考研考博-英語-四川電影電視學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解篇

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-四川電影電視學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Ifnoonetakesthe（

）andplansforthetrip,wewillneverleavehome.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.initial

B.initiative

C.original

D.beginning

【答案】B

【解析】taketheinitiative為固定搭配,意為“帶頭,采取主動”。句意:如果沒有人帶頭和計劃這次旅行,我們是不會離開家的。選項(xiàng)B正確。

2.單選題

Inthe（）oftheprojectnotbeingasuccess,theinvestorsstandtoloseupto$30million.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.face

B.time

C.course

D.event

【答案】D

【解析】句意:如果項(xiàng)目不成功，投資者損失將高達(dá)3000萬美元。

考查短語辨析。inthefaceof面對;inthetimeof在時期；inthecourseof在……期間；在……過程中；intheeventof萬一；如果。根據(jù)后面句意“投資者損失將高達(dá)3000萬美元”可知D項(xiàng)正確。

3.翻譯題

人類在歷史上的生活正如旅行一樣。旅途上的征人所經(jīng)過的地方，有時是坦蕩平原，有時是崎嶇險路。志于旅途的人，走到平坦的地方，固是高高興興地向前走，走到崎嶇的境界，愈是奇趣橫生，覺得在此奇絕壯絕的境界，愈能感到一種冒險的美趣。

【答案】Thehistoricalcourseofman’slifeisjustlikeajourney.Atraveleronalongjourneypassesthroughnowabroad,levelplain,nowarugged,hazardousroad.Whileadeterminedtravelercheerfullycontinueshisjourneyuponreachingasafeandsmoothplace,hefindsitstillmorefascinatingtocometoaruggedplace,theenormouslymagnificentspectacleofwhich,hefeels,isbetterabletogenerateinhimawonderfulsensationofadventure.

4.單選題

Themayorisawomanwithgreatforthrightnessandthereforedeservesourpoliticalandfinancialsupport.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.intention

B.instinct

C.integrity

D.intensity

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。forthrightness意為“坦率，直率”；intention意為“意圖，目的”；instinct意為“本能，天性”；integrity意為“正直，誠實(shí)”；intensity意為“強(qiáng)烈”。

句意：市長是一位非常直率的女性，因此值得我們的政治和財政支持。

5.單選題

Thejournalistgotthe（

）newsthatthefamousactresswouldchangeherhusbandfortheseventhtime.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.sentimental

B.sensational

C.sensible

D.sensitive

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。sentimental意為“傷感的，多情的，多愁善感的”；sensational意為“轟動的，引起嘩然的”；sensible意為“明智的，理智的，合理的”；sensitive意為“敏感的，易受傷害的”。

句意：這位記者得到了一個轟動的消息，那就是這位著名女演員將第七次更換丈夫。

6.單選題

Undercertaincircumstances,thehumanbodymustcopewithgasesatgreater-than-nonnalatmosphericpressure.Forexample,gaspressuresincreaserapidlyduringadivemadewithscubagearbecausethebreathingequipmentallowsdiverstostayunderwaterlongeranddivedeeper.Thepressureexertedonthehumanbodyincreasesby1atmosphereforevery10metersofdepthinseawater,sothatat30metersinseawateradiverisexposedtoapressureofabout4atmospheres.Thepressureofthegasesbeingbreathedmustequaltheexternalpressureappliedtothebody;otherwisebreathingisverydifficult.Thereforeallofthegasesintheairbreathedbyascubadiverat40metersarepresentatfivetimestheirusualpressure.Nitrogen,whichcomposes80percentoftheairwebreathe,usuallycausesabalmyfeelingofwell-beingatthispressure.Atadepthof5atmospheres,nitrogencausessymptomsresemblingalcoholintoxication,knownasnitrogennarcosis.Nitrogennarcosisapparentlyresultsfromadirecteffectonthebrainofthelargeamountsofnitrogendissolvedintheblood.Deepdivesarelessdangerousifheliumissubstitutedfornitrogen,becauseunderthesepressuresheliumdoesnotexertasimilarnarcoticeffect.

Asascubadiverdescends,thepressureofnitrogeninthelungsincreases.Nitrogenthendiffusesfromthelungstotheblood,andfromthebloodtobodytissues.Thereverseoccurswhenthediversurfaces;thenitrogenpressureinthelungsfallsandthenitrogendiffusesfromthetissuesintotheblood,andfromthebloodintothelungs.Ifthereturntothesurfaceistoorapid,nitrogeninthetissuesandbloodcannotdiffuseoutrapidlyenoughandnitrogenbubblesareformed.Theycancauseseverepains,particularlyaroundthejoints.

