。

【句意】莎士比亞作品中使用的一些單詞已經(jīng)廢棄了，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再使用了。

5.單選題

Asensitivepersonisonewhoiseasilyhurtor（）bythingsthatpeopledoorsay.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.offended

B.wounded

C.stimulated

D.motivated

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。offend"冒犯;進(jìn)攻";wound"傷害,受傷";stimulate"刺激,鼓舞";motivate"承受,具有,支撐"。根據(jù)or可以推斷填空處應(yīng)與hurt意思相近。wound一般指外傷,傷口,不符合句意,所以選項(xiàng)A正確。句意：敏感的人很容易被別人的言行傷害或冒犯。

試題答案

A

6.單選題

Inmyopinion,he’s______imaginativeofallthecontemporarypoets.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.quitethemost

B.verythemost

C.byfarthemost

D.ratherthemo

【答案】B

【解析】考查最高級(jí)。句意：在我看來，他是當(dāng)代所有詩人中最富有想象力的。因此選項(xiàng)正確。byfar是一個(gè)副詞詞組，表示“……得多，顯然”，用來修飾比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)程度、數(shù)量等。very,quite,rather一般修飾形容詞原級(jí)。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

ToliveintheUnitedSlatestodayistogainanappreciationforDahrendorf'sassertionthatsocialchangeexistseverywhere.Technology,theapplicationofknowledgeforpracticalends,isamajorsourceofsocialchange.

Yetwewoulddowelltoremindourselvesthattechnologyisahumancreation;itdoesnotexistnaturally.Aspearorarobotisasmuchaculturalasaphysicalobject.Untilhumansuseaspeartohuntgameorarobottoproducemachineparts,neitherismuchmorethanasolidmassofmatter.Forabirdlookingforanobjectonwhichtorest,aspearorrobotservesthepurposeequallywell.TheexplosionoftheChallengerspaceshuttleandtheRussiannuclearaccidentatChernobylmakepeopleseehowimportantthehumanqualityoftechnologyis;theyprovidecasesinwhichwell-plannedsystemssuddenlybecamecompletelydisorderedandtherewasnoreadyhandtosetthemright.Sincetechnologyisahumancreation,weareresponsibleforwhatisdonewithit.Pessimistsworrythatwewilluseourtechnologyeventuallytoblowourworldandourselvestopieces.Buttheyhavebeensayingthisfordecades,andsofarwehavemanagedtosurviveandevenflourish.Whetherwewillcontinuetodosointheyearsaheadremainsuncertain.Clearly,theimpactoftechnologyonourlivesdeservesacloserexamination.

Fewtechnologicaldevelopmentshavehadagreaterimpactonourlivesthanthecomputerrevolution.Scientistsandengineershavedesignedspecializedmachinesthatcandothetasksthatonceonlypeoplecoulddo.Therearethosewhoassertthattheswitchtoaninformation-basedeconomyisinthesamecampasothergreathistoricalmilestones,particularlytheIndustrialRevolution.YetwhenweaskwhytheIndustrialRevolutionwasarevolution,wefindthatitwasnotthemachines.Theprimaryreasonwhyitwasarevolutionaryisthatitledtogreatsocialchange.Itgaverisetomassproductionand,throughmassproduction,toasocietyinwhichwealthwasnotconfinedtothefew.

Insomewhatsimilarfashion,computerspromisetorevolutionizethestructureofAmericanlife,particularlyastheyfreethehumanmindandopennewpossibilitiesinknowledgeandcommunication.TheIndustrialRevolutionsupplementedandreplacedthemusclesofhumansandanimalsbymechanicalmethods.Thecomputerextendsthisdevelopmentofsupplementandreplacessomeaspectsofthemindofhumanbeingsbyelectronicmethods.Itisthecapacityofthecomputerforsolvingproblemsandmakingdecisionsthatrepresentsitsgreatestpotentialandthatposesthegreatestdifficultiesinpredictingtheimpactonsociety.

1.Aspearorarobothasthequalityoftechnologyonlywhenit（）.

2.TheexamplesoftheChallengerandChernobylcitedbytheauthorservetoshowthat（）.

3.Accordingtotheauthor,theintroductionofthecomputerisarevolutionmainlybecause（）.

4.Byusingthephrase"thehumanqualityoftechnology"(line7,ParA.2),theauthorreferstothefactthattechnology（）.

