閱讀理解專項(xiàng)突破 主旨要義題學(xué)案-高考英語(yǔ)專題復(fù)習(xí)

高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解專項(xiàng)突破——主旨要義題Class:NO.Name:解題指導(dǎo)（一）歸納文章主旨文章是由段落組成的。段落是發(fā)展一個(gè)主題的一群句子，段落圍繞著中心思想展開，而段落的中心思想又是為文章整體的中心思想服務(wù)的。尋找具體段落的中心思想的方法是：通過(guò)分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出每小段的主題句，通過(guò)主題句找出文章的主題。找準(zhǔn)文章的主題句是確定文章主旨大意的關(guān)鍵。2020全國(guó)Ⅰ卷D，331詞，難度★★★Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)havetakenitastepfurtherchangingtheactualcompositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse,evenunusualfunctions.Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey’reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.“We’rethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday,”explainedMichaelStrano,aprofessorofchemicalengineeringatMIT.Oneofhislatestprojectshasbeentomakeplantsglow(發(fā)光)inexperimentsusingsomecommonvegetables.Strano’steamfoundthattheycouldcreateafaintlightforthree-and-a-halfhours.Thelight,aboutone-thousandthoftheamountneededtoreadby,isjustastart.Thetechnology,Stranosaid,couldonedaybeusedtolighttheroomsoreventoturntreesintoself-poweredstreetlamps.Inthefuture,theteamhopestodevelopaversionofthetechnologythatcanbesprayedontoplantleavesinaone-offtreatmentthatwouldlasttheplant’slifetime.Theengineersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoff“switch”wheretheglowwouldfadewhenexposedtodaylight.Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource(電源)—suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighway—alotofenergyislostduringtransmission(傳輸).Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.()1.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Anewstudyofdifferentplants.B.Abigfallincrimerates.C.Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.D.Benefitsfromgreenplants.()2.WhatisthefunctionofthesensorsprintedonplantleavesbyMITengineer?A.Todetectplants’lackofwater.B.Tochangecompositionsofplants.C.Tomakethelifeofplantslonger.D.Totestchemicalsinplants.()4.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Canwegrowmoreglowingplants?B.Howdowelivewithglowingplants?C.Couldglowingplantsreplacelamps?D.Howareglowingplantsmadepollution-free?()4.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Canwegrowmoreglowingplants?B.Howdowelivewithglowingplants?C.Couldglowingplantsreplacelamps?D.Howareglowingplantsmadepollution-free?解析答案：D【解析】第一段介紹了城市植被覆蓋率更高的區(qū)域犯罪率較低，以及員工在有植被裝飾的工作區(qū)域工作效率會(huì)更高。由此可知，該段主要介紹了綠色植物的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。故選D項(xiàng)。答案：A【從第二段的第二句可知答案】印在植物葉子上的傳感器是用來(lái)探測(cè)植物的缺水情況的。故正確答案為A項(xiàng)。答案：C【從第四段最后一句和最后一段可知答案】發(fā)光植物可以幫助節(jié)約能源。故選C。答案：C【解析】文章第一段介紹了綠植在生活中的作用，并由此展開思考發(fā)光植物能否自行供電，成為一種新的路燈。故選C。（二）確定文章標(biāo)題選擇文章標(biāo)題，可以按照主旨大意的確定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定標(biāo)題。選擇文章的標(biāo)題時(shí)，要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：首先，要考慮標(biāo)題對(duì)文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何。一般要求能覆蓋全文內(nèi)容，體現(xiàn)文章主旨。要避免下列三種情況：①概括不夠（多表現(xiàn)為部分替代整體，從而導(dǎo)致范圍太?。?；②過(guò)度概括（多表現(xiàn)為脫離文章內(nèi)容的發(fā)揮）；③以事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)替代抽象具體的大意。其次，要考慮標(biāo)題的針對(duì)性，即標(biāo)題范圍要恰當(dāng)，針對(duì)性強(qiáng)。