Anothercomplicationmayresultifthebreathisheldduringascent.Duringascentfromadepthof10meters,thevolumeofairinthelungswilldoublebecausetheairpressureatthesurfaceisonlyhalfofwhatitwasat10meters.Thischangeinvolumemaycausethelungstodistendandevenrupture.Thisconditioniscalledairembolism.Toavoidthisevent,adivermustascendslowly,neveratarateexceedingtheriseoftheexhaledairbubbles,andmustexhaleduringascent.

1.Thewords“exposedto”inline5areclosestinmeaningto（

）.

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingpresentsthegreatestdangertoadiver?

3.Whatshouldadiverdowhenascending?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.leavingbehind

B.propelledby

C.preparedfor

D.subjectedto

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Pressurizedhelium.

B.Nitrogenbubbles.

C.Nitrogendiffusion.

D.Anairembolism.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Riseslowly.

B.Relaxcompletely.

C.Breathefaster.

D.Breathehelium

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:A

【解析】1.詞義題A項(xiàng)“留下”；B項(xiàng)被······推動；C項(xiàng)“為······做準(zhǔn)備”；D項(xiàng)“遭受，承受”。定位到第一段中的“Thepressureexertedonthehumanbodyincreasesby1atmosphereforevery10metersofdepthinseawater,sothatat30metersinseawateradiverisexposedtoapressureofabout4atmospheres.人體在海水中所受的壓力每增加10米，就增加1個大氣壓，因此潛水員在30米的海水中所受的壓力約為4個大氣壓。由exertedon施加可推斷exposedto為“遭受、暴露于······的環(huán)境中”的意思。

2.判斷推理題。A項(xiàng)“加壓氦氣”；B項(xiàng)“氮擴(kuò)散”；C項(xiàng)“氮?dú)馀荨保籇項(xiàng)“空氣栓塞”。定位最后一段中“Thischangeinvolumemaycausethelungstodistendandevenrupture.Thisconditioniscalledairembolism.這個體積的變化可能導(dǎo)致肺部擴(kuò)張，甚至破裂。這種情況稱為空氣栓塞?！笨芍狣項(xiàng)正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由最后一段中“Toavoidthisevent,adivermustascendslowly,neveratarateexceedingtheriseoftheexhaledairbubbles,andmustexhaleduringascent.為了避免這種情況，潛水者必須緩慢上升，速度不能超過呼出的氣泡的上升速度，并且在上升過程中必須呼氣?！笨芍狝項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Thedoghas（）itsaffectiontoitsnewmasterinChina’sindustries.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.transferred

B.transformed

C.transported

D.transmitted

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)transferredv.轉(zhuǎn)移，轉(zhuǎn)讓，調(diào)動；B選項(xiàng)transformedv.轉(zhuǎn)化，變換；C選項(xiàng)transportedv.運(yùn)輸，搬運(yùn)；D選項(xiàng)transmittedv.傳輸，傳送，遺傳。根據(jù)動詞賓語itsaffection可知，A項(xiàng)符合語義和搭配。因此，A項(xiàng)為正確選項(xiàng)。句意：小狗己經(jīng)將自己的情感轉(zhuǎn)移給了它的新主人。

8.單選題

Thequalityofteachingshouldbemeasuredbythedegree______thestudents’potentialityisdeveloped.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.ofwhich

B.withwhich

C.inwhich

D.towhich

【答案】D

【解析】考查定語從句。句意：教學(xué)質(zhì)量應(yīng)該以學(xué)生潛能的開發(fā)程度來衡量。橫線及其后面部分是修飾degree的定語從句，根據(jù)固定搭配tothedegree確定用介詞to，D選項(xiàng)towhich符合題意。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Withaneighty-hourweekandlittleenjoyment,lifemusthavebeenvery（）forthenineteenth-centuryfactoryworkers.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.hostile

B.anxious

C.tedious

D.obscure

【答案】C

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。hostile敵對的;anxious焦慮的;tedious單調(diào)乏味的,沉悶的;obscure模糊的,隱蔽的。句意：對于19世紀(jì)的工廠工人來說,一周工作80個小時,幾乎沒有什么樂趣,生活一定很乏味。選項(xiàng)C更符合句意。

