優(yōu)秀英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作-段落結(jié)構(gòu)課件

paragraphwriting

paragraphwriting

EnglishParagraphWriting2.1ParagraphStructure2.2ParagraphUnity2.3ParagraphCoherence2.4SentenceVarietyEnglishParagraphWriting2.1P段落是構(gòu)成文章的一組句子。段落必須表達(dá)完整的意思：或描寫(xiě)事物（describesomething），或爭(zhēng)論某事（argueaboutsomething），或?qū)δ呈绿岢鲆蓡?wèn)（questionsomething），或要求什么（demandsomething），或給事物下定義（definesomething），或駁斥某觀點(diǎn)（rejectsomething）。段落是構(gòu)成文章的一組句子。段落必須表達(dá)完整的意思：或描寫(xiě)事物2.1ParagraphStructureOneEnglishparagraphusuallyincludesthefollowingthreeparts:(1)TopicSentenceSupporting/DevelopingSentences(3)ConcludingSentence2.1ParagraphStructureOneEnParagraphStructureModelTopicSentenceSupportingSentence1SupportingSentence2SupportingSentence3SupportingSentence4ConcludingSentenceParagraphStructureModelTopicSampleWeallknowthatcigarettesmokingisadangeroushabitbecauseitcauseshealthproblems．Doctorssayitcanbeadirectcauseofcancerofthelungsandthroatandcanalsocontributetocancerofotherorgans．Inaddition，itcanbringaboutotherhealthproblemssuchasheartandlungdiseases．Itisclearlyidentifiedasoneofthechiefcausesofdeathinoursociety．TSDSCSSampleWeallknowthatcigare(1)HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentenceThreeessentialpoints:主題句必須是一個(gè)完整的句子由主題詞和主題思想的表述兩部分構(gòu)成只是一種概括性的陳述而不提供具體的細(xì)節(jié)作者的首要任務(wù)是讓讀者知道所寫(xiě)段落要談的是什么，這就是每段的主題句的作用。因此主題句應(yīng)該闡明段落的主要思想，所有支持主題句的細(xì)節(jié)和描述都與這一主要思想有關(guān)。(1)HowtoWriteaGoodTopic主題句的三種形式

1）肯定句（AffirmativeSentence）

Example：Theneedforwildlifeprotectionisgreaternowthaneverbefore．

2）反詰句（RhetoricalSentence）

Example：Howdoyouthinkpeoplewillsolvetheproblemofwildlifeprotection？

3）不完整句（Fragments）

Example：Andtheworkingman？

初學(xué)者最好使用肯定句作為主題句。主題句的三種形式

1）肯定句（AffirmativeSWhichisagoodtopicsentence?Americanfoodisterrible.AmericanfoodistastelessandgreasybecauseAmericansusetoomanycanned,frozen,andprepackagedfoodsandbecauseeverythingisfriedinoilorbutter.Americanfoodistastelessandgreasy.Whichisagoodtopicsentence主題句的位置

主題句出現(xiàn)的位置有以下四種情況：

1）段首（Atthebeginning）

主題句經(jīng)常居于段首，以便讀者瀏覽主題句就可掌握文章的概要。這個(gè)位置適用于寫(xiě)提供信息或解釋觀點(diǎn)的段落。

2）段末（Attheend）

用推理方法展開(kāi)段落時(shí)，主題句往往位于句末。

3）段中（Inthemiddle）

有時(shí)為了使段落多樣化，主題句也可以居于段中。

4）隱含（Implied）

有時(shí)候，尤其在寫(xiě)敘述性或描寫(xiě)性段落時(shí)，當(dāng)所有的細(xì)節(jié)都圍繞著一個(gè)顯而易見(jiàn)的主題時(shí)可以不用主題句。主題句的位置