5.Thepassageisbasedontheauthor's（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.isusedbothasaculturalandaphysicalobject

B.isutilizedbyman

C.servesdifferentpurposesequallywell

D.canbeofusetobothmanandanimal

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.ifnotgivencloseexamination,technologycouldbeusedtodestroyourworld

B.technologyisahumancreation,soweareresponsibleforit

C.technologyusuallygoeswrong,ifnotcontrolledbyman

D.beingahumancreation,technologyisliabletoerror

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.thecomputerhasrevolutionizedtheworkingsofthehumanmind

B.thecomputercandothetasksthatcouldonlybedonebypeoplebefore

C.ithashelpedtoswitchtoaninformationtechnology

D.ithasagreatpotentialimpactonsociety

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.hasagreatimpactonhumanlife

B.hassomecharacteristicsofhumannature

C.canreplacesomeaspectsofthehumanmind

D.doesnotexistinthenaturalworld

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.keeninsightintothenatureoftechnology

B.prejudicedcriticismoftheroleoftheIndustrialRevolution

C.cautiousanalysisofthereplacementofthehumanmindbycomputers

D.exaggerateddescriptionofthenegativeconsequencesoftechnology

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.根據(jù)第二段第三句“Untilhumansuseaspeartohuntgameorarobottoproducemachineparts,neitherismuchmorethanasolidmassofmatter.”除非人們用矛去捕獲獵物或用機(jī)器人去生產(chǎn)機(jī)器零件，否則二者都只不過是硬梆梆的物體而已。也就是說只有為人類所用的時(shí)候，它們才具有科技含量，所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

2.根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“theChallengerandChernobyl”定位到第二段第五句：挑戰(zhàn)者號(hào)航天飛機(jī)的爆炸和俄羅斯切爾諾貝利核事故使人們認(rèn)識(shí)到技術(shù)的人為特征是多么重要。下文繼續(xù)提到，計(jì)劃良好的系統(tǒng)突然變得完全混亂，而且沒有現(xiàn)成的人手來糾正它們。因?yàn)榧夹g(shù)是人類創(chuàng)造的，容易出問題。所以選項(xiàng)D正確。

3.根據(jù)第三段的倒數(shù)第二句“Theprimaryreasonwhyitwasarevolutionaryisthatitledtogreatsocialchange.”它之所以是革命性的，主要原因是它帶來了巨大的社會(huì)變革。選項(xiàng)D符合原文。

4.根據(jù)第二段所舉的例子可知，作者意在說明技術(shù)的人為性特征，即技術(shù)同人性一樣，存在弱點(diǎn)。選項(xiàng)B正確。

5.本題可用排除法。作者在文中并沒有對(duì)工業(yè)革命進(jìn)行批判，所以選項(xiàng)B不正確；大腦不會(huì)被電腦所取代，選項(xiàng)C也表述錯(cuò)誤；雖然科技有負(fù)面影響，但作者沒有進(jìn)行夸大的描述，所以選項(xiàng)D錯(cuò)誤。B,C,D三項(xiàng)均可排除，選項(xiàng)A正確，作者對(duì)技術(shù)的本質(zhì)有著敏銳的洞察。

8.單選題

Therehabilitationcenteradmitspatientswhohavedifficultiestogetridof（）drinking.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.compulsory

B.compulsive

C.conditional

D.compelling

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)compulsory“強(qiáng)制的，規(guī)定的，義務(wù)的”；B選項(xiàng)compulsive“難以制止的；難控制的”；C選項(xiàng)conditional“附帶條件的；依……而定的”；D選項(xiàng)compelling“非常強(qiáng)烈的；不可抗拒的”。句意：這個(gè)康復(fù)中心接納那些難以戒酒的病人。結(jié)合語境與選項(xiàng)，酒癮為難以制止的，可知compulsive與其意思對(duì)應(yīng)。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Operationwhichleftpatients___andinneedoflongperiodofrecoverytimenowleavethemfeelingrelaxedandcomfortable.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.exhausted

B.abandoned

C.injured

D.deserted

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)exhausted“筋疲力盡的；疲憊不堪的；耗盡的；枯竭的”；B選項(xiàng)abandoned“被拋棄的；（房屋，車輛）被廢棄的；無約束的；恣意放蕩的”；C選項(xiàng)injured“受傷的；受損害的”；D選項(xiàng)deserted“荒蕪的；被遺棄的；無人居住的”。句意：手術(shù)使病人___，需要很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間恢復(fù)，現(xiàn)在卻使他們感到輕松舒適。本句表達(dá)“手術(shù)讓病人精疲力竭”，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