10.單選題

（

）withtheheightoftheskyscraper,thismountaindoesn’tseemhighatall.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Whencompared

B.Whilecomparing

C.Compare

D.Comparing

【答案】A

【解析】句意:當(dāng)與摩天大樓的高度相比吋，這座山看起來根本不高。

語法題?？疾檫^去分詞做狀語。此句主語為thismountain,前半句為動詞compare的過去分詞做比較狀語。分句中動詞compare與邏輯主語thismountain之間是被動關(guān)系,故選A。

11.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese

Ibelievethateveryhumanbeinghasatalent-somethingthathecanbebetterthananyoneelse.AndIbelievethatthedistinctionbetweenso-called“creative”talentsandordinaryrun-of-the-milltalentsisanunnecessaryandman-madedistinction.Ihaveknownexterminators,typists,waitressesandmachinistswhosecreativejoyandself-fulfillmentintheirworkcouldnotbysurpassedbyShakespeare’sorEinstein’s

Ialsobelievethatintheprocessofsearching,noexperienceiseverwasted,unlessweallowourselvestorunoutofhope.InmyowncaseIhad34differentjobsbeforeIfoundtherightone.Manyofthesejobswereheartbreakinglydifficult.Afewoftheminvolvedworkingwithunscrupulousandhorriblyunpleasantpeople,yet,inlookingback,Icanseethatthemostunpleasantofthesejobs,inmanycases,givemethebiggestdividends—themostvaluablepreparationformyproperlifework.

【答案】我認(rèn)為，每個人都會在某一方面比別人更有天賦。我認(rèn)為沒有必要去區(qū)分所謂的“創(chuàng)造性”天賦和普通天賦，這些不過是認(rèn)為的區(qū)分。我認(rèn)識的殺蟲員、打字員、女服務(wù)員、機(jī)械師，他們在工作中所創(chuàng)造的快樂和滿足感是莎士比亞和愛因斯坦都無法超越的。

我也相信在探索的過程中，任何經(jīng)歷都不會被浪費(fèi)，除非我們允許自己放棄希望。就我自己而言，在找到合適的那份工作之前，我嘗試過34份工作，其中一些工作特別艱難。少數(shù)幾份工作需要和一些難以相處的人共事，但是回過頭來我發(fā)現(xiàn)那些令人最難堪的工作給了我最豐厚的報酬—成為我正確事業(yè)生涯的最有價值的準(zhǔn)備。

12.單選題

Thewomenmeettwiceamonthto（）theirideastogetherandsetbusinessgoalsforeachother.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.enquire

B.indulge

C.tease

D.pool

【答案】D

【解析】enquire詢問,調(diào)查；indulge滿足,縱容；tease取笑,戲弄；pool聯(lián)營,合伙經(jīng)營。句意：這些女性每月會面兩次,把她們的想法匯集在一起,為彼此設(shè)定商業(yè)目標(biāo)。選項(xiàng)D符合語境。

13.單選題

Forthepastseveralyears,theSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalled“AskMarilyn.”PeopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynVosSavant,whoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold;thatgaveheranIQof228–thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenVosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(whoseIQis100)as,What’sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?It’snotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.

Clearly,intelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofintelligencecanbespecified,andhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurology,genetics,computerscienceandotherfields?

ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms:theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildren’sversion).Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars,theyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologists,althoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.SuperhighscoreslikeVosSavant’sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeers,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andtheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.

Suchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportantelementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlife,arguesRobertJ.Sternberg.Inhisarticle“HowIntelligentIsIntelligenceTesting?”,Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestsbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.Moreover,IQtestdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditions,butunderhigh-stressconditions,IQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership–thatis,itpredictedtheopposite.AnyonewhohastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalsomatters,whetherit’sknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionstoskip.

1.Whichofthefollowingmayberequiredinanintelligenttest?

2.WhatcanbeinferredaboutintelligencetestingfromParagraph3?

3.PeoplenowadayscannolongerachieveIQscoresashighasVosSavant’sbecause______

4.Wecanconcludefromthelastparagraphthat______

5.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsIQtest?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Answeringphilosophicalquestions.

B.Foldingorcuttingpaperintodifferentshapes.

C.Tellingthedifferencebetweencertainconcepts.