主題句出現(xiàn)的位置有以下四種情況：Whereisthetopicsentence?TheAmericansandtheBritishnotonlyspeakthesamelanguagebutalsosharealargenumberofsocialcustoms．Forexample，inbothAmericaandEngland，peopleshakehandswhentheymeeteachotherforthefirsttime．Also，mostEnglishmenwillopenadoorforawomanoroffertheirseattoawoman，andsowillmostAmericans．PromptnessisimportantbothinEnglandandinAmerica．Thatis，ifadinnerinvitationisfor7o’clock，thedinnerguesteitherarrivesclosetothattimeorcallsuptoexplainhisdelay．Whereisthetopicsentence?ThPractice:Identifywhichisthetopicsentence:Systolic(收縮的)pressurebetween140and160indicatesborderlinehypertension.Intheusualbloodpressurereading,thesystolicmeasurementisgivenfirstandisthehigherofthetwo.Systolicpressureistakenwhentheheartiscontractingtopumpblood;diastolic(舒張的)

pressureistakenwhentheheartisrestingbetweenbeats.Bloodpressuremeasurementhastwocomponents:systolicanddiastolic.Normalbloodpressureisasystolicmeasurementof140,andwhenthesystolicpressureis160orhigher,thenhypertensionexists.Practice:IdentifywhichistExercise1-1

Directions：Readthefollowingparagraphsandfindoutthetopicsentence，thesupportingdetailsandtheconcludingsentence，ifthereisone．Exercise1-1

Directions：ReadTheneedforwildlifeprotectionisgreaternowthaneverbefore．Aboutathousandspeciesofanimalsareindangerofextinction,，andtherateatwhichtheyarebeingdestroyedhasincreased．Withmammals，forinstance，therateofextinctionisnowaboutonespecieseveryyear；fromA．D．1to1800，theratewasaboutonespecieseveryfiftyyears．Everywhere，menaretryingosolvetheproblemofpreservingwildlifewhilecaringatthesametimefortheworld’sgrowingpopulation．Theneedforwildlifeprotecti關(guān)于寫(xiě)主題句的建議

1）要寫(xiě)合乎語(yǔ)法的句子1：TwocausesoftheAmericanCivilWar．

這個(gè)句子是個(gè)不完整的句子，不合乎語(yǔ)法，因此不能用作主題句2：ThereweretwocausesthatledtotheAmericanCivilWar．

重寫(xiě)后的句子合乎語(yǔ)法，是個(gè)較好的主題句。關(guān)于寫(xiě)主題句的建議

1）要寫(xiě)合乎語(yǔ)法的句子

2）要使用限寫(xiě)詞限定主題

為了正確表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)，好的主題句經(jīng)常使用關(guān)鍵詞或詞組，即限制詞（controllers）限制這一觀點(diǎn)。Airtravelismoreconvenientthantrainforatleastthreereasons．

上例主題句我們得知作者將要寫(xiě)“airtravel”（topic），他將要把“train”（aspect）和“airtravel”作比較，并且陳述“reasons”。由此可見(jiàn)，作者在“aspect”（方面）和“reason”（原因）兩方面限制他的主題。

2）要使用限寫(xiě)詞限定主題

3）要注意主題的可寫(xiě)性

所定的主題不能太籠統(tǒng)，也不能太具體。

Example6：Letmetellyousomethingaboutoverpopulation．

這個(gè)句子太籠統(tǒng)，作為一個(gè)段落的主題太大，難于駕馭。

Example7：Whyhastheworldpopulationbeenincreasingsorapidlyinthelastdecades？

這個(gè)句子是個(gè)較好的主題句，作者用“thereasonsforoverpopulationinthelastdecades”，從“原因”（cause）和“時(shí)間”（time）兩方面限制了主題，能在一個(gè)段落內(nèi)論述。

3）要注意主題的可寫(xiě)性Supporting/developingsentencesarethekeywordsorgroupofwordsthattellwhatthefocuswillbeindevelopingparagraph.Concretesupport(2)Supporting/DevelopingSentencesSupporting/developingsentenMyroommatePaulpossessesthecharacteristicsofgoodstudent.Oneofhischaracteristicsisalwaysbeingpreparedforclasses.Forexample,whenhisphilosophyprofessorassignsaclassdiscussionontheideasofKant,hegoestothelibraryanddoesextensiveresearchonthesubject.Inaddition,whenhisEnglishinstructorassignsanout-of-classessay,hebringstoclassthefinalcopyofanessaythathehasrevisedseveraltimes.MyroommatePaulpossessestheCanyouthinkofsomedevelopingsentencesforthistopic?Smokingcigarettescanbeanexpensivehabit

Cigarettescostaboutseventy-fivecents.Theaveragesmokersmokestwopacksaday.Theannualexpenseforthissmokeris$547.50.Thesmokermustalsopayforextracleaningofcarpets,furniture,andclothes.Smokingwouldcausemanydiseases,whichwillcostthesmokersalotofmoneytoseeadoctorandcurethediseases.CanyouthinkofsomedevelopiActivityTrydevelopingthetopicsentences.Illustrateyourpersonalitywithspecificexamples.