Whenthestrangerwalkedtowardshim,hefled,thedoor（）behindhim

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.slammed

B.toslam

C.slant

D.slamming

【答案】D

【解析】slamming做形容詞,修飾door,表示門的狀態(tài)。如果填slammed,后面構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的句子,需要連接詞and連接前后兩個(gè)句子。

11.單選題

Ofvariouspartsofthespeechcontest,unplanned（

）speechisthemostdifficultpartformostcontestants.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.spontaneous

B.spontaneity

C.prepared

D.synthetic

【答案】A

【解析】【試題解析】考查詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)spontaneous“自發(fā)的，自然的”；B選項(xiàng)spontaneity“自發(fā)性，自然性”；C選項(xiàng)prepared“準(zhǔn)備好的”；D選項(xiàng)synthetic“綜合的，合成的”。由關(guān)鍵詞“unplanned無準(zhǔn)備的”可知spontaneous符合題意，句意為：在口語競(jìng)賽的不同環(huán)節(jié)中，無準(zhǔn)備即興演講對(duì)于大多數(shù)選手來說都是最難的。選項(xiàng)A為正確答案。

12.單選題

ThedifferencebetweenthepolarandequatorialdiametersofMarshasnotbeenunequivocallydetermined.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.definitely

B.arithmetically

C.polemically

D.copiously

【答案】A

【解析】考查副詞辨析。題干unequivocally“明確地，毫不含糊地”。A項(xiàng)“確切地，明確地”，B項(xiàng)“算術(shù)上”，C項(xiàng)“爭(zhēng)論地”，D項(xiàng)“豐富地；充裕地”。所以選A。句意：尚未明確確定火星的極地直徑與赤道直徑之間的差異。

13.單選題

Whenpeoplespeakofsolarenergy,theythinkonlyofthesun’sraysheatingahomeor______electricityfromthesun.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.derive

B.ofderiving

C.deriving

D.toderive

【答案】C

【解析】考查語法。Thinkof后面應(yīng)該接名詞或者動(dòng)名詞，故排除A、B、D項(xiàng)，只有C項(xiàng)正確。句意：當(dāng)人們談到太陽能時(shí)，他們想到的只是用太陽的光線來加熱房屋或從太陽中獲得電力。因此該題選C。

14.單選題

U.S.PresidentRonaldReaganhasaconvincingandheart-warmingsmile.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.abewildering

B.apersuasive

C.afactitious

D.anempathetic

【答案】B

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.abewildering一個(gè)讓人困惑的（微笑）B.apersuasive一個(gè)讓人信服的（微笑）

C.afactitious一個(gè)虛假的（微笑）D.anempathetic一個(gè)共情的（微笑）

【答案】B

【考查點(diǎn)】語義銜接

【解題思路】劃線部分修飾的是smile“微笑”，并且與heart-warming“暖心的；感人的”并列，原詞convincing“令人信服的”，因此，B選項(xiàng)apersuasive“一個(gè)讓人信服的（微笑）”最符合原句句意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)abewildering“一個(gè)讓人困惑的（微笑）”，與heart-warming“暖心的；感人的”語義不搭，且不符合原句句意；

C選項(xiàng)afactitious“一個(gè)（虛假的）微笑”，與heart-warming“暖心的；感人的”語義不搭，且不符合原句句意；

D選項(xiàng)anempathetic“一個(gè)共情的（微笑）”，不符合原句句意。

【句意】美國(guó)總統(tǒng)羅納德?里根（RonaldReagan）的笑容令人信服，令人感動(dòng)。

15.單選題

Thequestionis______tolandmenthere.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.ifsafeitwill

B.ifwillbesafe

C.whetheritwillbesafe

D.whethersafeitwillbe

【答案】C

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.ifsafeitwill如果安全B.ifwillbesafe如果安全

C.whetheritwillbesafe是否安全D.whethersafeitwillbe是否安全

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】表語從句。

【解題思路】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處應(yīng)該是填入一個(gè)表語從句，而if不能引導(dǎo)表語從句，但是whether可以，而且從句中應(yīng)該用陳述語序。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A、B項(xiàng)不能引導(dǎo)表語從句；