D.Choosingwordsorgraphssimilartothegivenones.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.PeoplenolongeruseIQscoresasanindicatorofintelligence.

B.MoreversionsofIQtestsarenowavailableontheInternet.

C.Thetestcontentsandformatsforadultsandchildrenmaybedifferent.

D.Scientistshavedefinedtheimportantelementsofhumanintelligence.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.thescoresareobtainedthroughdifferentcomputationalprocedures.

B.creativityratherthananalyticalskillsisemphasizednow.

C.VosSavant’scaseisanextremeonethatwillnotrepeat.

D.thedefiningcharacteristicofIQtestshaschanged.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.testscoresmaynotbereliableindicatorsofone’sability.

B.IQscoresandSATresultsarehighlycorrelated.

C.testinginvolvesalotofguesswork.

D.traditionaltestareoutofdate.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Supportive.

B.Skeptical.

C.Impartial.

D.Biased.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“下列哪一項(xiàng)在智力測試中可能需要？”。A項(xiàng)“回答哲學(xué)問題”，B項(xiàng)“把紙折成或剪成不同的形狀”，C項(xiàng)“說明某些概念之間的區(qū)別”，D項(xiàng)“選擇與所給相似的詞或圖”。第一段第三句提到IQtestaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.（智商測試要求你完成口頭和視覺分析，要求你在紙張被折疊、剪切后想象它的形狀，要求你推論數(shù)字的順序，以及其他類似的項(xiàng)目）以及最后一段第二句Sternberg提到traditionaltestsbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.（傳統(tǒng)的測試最恰當(dāng)?shù)卦u估了分析能力和語言表達(dá)能力，但沒有測量創(chuàng)造性和實(shí)際知識，這些也是解決問題、在生活中取得成功的關(guān)鍵因素），由此可知智力測試中可能需要創(chuàng)造性和實(shí)際知識。A項(xiàng)和C項(xiàng)文中沒有提及，屬于無中生有；B項(xiàng)與題意不符，文中只是提到在紙張被折疊、剪切后想象它的形狀，不是折疊或剪紙張。因此該題只有D項(xiàng)正確。

2.【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“從第三段關(guān)于智力測試的描述我們可以推斷出……？”。第三段的內(nèi)容主要是描述智力測試的兩種形式，斯坦福—比奈智力量表和威斯勒智力量表，這兩種都有成人和兒童測試類型；由于測試價格昂貴，通常只有心理學(xué)家才進(jìn)行這些測試，現(xiàn)在一些測試的變種在網(wǎng)上流行。由此可知，兒童和成人的智力測試類型不同。A項(xiàng)“人們不再使用IQ分?jǐn)?shù)作為智力的指標(biāo)”，第三段最后一句提到Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andtheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.（其他標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測試，比如學(xué)術(shù)能力檢測以及研究生入學(xué)考試，包含了智商測試的主要方面），因此A項(xiàng)錯誤。B項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)在網(wǎng)上有更多的IQ測試版本”，第三段第四行提到althoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.（盡管這些測試的變種在書店和環(huán)球網(wǎng)上流行），可知網(wǎng)上流行的是上文提到的斯坦?！饶沃橇α勘砗屯估罩橇α勘磉@兩種測試的變種，而非更多的測試版本，B項(xiàng)與題意不符。D項(xiàng)“科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)確定了人類智力的重要組成部分”文中無提及。因此該題C項(xiàng)“成人和兒童的測試內(nèi)容和形式有所不同”正確。

3.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“現(xiàn)在的人們不能再達(dá)到像VosSavant那樣高的智商分?jǐn)?shù)是因?yàn)椤俊?。第三段第四行有提到SuperhighscoreslikeVosSavant’sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepecks,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.（得到像VosSavant這樣的超高分?jǐn)?shù)再也不可能了，因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在的分?jǐn)?shù)依據(jù)的是相同年齡者的統(tǒng)計學(xué)群體分布狀況，而不是簡單地通過實(shí)足年齡乘以100來劃分智能年齡），由此得知，人們不能再達(dá)到像VosSavant那樣高的智商分?jǐn)?shù)是因?yàn)橛嬎惴椒ㄅc以前不同。A項(xiàng)“分?jǐn)?shù)是通過不同的計算程序得到的”與題意符合；B項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)在強(qiáng)調(diào)的是創(chuàng)造力而不是分析能力”是第四段的信息，內(nèi)容與題意不符；C項(xiàng)“VosSavant的案例是一個極端的案例，不會重演”和D項(xiàng)“智商測試的定義特征已經(jīng)改變”文中沒有提到，屬于無中生有。因此該題A項(xiàng)正確。