Iamaverysensitiveperson.Iamaveryindependentperson.IthinkIwouldbeagoodfriend.ActivityTrydevelopingthetopIamaverysensitiveperson,andthat'sgoodtosomedegree.Ifeeleveryoneshouldbeabletofeelorunderstandwhatothersaregoingthrough.Butwhenyouhurt,cry,orareunhappyforpeopleyoudon'tknow,orforamoviethatisnotreal,thenIthinkthat'salittletoosensitive.That'sthewayIam.Iamaverysensitiveperson,Iamaveryindependentperson.Imustdothingsformyself.Idon'tlikepeopledoingthingsforme,orhelpingme,orgivingmethings.It'snotthatIdon'tappreciateit,becauseIdo.Ijustfeelthatwhensomeonedoessomethingforyou,youowethem,andifthereisonethingIdon'tliketofeel,it'sthatIoweanyoneanything.IamaveryindependentpersonIthinkIwouldbeagoodfriend.IwoulddoalmostanythingforsomeoneIlike,andwouldshareorgiveanythingIhave.I'mverycaringandunderstanding.Peopletrustmewiththeirsecrets,andthey'rerightfordoingsobecauseInevertellanysecretthatistoldtome.I'malwaystheretohelpinanywaythatIcan.Allyouhavetodoisask.IthinkIwouldbeagoodfrie(3)HowtoWriteaGoodConcludingSentenceAconcludingsentencemayrestatethemainideainfreshwords,summarizetheparagraph,evaluatethesupportingdetails,oraddaninsighttoshowtheimportanceofthemainpoint.使用表示段落結(jié)尾的轉(zhuǎn)承信號(hào)詞，如“inconclusion,insummary,finally,inbrief,insum,toconclude,allinall”等。對(duì)段落要點(diǎn)加以總結(jié)。對(duì)主題加以評(píng)論，給讀者留下深刻的印象。(3)HowtoWriteaGoodConcluSmallcarssuck.[Topicsentence]I’msixfeetfour,andwhenIsitinaVolkswagen,mykneesarecrammedintomychestandI’mhunchedforward,myheadscrapingthetop.IfIhavetorideveryfat,thebaseofmyneckachesandthebacksofmythighscrampup.Ialsodon’tliketheirlightbodies.Idon’tlikebeingblownaroundonthefreewaybystrongwindsorbigtrucks,andifIgetinanaccident,IknowI’llcomeoutsecondbest.Finally,whenIneedalittlepoweronamountaingradeorforpassing,thosefour-cylinderenginesdon’tdeliver.Inaword,smallcarsaretoouncomfortable,toodangerous,andtooinefficientforme.[Concludingsentence]Smallcarssuck.[TopicsentencActivityWriteaconcludingsentencebasedonthegivenoutline.TopicSentence:Therearethreethingsthatwouldmakemethehappiestpersonintheworld.BodyPart:AhappyfamilylifeAsatisfyingcareerInnerpeaceandsecurityConcludingSentence:Inconclusion,ifIcouldhaveawarmhome,achallengingjob,andinnerstrength,Iwouldbecontentedandsatisfiedwithmylife.ActivityWriteaconcludingsenPracticeFinishwritingtheconcludingsentences:Producersmakemoregoodswhenpricesarehigh,andconsumersbuymoregoodswhenpricesarelow.Aspricesgoup,producersmakemoregoodsbecausetheycanmakemoremoneyfortheirgoods.Aspricesgodown,consumersbuymoregoodsbecauseofthelowprices.Thisshowsus…thequantityofgoodswilldirectlyinfluencethepricesandthesalesvolume.PracticeFinishwritingtheconPracticeTrytoappreciatethefollowingparagraph,andidentify：(1)Topicsentence(2)Supportingsentences(3)ConcludingsentencesPracticeTrytoappreciatethe Nearlyalllivingcreaturesmanagesomeformofcommunication.Thedancepatternsofbeesintheirhivehelptopointthewaytodistantflowerfieldsorannouncesuccessfulforaging.Malesticklebackfishregularlyswimupside-downtoindicateoutrageinacourtshipcontest.Maledeerandlemursmarkterritorialownershipbyrubbingtheirownbodysecretionsonboundarystonesortrees.Everyonehasseenafrighteneddogputhistailbetweenhislegsandruninpanic.We,too,usegestures,expressions,postures,andmovementtogiveourwordspoint. Nearlyalllivingcreaturesm2.2