D項(xiàng)從句不是陳述語序。

【句意】問題是讓人在那里著陸是否安全。

16.單選題

Ifwecontinuetoharmtheenvironmentwelivein,wewill

thecourseofhumanbeingintodanger.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.turn

B.startout

C.put

D.carry

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。Turninto“進(jìn)入，變成”。句意：如果我們繼續(xù)破壞我們居住的環(huán)境，我們會(huì)讓人類陷入危險(xiǎn)。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

17.單選題

Accordingtosociologists,thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecomerecognizedastheleaderofasocialgroupintheUnitedStates.Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.Inothercases,suchasfriendshipgroups,oneormorepersonsmaygraduallyemergeasleaders,althoughthereisnoformalprocessofselection.Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.

Althoughleadersareoftenthoughttobepeoplewithunusualpersonalability,decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”.Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.

Furthermore,althoughitiscommonlysupposedthatsocialgroupshaveasingleleader,researchsuggeststhattherearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleadersto“getthingsdone”.Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingofasocialgroup’smember.Expressiveleaderarelessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersandattemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.Groupmembersexpectexpressiveleaderstomaintainstablerelationshipswithinthegroupandprovidesupporttoindividualmembers.

Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers.Theygiveordersandmaydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibitattainmentofthegroup’sgoals.Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup.Theyoffersympathywhensomeoneexperiencesdifficultiesorissubjectedtodiscipline,arequicktolightenaseriousmomentwithhumor,andtrytoresolveissuesthatthreatentodividethegroup.Asthedifferencesinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyadistantrespect.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingwaysbywhichpeoplecanbecomeleadersEXCEPT___.

3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphabout“naturalleaders”?

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutleadershipcanbeinferredfromParagraph2?

5.Paragraphs3and4organizethediscussionofleadershipprimarilyintermof___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theproblemsfacedbyleaders.

B.Howleadershipdiffersinsmallandlargegroups.

C.Howsocialgroupsdeterminewhowillleadthem.

D.Theroleofleadersinsocialgroups.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.recruitment

B.formalelectionprocess

C.specificleadershiptraining

D.traditionalculturalpatterns

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Fewpeoplequalifyas“naturalleaders”.

B.Thereisnoproofthat“naturalleaders”exist.

C.“Naturalleaders”areeasilyacceptedbythemembersofasocialgroup.

D.“Naturalleaders”shareasimilarsetofcharacteristics.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Apersonwhoisaneffectiveleaderofaparticulargroupmaynotbeaneffectiveleaderinanothergroup.

B.Fewpeoplesucceedinsharingaleadershiprolewithanotherperson.

C.Apersoncanbestlearnhowtobeaneffectiveleaderbystudyingresearchonleadership.

D.Mostpeopledesiretobeleadersbutcanproducelittleevidenceoftheirqualifications.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.examplesthatillustrateaproblem