4.【試題解析】判斷歸納題。題干意思是“從最后一段我們可以推斷出……？”。文章最后一段指出，有專家認(rèn)為，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測試不可能評估在學(xué)校和生活中取得成功所需的所有重要因素，隨后解釋了這種觀點(diǎn)，指出傳統(tǒng)的測試最恰當(dāng)?shù)卦u估了分析能力和語言表達(dá)能力，而且一旦人口或環(huán)境發(fā)生變化，智商測試就不一定預(yù)測得那么準(zhǔn)確，并且應(yīng)試能力也很重要。這說明智商測試不可能真實(shí)反映一個人的能力。A項(xiàng)“考試成績可能不是一個人能力的可靠指標(biāo)”符合題意；B項(xiàng)“智商分?jǐn)?shù)和SAT成績高度相關(guān)”與文意相反；C項(xiàng)“測試涉及大量的猜測”屬于夸大其詞；D項(xiàng)“傳統(tǒng)測試過時了”屬于無中生有。因此該題A項(xiàng)正確。

5.【試題解析】主觀態(tài)度題。題干意思是“作者對智力測試的態(tài)度是怎樣的？”。A項(xiàng)“支持的”，B項(xiàng)“懷疑的”，C項(xiàng)“公平的”，D項(xiàng)“有偏見的”。文章最后一段，作者引用了Sternberg的話，IQtestdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange（一旦人口或環(huán)境發(fā)生變化，智商測試就不一定預(yù)測得那么準(zhǔn)確），以及后面提到IQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditions,butunderhigh-stressconditions,IQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership–thatis,itpredictedtheopposite（如果在低壓力狀況下進(jìn)行智商測試，那么這種測試就可以預(yù)測領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才能，但是，在高壓力狀況下，智商測試所得的結(jié)果與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才能的關(guān)系是否定的，也就是說，它預(yù)測的結(jié)果是相反的），由此可以看出作者對IQ測試是持有懷疑態(tài)度的。A項(xiàng)與作者態(tài)度相反，因此錯誤；D項(xiàng)和C項(xiàng)不符合作者態(tài)度，因此只有B選項(xiàng)正確。

14.單選題

Cultureisthesumtotalofallthetraditions,customs,beliefs,andwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthissense,everygrouphasaculture,howeversavage,underdeveloped,oruncivilizeditmayseemtous.

Totheprofessionalanthropologist,thereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofonecultureoveranother,justastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsichierarchyamonglanguages.

Peopleoncethoughtofthelanguagesofbackwardgroupassavage,underdevelopedformsofspeech,consistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.Whileitispossiblethatlanguageingeneralbeganasaseriesofgruntsandgroans,itisafactestablishedbythestudyof“backward”languagesthatnospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesofuncivilizedgroupsare,byourmostseverestandards,extremelycomplex,delicate,andingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.TheyfallbehindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructures,whichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds,butonlyintheirvocabularies,whichreflecttheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheirspeakers.Eveninthisdepartment,however,twothingsaretobenoted:1.Alllanguagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2.Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesanddistinctionsin“backward”languages,whiledifferentfromours,areoftensurprisinglynumerousandcomplicated.AWesternlanguagedistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness(“this”and“that”);somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeaker,ortothepersonaddressed,orremovedfromboth,oroutofsight,orinthepast,orinthefuture.

Thisstudyoflanguage,inturn,castsanewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependently,andwithoutideasofrankorhierarchy.

1.Theauthorsaysthatgrunt-and-groanformsofspeecharefound______.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,languages,whethercivilizedornot,have______.

3.Theauthorsaysthatprofessionallinguistsrecognizethat______.

4.Whichofthefollowingisimpliedinthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.nowheretoday

B.amongtheAustralianaborigines

C.amongEasterncultures

D.amongpeoplespeaking“backward”languages

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.thepotentialforexpandingvocabulary

B.theirownsoundpatterns

C.anabilitytotransferideas

D.grammaticalstructures

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.WesternlanguagesaresuperiortoEasternlanguages

B.alllanguagescomefromgruntsandgroans

C.thehierarchyoflanguagesisdifficulttounderstand

D.thereisnohierarchyoflanguages32.Whichofthefollowingisimpliedinthepassage?