ParagraphUnity段落的一致性是指文章基于一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的主題，段落內(nèi)容應(yīng)保持一致，每個(gè)段落只能闡述一個(gè)中心思想，每一個(gè)句子都應(yīng)與主題句密切相關(guān)。2.2ParagraphUnity段落的Activity1Identifywhetherthefollowingparagraphsareunified.Pickoutanysentencewhichisnotrelatedtothecontrollingideaoftheparagraph.MyFavoriteHobbiesIenjoy3hobbiesinmyfreetime.Myfirsthobbyisplayingwithmy2-year-oldson.Iespeciallyliketoteachhimnewwords.HelistensverycarefullytomeandcopieswhatIsay.Ialsoliketotakehimforwalks.Whenhissmallhandsclingtomyhand,Ifeelsoclosetohim,andhiswidesmilewarmsmyheart.Ifweplayball,hegetsexcitedandscreamswithjoy.Unfortunately,theballmakestheneighbor’sdogbark.MysecondhobbyiswatchingTVwithmyson.WewatchSesameStreettogetheralmosteveryday.IthelpsuslearnEnglish.TheEnglishonthenewsistoofastandreallyfrustratesme.Mysonsitsbesideme,andsometimeswelaughuntilthetearscome.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Activity1IdentifywhethertheMythirdhobbyisplantingflowersinmygarden.WhenIamwateringtheflowers,IfeelajoylikethejoyIfeelwhenIamfeedingmyson.WhenIseetheplantsandflowersgrowupinchbyinch,Ithinkofhowmysonisgrowingup,too.Iwishthesnailswouldstopeatingmyplants,though.These3hobbiesfillmewithaspecialpleasurelikenoneIhaveeverexperiencedbefore.________________________________________________________________Mythirdhobbyisplanting2.3ParagraphCoherencecohere表示“tostick”或“toholdtogether”。連貫，一是指結(jié)構(gòu)上的連貫；二是指內(nèi)容上的連貫。具有連貫性的段落中每個(gè)句子都很合乎邏輯地與下個(gè)句子相連接。2.3ParagraphCoherencecohereTwoWaystoObtainCoherenceTransitionsignalsLogicalorderChronologicalOrderSpatialOrderOrderofImportanceTwoWaystoObtainCoherenceTr

CohesiveDevicesTransitionaldevicesPronounreferenceTheuseofsynonymsRepetitionofkeywordsParallel運(yùn)用關(guān)聯(lián)詞表達(dá)時(shí)間順序、遞進(jìn)、轉(zhuǎn)折、讓步、比較、對(duì)比、舉例、總結(jié)等用代詞指代前面提到過(guò)的人或事用同義詞表達(dá)與前面同樣的意義，使得用詞不單調(diào)重復(fù)關(guān)鍵詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)CohesiveDevicesTransition

IllustrationIllustrationPleaseanalyzeandidentifythetransitiondevicesusedinthefollowingparagraph.

Transitionsarethegluethatholdsaparagraphtogether.Thesedevicesleadthereaderfromsentencetosentence,smoothingoverthegapsbetweenbyindicatingtherelationshipbetweenthesentences.Ifthisglueismissing,theparagraphwillalmostinevitablysoundchoppyorchildish,evenifeverysentenceinitrespondstoasingletopiccommitment.However,transitionsarenotsubstitutesfortopicunity:likemostglue,theyaremosteffectivewhenjoiningsimilarobjects,or,inthiscase,similarideas.Forexample,inaparagraphdescribingachickenegg,notransitioncouldbridgethegapcreatedbytheinclusionofasentenceconcernedwithnavallossesintheCivilWar.Inotherwords,transitionscancallattentiontothetopicrelationshipsbetweensentences,buttheycannotcreatethoserelationships.PracticePleaseanalyzeandidentifytOtherCoherenceDevicesAnaphora(指代)CoherenceThroughRepetition

(重復(fù))Theydecidedtobeginagain:tobegin

hoping,tobegin

tryingtochange,tobegin

workingtowardagoal.DuringthoseyearswhenIwasjustlearningtospeak,mymotherandfatheraddressedmeonlyinSpanish;inSpanishIlearnedtoreply.OtherCoherenceDevicesAnaphorReadtheparagraphbelowcarefully,andthenwriteanappropriateconnectorineachblank.