B.causeandeffectanalysis

C.narrationofevents

D.comparisonandcontrast

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章第一段提出有幾種不同的方法可以使人成為某個(gè)社會(huì)群體公認(rèn)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，第二段只要具有適合某個(gè)特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)，幾乎任何人都可以成為其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，第三段表明不同的人會(huì)充當(dāng)兩種不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色，最后一段說明不同類型的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色發(fā)揮的不同作用。本篇主要討論不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者——例如instrumentalleaders以及expressiveleaders——在不同的社會(huì)群體中所充當(dāng)?shù)慕巧桶l(fā)揮的功能。選D選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)在社會(huì)群體中的作用”；A選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者面臨的問題”，B選項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力在小群體和大群體中的區(qū)別”以及C選項(xiàng)“社會(huì)群體如何決定誰將領(lǐng)導(dǎo)他們”不符合原文主旨。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents…Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.（在家庭中，傳統(tǒng)的文化模式賦予父母一方或雙方領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位……在較大的群體中，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人通常是通過選舉或招聘正式選出的）可知A選項(xiàng)“招聘”，B選項(xiàng)“正式選舉程序”以及D選項(xiàng)“傳統(tǒng)文化模式”符合原文；C選項(xiàng)“具體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力培訓(xùn)”原文未提及。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“naturalleaders”定位到第二段decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”.Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.（數(shù)十年的研究未能找出可靠的證據(jù)來證明那些人是“天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”。看起來似乎沒有所有的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)都具有的固定的個(gè)人品格；相反，只要具有適合某個(gè)特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)，幾乎任何人都可以成為其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)）可知選B選項(xiàng)“沒有證據(jù)表明‘天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者’存在”；A選項(xiàng)“很少有人稱得上是‘天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者’”，C選項(xiàng)“‘天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者’很容易被一個(gè)社會(huì)群體的成員所接受”未在第二段提及；D選項(xiàng)“‘天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者’有一組相似的特征”和原文相悖。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.（看起來似乎沒有所有的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)都具有的固定的個(gè)人品格；相反，只要具有適合某個(gè)特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)，幾乎任何人都可以成為其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)）可知適合某個(gè)特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)不一定會(huì)適合另外某個(gè)群體，選A選項(xiàng)“看起來似乎沒有所有的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)都具有的固定的個(gè)人品格；相反，只要具有適合某個(gè)特別群體所需要的品質(zhì)，幾乎任何人都可以成為其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)”；B選項(xiàng)“很少有人成功地與他人分享領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色”，C選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)人可以通過研究領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力最好地學(xué)習(xí)如何成為一個(gè)有效的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”以及D選項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)人都想成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，但很少能拿出證據(jù)證明他們的資格”未在第二段提及。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段therearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup…Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingofasocialgroup’smember.（通常情況下，不同的個(gè)體擁有兩種不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色。工具性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)是一種強(qiáng)調(diào)社會(huì)群體完成任務(wù)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式……另一方面，表現(xiàn)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)社會(huì)群體成員的集體福祉）以及第四段Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers…Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup…Asthedifferencesinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyadistantrespect.（工具型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者與其他群體成員的關(guān)系可能是次要的……表現(xiàn)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者會(huì)與團(tuán)隊(duì)中的其他人建立一種更私人或更重要的關(guān)系……正如這兩種不同角色所表明的那樣：表現(xiàn)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)一般會(huì)從群體成員那里獲得更多的個(gè)人感情；而指導(dǎo)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，如果他們能成功地實(shí)現(xiàn)群體的目標(biāo)，可能會(huì)獲得更廣泛的尊重）可知這兩段是通過對(duì)比來表達(dá)不同群體會(huì)擁有兩種不同的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)角色，選D選項(xiàng)“對(duì)比”；A選項(xiàng)“舉例說明一個(gè)問題”，B選項(xiàng)“原因和影響分析”以及C選項(xiàng)“事件的敘述”都不符合原文。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

18.單選題

ToliveintheUnitedStatestodayistogainanappreciationforDahrendorf’sassertionthatsocialchangeexistseverywhere.Technology,theapplicationofknowledgeforpracticalends,isamajorsourceofsocialchange.

Yetwewoulddowelltoremindourselvesthattechnologyisahumancreation;itdoesnotexistnaturally.Aspearorarobotisasmuchaculturalasaphysicalobject.Untilhumansuseaspeartohuntgameorarobottoproducemachineparts,neitherismuchmorethanasolidmassofmatter.Forabirdlookingforanobjectonwhichtorest,aspearorrobotservesthepurposeequallywell.TheexplosionoftheChallengerspaceshuttleandtheRussiannuclearaccidentatChernobyldrivehomethehumanqualityoftechnology;theyprovidecasesinwhichwell-plannedsystemssuddenlywenthaywire(變得混亂)andtherewasnoreadyhandtosetthemright.Sincetechnologyisahumancreation,weareresponsibleforwhatisdonewithit.Pessimistsworrythatwewilluseourtechnologyeventuallytoblowourworldandourselvestopieces.Buttheyhavebeensayingthisfordecades,andsofarwehavemanagedtosurviveandevenflourish.Whetherwewillcontinuetodosointheyearsaheadremainsuncertain.Clearly,theimpactofthetechnologyonourlivesdeservesacloserexamination.

Fewtechnologicaldevelopmentshavehadagreaterimpactonourlivesthanthecomputerrevolution.Scientistsandengineershavedesignedspecializedmachinesthatcandothetasksthatoncepeoplecoulddo.Therearethosewhoassertthattheswitchtoaninformation-basedeconomyisinthesamecampasothergreathistoricalmilestones,particularlytheIndustrialRevo