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thestudyoflanguageshasdiscreditedanthropologicalstudies.

B.Thestudyoflanguageshasreinforcedanthropologistsintheirviewthatthereisnohierarchyamongcultures.

C.Thestudyoflanguagesisthesameasthestudyofanthropologists.

D.Thestudyoflanguagescastsanewlightupontheclaimofanthropologists.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

【解析】1.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“作者說，咕噥和呻吟的語言形式可以在……中找到”。根據(jù)第三段中的第二句Whileitispossiblethatlanguageingeneralbeganasaseriesofgruntsandgroans,itisafactestablishedbythestudyof“backward”languagesthatnospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.（雖然語言一般來說可能是從一系列的咕噥和呻吟開始的，但對“落后”語言的研究確立了這一事實(shí)，那就是如今沒有哪種口語能與此描述相符）可知，咕噥和呻吟的語言形式在如今是找不到了，A項(xiàng)“在如今無處可尋”正確；B項(xiàng)“澳大利亞土著居民中”和C項(xiàng)“在東方文化中”文中都沒有提及；D項(xiàng)“在說‘落后’語言的人中”，文中提到對“落后”語言的研究確立了“如今沒有哪種口語能與此描述相符”這一事實(shí)，所以咕噥和呻吟的語言形式在說‘落后’語言的人中也不會找到。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

2.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“作者認(rèn)為，無論文明與否，語言都有……”。根據(jù)第三段中的Mostlanguagesofuncivilizedgroupsare,byourmostseverestandards,extremelycomplex,delicate,andingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.TheyfallbehindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructures,whichusuallyarefullyadequateforalllanguageneeds,butonlyintheirvocabularies,whichreflecttheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheirspeakers…Alllanguagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansioneitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.（以我們最嚴(yán)格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來看，未開化群體的大多數(shù)語言都是極其復(fù)雜、精巧和巧妙的傳遞思想的機(jī)器。它們落后于我們的西方語言，不是在這些通常足以滿足所有的語言需求的發(fā)音模式或語法結(jié)構(gòu)上，而是在它們的詞匯上，這些詞匯反映了說話者所知道的對象和活動……所有的語言似乎都擁有擴(kuò)大詞匯量的機(jī)制，要么把現(xiàn)有的詞匯組合在一起，要么從其他語言中借用它們，并將它們適應(yīng)于自己的系統(tǒng)。）可知，無論文明與否，語言擁有擴(kuò)大詞匯量的機(jī)制，A項(xiàng)“擴(kuò)大詞匯量的潛力”符合題意；由此也可知，B項(xiàng)“它們自己的發(fā)音模式”和D項(xiàng)“語法結(jié)構(gòu)”不正確；C項(xiàng)“傳遞思想的能力”為干擾項(xiàng)，語言雖然是傳遞思想的一種方式，但是詞匯才是反映說話者所知道的對象和活動，這是以詞匯為前提的。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

3.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“作者說，專業(yè)語言學(xué)家認(rèn)識到……”。根據(jù)文章第二段Totheprofessionalanthropologist,thereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofonecultureoveranother,justastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsichierarchyamonglanguages.（對于專業(yè)的人類學(xué)家來說，一種文化并不比另一種文化有內(nèi)在的優(yōu)越性，就像對于專業(yè)的語言學(xué)家來說，語言之間沒有內(nèi)在的等級制度一樣）可知，D項(xiàng)“沒有語言的等級制度”符合題意；由此也可知C項(xiàng)“語言的層次體系很難理解”是錯誤的；A項(xiàng)“西方語言優(yōu)于東方語言”，文中沒有提到東方語言；B項(xiàng)“所有的語言都來自咕噥和呻吟”表述太絕對。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