TheunfriendlyappearanceoftheofficecausedmetobealmostasfrightenedasdidthefactthatIwasbeingcalledbeforeacollegeofficialtoexplainmybehavior._______wasthedean'sdesk.Veryneatlyarrangedstacksofpaperscoveredtheentiretop._______wasawindowthroughwhichthesunshonebrightly.Asthedeanmadenomovetoclosetheblind,Ihadtochoosebetweenstaringguiltilyatthespotlessfloororbeingblindedbythemercilesslight.________stoodseveralneatlyarrangedanddustedfilingcabinetsprobablyfilledwithfoldersofstudentswhohadbeendisciplinedforunacceptablebehavior.Afterafewseconds,thedeaninvitedmetositinthepolishedchair________ofhisdesk.Fromthisuncomfortableposition,Itriedtoexplainmybehavior.NowthatIlookbackonthisexperience,Ifindthatnothingwasmorefrighteningaboutthesituationthantheofficeitself.ItThereThereinfrontActivityReadtheparagraphbelowcarefReadthefollowingparagraphscarefullyandanswerquestions.(1)Whatisthecontrollingidea?(2)Whatistheprimarymethodusedtoarrangedetails:timeorder,spatialorder,ororderofimportance?(3)Howmanydetailsarethereintheparagraph?PracticeReadthefollowingparagraphsInmy25yearsasasecretary,Ihavehadtomasterthreedifferentkindsofwritingmachines.Ibeganmycareeronthemanualtypewriter.Isoonlearnedtohandleitefficientlyandtypedbetweensixty-fiveandseventywordsperminute.Thentenyearslater,Ifoundmyselfbeingforcedtoadapttoanelectrictypewriter.Atfirst,IsworeIpreferredamanualbecauseIhadtroublerememberingnottohitthekeysashard.Also,ittookmeseveraldaystoquitreachingforacarriagereturn.Afterawhile,however,Iwouldnothaveconsideredreturningtoamanual.Recently,Iwaspersuadedtogiveupmyelectrictypewriterforawordprocessor.Alwaysresistanttochange,Icomplainedinthebeginningabouthavingtorememberthenewkeyboardandthecommands.Butafterusingthewordprocessorforlessthansixmonths,Idon'tbelieveIwouldconsiderreturningtotheageoftheelectrictypewriter.

Inmy25yearsasasecr2.4

SentenceVarietyVariedsentencestructuresVariedsentencebeginningsParallelstructureVarieddiction2.4SentenceVarietyVariedseVariedsentencestructures長(zhǎng)短句交替Writingisaskill.Writingisaskilllikedriving,typing,orcooking.Likeanyskill,itcanbelearned—ifyoudecidethatyouaregoingtolearnandthenreallyworkatit.Thisbookwillgiveyoutheextensivepracticeneededtodevelopyourwritingskills.Variedsentencestructures長(zhǎng)短句VariedSentencebeginningsProudandrelieved,theywatchedtheirdaughterreceiveherdiploma.Hungrily,theboydevouredhislunch.Famousforhavingdiscoveredpenicillin,AlexanderFleminwasaBritishscientist.VariedSentencebeginningsProuParallelstructureWiththisfaithwewillbeabletoworktogether,topraytogether,tostruggletogether,togotojailtogether,tostandupforfreedomtogether,knowingthatwewillbefreeoneday.-----MartinLutherKing“Ihaveadream”…shallhaveanewbirthoffreedom—andthatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople,shallnotperishfromtheearth.----AbrahamLincolnParallelstructureWiththisfaAppreciatethevariedsentencelengthinthefollowingparagraph.(1)Thelifeofastudentishard.(2)Itishardbecausethereistoomuchworkandnotenoughtime.(3)Manypeople,however,thinkjusttheoppositeistrue.(4)Theythinkstudentsspendmostoftheirtimeprotesting,carousing,andgettingintoallsortsoftrouble.(5)Imustadmitthatthesepeoplearenotentirelymistaken,fortherearestudentswhocometouniversitysolelytohaveagoodtime.(6)ButIhardlythinkthischaracterizesmoststudents.(7)Itcertainlydoesn'tcharacterizethosewhotaketheirstudiesseriously.(8)Itdoesn'tcharacterizeme.Appreciatethevariedsentence盡管太多的短句看上去不連貫，但短句在長(zhǎng)句之后可以起到強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。在這段文字中，最短的句子第1、6、和8句都是很強(qiáng)調(diào)的句子。第6句特別強(qiáng)，因?yàn)樗c第5句對(duì)照，這一句用最長(zhǎng)的句子進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)。盡管太多的短句看上去不連貫，但短句在長(zhǎng)句之后可以起到強(qiáng)調(diào)作用VariedSentencesAppreciatethevariedsentencestructuresinthefollowingpassages.Thewayfootballandbasketballareplayedisasinterestingastheplayers.Becausefootballisagameofprecision,eachplayisdiagrammedtoaccomplishacertaingoal.Basketball,however,isagameofendurance.Infact,abasketballgamelookslikeatrackmeet;theteamthatdropsofexhaustionfirstloses.Basketballplayersareoftencomparedtoartists,theirmovesandslamdunksaretheirmasterpieces.