要在閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上，仔細(xì)考慮所選標(biāo)題與文章主題是否有密切的關(guān)系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大則中心不突出，太小也發(fā)揮不了應(yīng)起的作用。最后要注意標(biāo)題的醒目性，標(biāo)題要簡(jiǎn)潔、突出、新穎，標(biāo)題是文章的點(diǎn)睛之筆，是文章的靈魂和門面。Ihaveaspecialplaceinmyheartforlibraries.IhaveforaslongasIcanremember.Iwasalwaysanenthusiasticreader,sometimesreadinguptothreebooksadayasachild.Storieswerelikeairtomeandwhileotherkidsplayedballsorwenttoparties,IlivedoutadventuresthroughthebooksIcheckedoutfromthelibrary.MyfirstjobwasworkingattheUkiahLibrarywhenIwas16yearsold.ItwasadreamjobandIdideverythingfromshelvingbookstoreadingtothechildrenforstorytime.AsIgrewolderandbecameamother,thelibrarytookonanewplaceandanaddedmeaninginmylife.Ihadseveralchildrenandbookswereourmainsource(來(lái)源)ofentertainment.Itwasabigdealforustoloadupandgotothelocallibrary,wheremykidscouldpickoutbookstoreadorbookstheywantedmetoreadtothem.Ialwaysread,usingdifferentvoices,asthoughIwereactingoutthestorieswithmyvoiceandtheylovedit!Itwasaspecialtimetobondwithmychildrenanditfilledthemwiththewondermentofbooks.Now,IseemychildrentakingtheirchildrentothelibraryandIlovethattheexcitementofgoingtothelibrarylivesonfromgenerationtogeneration.Asanovelist,I’vefoundanewrelationshipwithlibraries.Iencouragereaderstogototheirlocallibrarywhentheycan’taffordtopurchaseabook.Iseelibrariesasasafehaven(避風(fēng)港)forreadersandwriters,abridgethathelpsputtogetherareaderwithabook.Libraries,intheirownway,helpfightbookpiracy(盜版行為)andIthinkallwritersshouldsupportlibrariesinasignificantwaywhentheycan.Encouragereaderstousethelibrary.Sharelibraryannouncementsonyoursocialmedia.Frequentthemandtalkaboutthemwhenyoucan.()1.Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor’srelationshipwithbooksasachild?A.Cooperative. B.Uneasy.C.Inseparable. D.Casual.()2.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“anaddedmeaning”inParagraph3referto?A.Pleasurefromworkinginthelibrary.B.Joyofreadingpassedoninthefamily.C.Wondermentfromactingoutthestories.D.Acloserbonddevelopedwiththereaders.()3.Whatdoestheauthorcallonotherwriterstodo?A.Sponsorbookfairs. B.Writeforsocialmedia.C.Supportlibraries. D.Purchasehernovels.()4.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Reading:ASourceofKnowledgeB.MyIdeaaboutWritingC.Library:AHavenfortheYoungD.MyLoveoftheLibrary解析答案：C【從第一段第三句可知答案】原文中第一段出現(xiàn)了asachild，后面一句同樣是一般過(guò)去式Storieswerelikeairtome（故事對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)就像空氣一樣）。我們把答案定位到這部分，確定答案是C.Inseparable。它的原形是separate分開，加后綴-able變成separable可分開的，再加否定前綴in-，inseparable，意思是不可分開的，對(duì)應(yīng)了這句“對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)就像空氣一樣”。答案：B【解析】原文這句話是說(shuō)“隨著我年齡不斷增長(zhǎng)，成為一個(gè)媽媽，圖書館在我的生命里占據(jù)了新的位置，有了anaddedmeaning”，后面說(shuō)“書籍是我和孩子們主要的樂(lè)趣來(lái)源”，并簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō)了一下和孩子們?cè)趫D書館進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)。B項(xiàng)“閱讀的樂(lè)趣在家庭中傳承了下來(lái)”符合原文意思。答案：C【從最后一段的第四句可知答案】Callonotherwriterstodo對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的thinkallwritersshould，都是提建議的表達(dá)方式，“Ithinkallwritersshoudsupportlibrariesinasignificantwaywhentheycan.”故選C項(xiàng)。答案：D【解析】貫穿全文的一個(gè)詞是libraries圖書館。