4.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。題干意思是“這篇文章暗示了下列哪一項(xiàng)？”。根據(jù)文章最后一段的內(nèi)容Thisstudyoflanguage,inturn,castsanewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturesaretobeviewedindependently,andwithoutideasofrankorhierarchy.（對語言的研究反過來又為人類學(xué)家的這一主張?zhí)峁┝诵碌慕忉專此械奈幕伎梢元?dú)立看待，沒有等級和等級觀念）可以推斷，關(guān)于人類學(xué)家主張的文化沒有等級觀念的這一觀點(diǎn)，語言的研究提供了新的解釋，所以B項(xiàng)“對語言的研究加強(qiáng)了人類學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn)，即文化之間不存在等級制度”是正確的；A項(xiàng)“語言研究敗壞了人類學(xué)研究的聲譽(yù)”和C項(xiàng)“研究語言就像研究人類學(xué)家一樣”不能從文中找出相關(guān)信息；D項(xiàng)“對語言的研究使人們對人類學(xué)家的主張有了新的認(rèn)識”是文中有的信息，并不需要從文章中推斷出來，所以不符合題意。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

15.單選題

Inatheoreticalmodelofdecisionmaking,adecisionisdefinedastheprocessofselectingoneoptionfromamongagroupofoptionsforimplementation.Decisionsareformedbyadecisionmaker,theonewhoactuallychoosesthefinaloption,inconjunctionwithadecisionunit,allofthoseintheorganizationaroundthedecisionmakerwhotakepartintheprocess.Inthistheoreticalmodel,themembersofthedecisionunitreacttoanunidentifiedproblembystudyingtheproblem,determiningtheobjectivesoftheorganization,formulatingoptions,evaluatingthestrengthsandweaknessesofeachofthedecision,includingthenatureoftheproblemitself,externalforcesexertinganinfluenceontheorganization,theinternaldynamicsofthedecisionunit,andthepersonalityofthedecisionmaker.Additionally,whenadecisionmustbemadeinacrisissituation,bothstressandthespeedatwhicheventsareprogressingcanhaveaneffect,oftenanegativeone,onthedecisionprocess.

Duringrecentyears,decisionmakinghasbeenstudiedsystematicallybydrawingfromsuchdiverseareasofstudyaspsychology,sociology,business,government,history,mathematics,andstatistics.Analysesofdecisionsoftenemphasizeoneofthreeprincipalconceptualperspectives(thoughoftentheapproachthatisactuallyemployedissomewhateclectic).

Intheoldestofthethreeapproaches,decisionsaremadebyarationalactor,whomakesaparticulardecisiondirectlyandpurposefully,inresponsetoaspecificthreatfromtheexternalenvironment.Itisassumedthatthisrationalactorhasclearobjectivesinmind,developsnumerousreasonableoptions,considerstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachoptioncarefully,choosesthebestoptionaftercarefulanalysis,andthenproceedstoimplementitfully.Avariationoftherationalactormodelisdecisionmakerwhoissatisfier,onewhoselectsthefirstsatisfactoryoptionratherthancontinuingthedecisionmakingprocessuntiltheoptimaldecisionhasbeenreached.

1.Itcanbeinferredfromtheinformationinparagraph1thatthetheoreticaldecisionmakingprocess（

）.

2.Thephrase“inconjunctionwith”inparagraph1couldbestbereplacedby

（

）.

3.Allofthefollowingarelistedinparagraph1ashavinganeffectondecisionsEXCEPT

（

）.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatrationalactorwouldbeleastlikelyto

（

）.

5.Theword“it”inline5,Paragraph3refersto（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.involvesonlythedecisionmaker

B.requiresthecontemplationofnumerousoptions

C.ismadewithoutthedecisionunit

D.doesnotworkinreal-lifesituations

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.alongwith

B.tiedto

C.apartfrom

D.connectedto

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.evaluationoftheproblem

B.focusonobjectives

C.generationofoptions

D.open-endeddiscussions

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.dealwithaspecificthreat

B.workinarandomfashion

C.pondervariousoptions

D.considerdisadvantagesofoptions

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.eachoption

B.carefulanalysis

C.thebestoption

D.variation

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)首段第一句“Inatheoreticalmodelofdecisionmaking,adecisionisdefinedastheprocessofselectingoneoptionfromamongagroupofoptionsforimplementation.”在決策的理論模型中，決策被定義為從一組執(zhí)行選項(xiàng)中選擇一個選項(xiàng)的過程。也就是說，需要考慮多種選擇，選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)下文“…allofthoseintheorganizationaroundthedecisionmakerwhotakepartintheprocess.”……組織中所有參與了這個過程的人都圍繞著決策者。由此可推測，決策者和組織是緊密相連的，所以選項(xiàng)D更恰當(dāng)。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段倒數(shù)第二句，決策單元的成員對一個身份不明的問題做出反應(yīng)，需要通過研究問題，確定組織的目標(biāo)，制定方案，評估每一個決策的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)，包括問題本身的性質(zhì)，對組織施加影響的外部力量，決策單元的內(nèi)部動態(tài)以及決策者的個性。選項(xiàng)A屬于評估每一個決策的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)；選項(xiàng)B屬于確定組織的目標(biāo)；選項(xiàng)D屬于決策單元內(nèi)部的動態(tài)；所以，只有選項(xiàng)C沒有涉及。