此處運(yùn)用了名詞、轉(zhuǎn)承詞語(yǔ)以及從句開(kāi)頭的句子，靈活多樣。VariedSentencesAppreciatetheBecausewritingisaskill,itmakessensethatthemoreyoupracticewriting,thebetteryouwillwrite.Oneexcellentwaytogetpracticeinwriting,evenbeforeyoubegincomposingessays,istokeepadailyoralmostdailyjournal.Writinginajournalwillhelpyoudevelopthehabitofthinkingonpaperandwillshowyouhowideascanbediscoveredintheprocessofwriting.Ajournalcanmakewritingafamiliarpartofyourlifeandcanserveasacontinuingsourceofideasforpapers.此段中，句式的變化多樣，句子開(kāi)頭的多樣化形式以及句子間轉(zhuǎn)承詞語(yǔ)的恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用構(gòu)成了語(yǔ)言?xún)?yōu)美的段落，明快流暢。BecausewritingisaskillAndso，myfellowAmericans:asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou;askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.Myfellowcitizensoftheworld:asknotwhatAmericanwilldoforyou,butwhattogetherwecandoforthefreedomofman.這是美國(guó)第35任總統(tǒng)約翰﹒肯尼迪就職演說(shuō)中著名的兩句話。Andso，myfellowAmericans:asLethistorysayofus:Thereweregoldenyears---whentheAmericanRevolutionwasreborn,whenfreedomgainednewlife,whenAmericareachedforherbest.

這句話節(jié)錄自美國(guó)第四十任總統(tǒng)羅納德﹒里根總統(tǒng)連任就職發(fā)表的演說(shuō)。

Lethistorysayofus:Therew

請(qǐng)看十七世紀(jì)英國(guó)大哲學(xué)家，英國(guó)文學(xué)史上著名的散文作家FrancisBacon在他的名篇OfStudies中的一些膾炙人口的名句。這些句子多由平行、排比和對(duì)仗結(jié)構(gòu)組成，讀起來(lái)抑揚(yáng)頓挫、朗朗上口，多年來(lái)為人們所傳誦。其文學(xué)、語(yǔ)言和思想價(jià)值經(jīng)久不衰。請(qǐng)看十七世紀(jì)英國(guó)大哲學(xué)家，英國(guó)文學(xué)史上著名的散文作家FraReadingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit;andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot.英國(guó)大哲學(xué)家、著名的散文作家FrancisBacon在他的名篇OfStudies中的一些膾炙人口的名句。Readingmakethafullman;conToeverythingthereisaseason,andatimetoeverypurposeundertheheaven:Atimetobeborn,andatimetodie;Atimetoplant,andatimetopluckupthatwhichisplanted;Atimetobreakdown,andatimetobuildup;Atimetoweep,andatimetolaugh;Atimetomourn,andatimetodance;Atimetokeep,andatimetocastaway;Atimetokeepsilence,andatimetospeak;Atimetolove,andatimetohate;Atimeforwar,andatimeforpeace.這是從圣經(jīng)中摘錄的一段文字。語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練、明快，運(yùn)用了對(duì)比和平行結(jié)構(gòu)，讀起來(lái)富有韻律和節(jié)奏感。Toeverythingthereisaseas優(yōu)秀英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作--段落結(jié)構(gòu)課件paragraphwriting