作者從自己小時(shí)候跟圖書館的關(guān)系說(shuō)起，說(shuō)到自己有了孩子、自己的孩子又有了孩子之后，這種對(duì)圖書館的感情在家庭中的傳承，最后一段又呼吁讀者和其他作家做自己力所能及的事情來(lái)支持圖書館。故選D。練習(xí)Afterspending18yearsprotectingyourchildrenfromvariousdangersontheroadandoff,younowfacetheprospectofhandingthemthecarkeys.It’stimeforthemtolearnhowtodrive.Wecanhelpyoumold(塑造)yourteensintosafeandcapabledrivers.Oursitecontainsinformationondriverlicensingrequirementsforteensaswellasideastohelpyou—theparents—laydownthegroundruleswithyouryoungdriverbeforeyouhandoverthecarkeys.Hereyouwillfindinformationonthemostcommonsafetyproblemsnovicedriversshouldavoid.Educateyourselfabouttheconsequencesofillegalalcoholuse,thedistracted(分心的)driving,andmuchmore.Yourteenseesadriver’slicenseasasteptowardfreedom,butyoumightnotbesureyourteenisreadyfortheroad.Onethingiscertain:teensaren’treadytohavethesamelevelofdrivingresponsibilityasadults.Teendrivershaveahigherrateofseriouscrashes,mainlybecauseoftheirimmaturityorlackofskillsandexperience.Theyspeed,makemistakes,andgetdistractedeasily—especiallyiftheirfriendsareinthecar.Tohelpyourteenstaysafebehindthewheel,all50stateshaveagraduateddriverlicensing(GDL)systemthatlimitshigh-riskdrivingsituationsfornewdrivers.Thisapproachcanreduceyourteen’scrashrisksbyasmanyas50%.Whatcanyoudo?Learnaboutyourstate’sGDLlaws.Familiarizingyourselfwiththerestrictionscanbetterassistyouininstructingyourkids.Youmustestablishgroundrulesforyourteendriver.Prohibitdrivingwhileusingthephoneorotherelectronicdevices,andrequireseatbeltuseatalltimes.Remindthemthatitisillegaltodrinkunder21,anditisillegaltodrinkanddrive.Ifyourchildisunder21,hisorherbloodalcoholconcentration(BAC)shouldalwaysbeat0.00,notjustunder0.08.()1.Whoarethepotentialreadersofthetext?A.Students.B.Teachers. C.Parents.D.Doctors.()2.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“novicedrivers”inParagraph2probablymean?A.Exciteddrivers.B.Impatientdrivers.C.Unskilleddrivers.D.Grown-updrivers.()3.WhatcanwelearnaboutteendriversfromParagraph3?A.Theyperformworsewiththeirfriendsinthecar.B.Theyhavenofreedomwithoutadrivinglicense.C.TheGDLsystemcanreducehalfoftheircrashrisks.D.Drivingwiththeirfriendsinthecarcanavoidmistakes.()4.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Teens’driving.B.Drivingregulations.C.Legalandillegaldriving.D.Safeandhigh-riskdriving.【翻譯練習(xí)】請(qǐng)從文章中找到下面句子，并將其翻譯成中文。[說(shuō)明：翻譯練習(xí)的題號(hào)對(duì)應(yīng)試題題目。如下題“1&2”意指第1、2道題目都可以通過(guò)準(zhǔn)確翻譯本部分內(nèi)容而正確解題。]1&2.[P2]Oursitecontains…h(huán)andoverthecarkeys.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.[P3]Tohelpyourteen…fornewdrivers.Thisapproachcanreduce…byasmanyas50%.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4.[P1]Wecanhelpyoumoldyourteensintosafeandcapabledrivers.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【詞匯過(guò)關(guān)】請(qǐng)寫出下面英文單詞在文章中的中文意思。1.various/?ve?ri?s/adj.______________2.prospect/'pr?spekt/n._____________3.capable/?ke?p?bl/adj._____________4.consequence/?k?ns?kw?ns/n.__________________5.alcohol/??lk?h?l/n.______________6.responsibility/r??sp?ns??b?l?ti/n.__________________7.rate/re?t/n.____________________8.crash/kr??/n.__________________9.immaturity/im?'tju?riti/n._____________10.graduated/?ɡr?d?ue?t?d/adj._______