4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段第一句“decisionsaremadebyarationalactor,whomakesaparticulardecisiondirectlyandpurposefully,inresponsetoaspecificthreatfromtheexternalenvironment.”決策由理性的人做出，他針對來自外部環(huán)境的特定威脅，直接而有目的地做出特定的決策。由此可知，他們做事是帶有目的性的，而不是隨機(jī)應(yīng)變的，所以他們最不可能做的是選項(xiàng)B。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文句意可知，這里的“it”指的是上文提到的“thebestoptionaftercarefulanalysis”經(jīng)過仔細(xì)分析而選擇出的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)C正確。

16.單選題

Ifthebuildingproject（

）bytheendofthismonthisdelayed,theconstructioncompanywillbefined.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.beingcompleted

B.iscompleted

C.tobecompleted

D.completed

【答案】C

【解析】考查非謂語動詞。從句中已有謂語動詞isdelayed，空格處為非謂語動詞，排除B選項(xiàng)。A選項(xiàng)beingcompleted表示正在進(jìn)行的被動；C選項(xiàng)tobecompleted表示將來的被動；D選項(xiàng)completed表示一般被動。根據(jù)bytheendofthismonth（到本月底）可知此處是對將來的假設(shè)，因此選C。句意：如果這個建筑工程在本月底之前竣工的計劃被推遲，該建筑公司將被罰款。

17.單選題

Hewasanhourlate,buthe______himselfinhereyesbygivingherahugebunchofflowers.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.harassed

B.redeemed

C.crucified

D.pestered

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A項(xiàng)harass“騷擾，（使）困擾（或煩惱）”，B項(xiàng)redeem“贖回，挽回，兌換”，C項(xiàng)crucify“折磨，十字架上釘死，克制”，D項(xiàng)pester“糾纏，煩擾，使煩惱”。根據(jù)but可知前后語義是轉(zhuǎn)折的關(guān)系，由Hewasanhourlate“他遲到了一個小時”可知，buthe______himselffinhereyes應(yīng)該表示“挽回自己的形象”符合語境，redeemoneself表示“挽回聲譽(yù)、形象，自贖”。句意：他遲到了一個小時，但他送了她一大束花，在她眼里挽回了自己的形象。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

18.單選題

Diggingthefoundationisthefirst（

）ofourbuildingproject.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.procession

B.solution

C.phase

D.achievement

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。procession“行列；游行”；solution“解決”；phase“階段”；achievement“成就；成績”。句意：我們工程的第一個階段是挖地基。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

19.單選題

（

）thecaraccident,theywouldhavearrivedearlier.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Exceptfor

B.Butfor

C.Besides

D.Savefor

【答案】B

【解析】考查連詞辨析。exceptfor除了……以外；butfor要不是……；besides此外，而且；savefor保存為，除……之外。句意：要不是那場車禍，他們可能早就到了。由下文theywouldhavearrivedearlier可知該句表示的是與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬。butfor+n/pron，用于虛擬語氣。故答案B

20.單選題

Thewayinwhichpeopleusesocialspacereflectstheirsocialrelationshipsandtheirethnicidentity.EarlyimmigrantstoAmericafromEuropebroughtwiththemacollectivestyleofliving,whichtheyretaineduntillateinthe18thcentury.Historicalrecordsdocumentagroup-orientedexistence,inwhichoneroomwasusedforeating,entertainingguests,andsleeping.Peopleatesoupsfromacommunalpot,shareddrinkingcups,andusedacommonpittoilet.Withthedevelopmentofideasaboutindividualism,peoplesoonbegantoshifttotheuseofindividualcupsandplates;theeatingofmealsthatincludedmeat,bread,andvegetablesservedonseparateplates;andtheuseofprivatetoilets.Theybegantobuildtheirhouseswithseparateroomstoentertainguests-livingrooms,separatebedroomsforsleeping,separateworkareas—kitchen,laundryroom,andseparatebathrooms.

InMexico,th