paragraphwriting

EnglishParagraphWriting2.1ParagraphStructure2.2ParagraphUnity2.3ParagraphCoherence2.4SentenceVarietyEnglishParagraphWriting2.1P段落是構(gòu)成文章的一組句子。段落必須表達(dá)完整的意思：或描寫(xiě)事物（describesomething），或爭(zhēng)論某事（argueaboutsomething），或?qū)δ呈绿岢鲆蓡?wèn)（questionsomething），或要求什么（demandsomething），或給事物下定義（definesomething），或駁斥某觀點(diǎn)（rejectsomething）。段落是構(gòu)成文章的一組句子。段落必須表達(dá)完整的意思：或描寫(xiě)事物2.1ParagraphStructureOneEnglishparagraphusuallyincludesthefollowingthreeparts:(1)TopicSentenceSupporting/DevelopingSentences(3)ConcludingSentence2.1ParagraphStructureOneEnParagraphStructureModelTopicSentenceSupportingSentence1SupportingSentence2SupportingSentence3SupportingSentence4ConcludingSentenceParagraphStructureModelTopicSampleWeallknowthatcigarettesmokingisadangeroushabitbecauseitcauseshealthproblems．Doctorssayitcanbeadirectcauseofcancerofthelungsandthroatandcanalsocontributetocancerofotherorgans．Inaddition，itcanbringaboutotherhealthproblemssuchasheartandlungdiseases．Itisclearlyidentifiedasoneofthechiefcausesofdeathinoursociety．TSDSCSSampleWeallknowthatcigare(1)HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentenceThreeessentialpoints:主題句必須是一個(gè)完整的句子由主題詞和主題思想的表述兩部分構(gòu)成只是一種概括性的陳述而不提供具體的細(xì)節(jié)作者的首要任務(wù)是讓讀者知道所寫(xiě)段落要談的是什么，這就是每段的主題句的作用。因此主題句應(yīng)該闡明段落的主要思想，所有支持主題句的細(xì)節(jié)和描述都與這一主要思想有關(guān)。(1)HowtoWriteaGoodTopic主題句的三種形式

1）肯定句（AffirmativeSentence）

Example：Theneedforwildlifeprotectionisgreaternowthaneverbefore．

2）反詰句（RhetoricalSentence）

Example：Howdoyouthinkpeoplewillsolvetheproblemofwildlifeprotection？

3）不完整句（Fragments）

Example：Andtheworkingman？

初學(xué)者最好使用肯定句作為主題句。主題句的三種形式

1）肯定句（AffirmativeSWhichisagoodtopicsentence?Americanfoodisterrible.AmericanfoodistastelessandgreasybecauseAmericansusetoomanycanned,frozen,andprepackagedfoodsandbecauseeverythingisfriedinoilorbutter.Americanfoodistastelessandgreasy.Whichisagoodtopicsentence主題句的位置

主題句出現(xiàn)的位置有以下四種情況：

1）段首（Atthebeginning）

主題句經(jīng)常居于段首，以便讀者瀏覽主題句就可掌握文章的概要。這個(gè)位置適用于寫(xiě)提供信息或解釋觀點(diǎn)的段落。

2）段末（Attheend）

用推理方法展開(kāi)段落時(shí)，主題句往往位于句末。

3）段中（Inthemiddle）

有時(shí)為了使段落多樣化，主題句也可以居于段中。

4）隱含（Implied）

有時(shí)候，尤其在寫(xiě)敘述性或描寫(xiě)性段落時(shí)，當(dāng)所有的細(xì)節(jié)都圍繞著一個(gè)顯而易見(jiàn)的主題時(shí)可以不用主題句。主題句的位置

主題句出現(xiàn)的位置有以下四種情況：Whereisthetopicsentence?TheAmericansandtheBritishnotonlyspeakthesamelanguagebutalsosharealargenumberofsocialcustoms．Forexample，inbothAmericaandEngland，peopleshakehandswhentheymeeteachotherforthefirsttime．Also，mostEnglishmenwillopenadoorforawomanoroffertheirseattoawoman，andsowillmostAmericans．PromptnessisimportantbothinEnglandandinAmerica．Thatis，ifadinnerinvitationisfor7o’clock，thedinnerguesteitherarrivesclosetothattimeorcallsuptoexplainhisdelay．Whereisthetopicsentence?ThPractice:Identifywhichisthetopicsentence:Systolic(收縮的)pressurebetween140and160indicatesborderlinehypertension.Intheusualbloodpressurereading,thesystolicmeasurementisgivenfirstandisthehigherofthetwo.Systolicpressureistakenwhentheheartiscontractingtopumpblood;diastolic(舒張的)

pressureistakenwhentheheartisrestingbetweenbeats.Bloodpressuremeasurementhastwocomponents:systolicanddiastolic.Normalbloodpressureisasystolicmeasurementof140,andwhenthesystolicpressureis160orhigher,thenhypertensionexists.Practice:IdentifywhichistExercise1-1

Directions：Readthefollowingparagraphsandfindoutthetopicsentence，thesupportingdetailsandtheconcludingsentence，ifthereisone．Exercise1-1

Directions：ReadTheneedforwildlifeprotectionisgreaternowthaneverbefore．Aboutathousandspeciesofanimalsareindangerofextinction,，andtherateatwhichtheyarebeingdestroyedhasincreased．Withmammals，forinstance，therateofextinctionisnowaboutonespecieseveryyear；fromA．D．1to1800，theratewasaboutonespecieseveryfiftyyears．Everywhere，menaretryingosolvetheproblemofpreservingwildlifewhilecaringatthesametimefortheworld’sgrowingpopulation．Theneedforwildlifeprotecti關(guān)于寫(xiě)主題句的建議

1）要寫(xiě)合乎語(yǔ)法的句子1：TwocausesoftheAmericanCivilWar．

這個(gè)句子是個(gè)不完整的句子，不合乎語(yǔ)法，因此不能用作主題句2：ThereweretwocausesthatledtotheAmericanCivilWar．

重寫(xiě)后的句子合乎語(yǔ)法，是個(gè)較好的主題句。關(guān)于寫(xiě)主題句的建議

1）要寫(xiě)合乎語(yǔ)法的句子

2）要使用限寫(xiě)詞限定主題

為了正確表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)，好的主題句經(jīng)常使用關(guān)鍵詞或詞組，即限制詞（controllers）限制這一觀點(diǎn)。Airtravelismoreconvenientthantrainforatleastthreereasons．

上例主題句我們得知作者將要寫(xiě)“airtravel”（topic），他將要把“train”（aspect）和“airtravel”作比較，并且陳述“reasons”。由此可見(jiàn)，作者在“aspect”（方面）和“reason”（原因）兩方面限制他的主題。

2）要使用限寫(xiě)詞限定主題

3）要注意主題的可寫(xiě)性

所定的主題不能太籠統(tǒng)，也不能太具體。

Example6：Letmetellyousomethingaboutoverpopulation．

這個(gè)句子太籠統(tǒng)，作為一個(gè)段落的主題太大，難于駕馭。

Example7：Whyhastheworldpopulationbeenincreasingsorapidlyinthelastdecades？

這個(gè)句子是個(gè)較好的主題句，作者用“thereasonsforoverpopulationinthelastdecades”，從“原因”（cause）和“時(shí)間”（time）兩方面限制了主題，能在一個(gè)段落內(nèi)論述。

3）要注意主題的可寫(xiě)性Supporting/developingsentencesarethekeywordsorgroupofwordsthattellwhatthefocuswillbeindevelopingparagraph.Concretesupport(2)Supporting/DevelopingSentencesSupporting/developingsentenMyroommatePaulpossessesthecharacteristicsofgoodstudent.Oneofhischaracteristicsisalwaysbeingpreparedforclasses.Forexample,whenhisphilosophyprofessorassignsaclassdiscussionontheideasofKant,hegoestothelibraryanddoesextensiveresearchonthesubject.Inaddition,whenhisEnglishinstructorassignsanout-of-classessay,hebringstoclassthefinalcopyofanessaythathehasrevisedseveraltimes.MyroommatePaulpossessesthe