(國際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易英文版課件)Chapter7Internationaltradeterm

Chapter7

InternationalTradeTermsChapter7

InternationalTrade1LearningObjectives1.Tounderstandtheroleoftradeterms;2.Tounderstandthe6commonlyusedtradeterms;3.Tolearntheother7tradeterms.LearningObjectives1.Tounder2§1.TradeTermsandInternationalRulesandPracticesRelatingtoTradeTerms§1.TradeTermsandInternati3

Tradeterms,alsoknownaspricetermsordeliveryterms,arestandardizedtermsusedinsalescontractsthatdescribetheplaceandmannerforthetransferofgoodsfromthesellertothebuyer.貿(mào)易術(shù)語（tradeterms）,又稱價(jià)格術(shù)語,交貨條件，是一些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的英文縮寫，它們對買賣雙方在交易過程中有關(guān)手續(xù)、責(zé)任、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及費(fèi)用的劃分作出了明確的規(guī)定。DefinitionoftradetermsTradeterms,alsoknownaspr4ComponentsofTradeTermsE.g.“US$100perdozenFOBNewYork”US$

100

perdozen

FOBNewYork

↓↓↓↓CurrencypriceperunitmeasurementunittradetermsComponentsofTradeTermsE.g.5Whyaretradetermsnecessary?Therearedifferenttradingpracticeindifferentcountries;Therearevariousrisksandcostsinvolvedinaninternationaltrade;Ifthesellersandbuyersininternationalcontractswanttheirdealstobesuccessfullycompleted,theyhavetomakecleartoeachothertheirrespectiveobligationsandfindthefullexpressionofthoseinthetradeterms.Inordertoavoid,oratleastreducetheuncertaintiesofdifferentinterpretationsofsuchtermsindifferentcountries,commonrulesshouldbesetup.Whyaretradetermsnecessary?6Internationalrules&practicesontradetermsInternationalrules&practice71.Warsaw-OxfordRules1932(W.O.Rules,1932)--ThisrulewasdraftedbytheAssociationofInternationalLawin1932.Itcontains21clauses,whichonlystipulatethenatureofCIFcontract,andthecharges,risksandobligationswhichshouldbebornebythesellerorthebuyer.該規(guī)則是由國際法協(xié)會(huì)于1928年在波蘭的華沙開會(huì)制定的，1932年在英國的牛津作了修訂。它是專門為解釋CIF貿(mào)易術(shù)語而制訂的，對CIF買賣合同的性質(zhì)作了說明，并具體規(guī)定了在CIF合同中買賣雙方所承擔(dān)的費(fèi)用、責(zé)任和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

1.Warsaw-OxfordRules1932(W82.RevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions19411919年美國的九個(gè)商業(yè)團(tuán)體制訂了《美國出口報(bào)價(jià)及其縮寫條例》（TheU.S.ExportQuotationsandAbbreviations);1941年對它進(jìn)行了修訂，改稱為《1941年美國對外貿(mào)易定義修正本》。該修正本在美國及美洲一些國家有較大的影響。Itcontains6tradeterms:2.RevisedAmericanForeignT9(1)EX(pointoforigin)—產(chǎn)地交貨，suchasEXFactory,EXMill,EXMine,etc.(2)FOB－FreeOnBoard–運(yùn)輸工具上交貨.Itcontains6terms.ThefifthFOBisFOBvessel(namedportofshipment).

(3)FAS–FreeAlongSide(namedportofshipment)－運(yùn)輸工具旁交貨;(4)C&F–CostandFreight(namedpointofdestination);(5)CIF–Cost,InsuranceandFreight(namedpointofdestination);(6)EXDOCK（namedportofimportation）－目的港碼頭交貨.2.RevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1941(1)EX(pointoforigin)—產(chǎn)地交10該修正本共對六種貿(mào)易術(shù)語作了解釋，其中FOB術(shù)語又分為六種情況。第一至第四種均屬于在內(nèi)陸某一指定地點(diǎn)交貨價(jià);第五種為裝運(yùn)港船上交貨價(jià);第六種為在進(jìn)口國內(nèi)陸某一指定地點(diǎn)交貨價(jià)。美國BOARD可指任意的板（卡車、火車、輪船等運(yùn)載工具的板）。2.RevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1941－－FOB該修正本共對六種貿(mào)易術(shù)語作了解釋，其中FOB術(shù)語又分為六種113.TheINCOTERMSInordertoavoid,oratleastreducetoaconsiderabledegree,theuncertaintiesofdifferentinterpretationsoftermsindifferentcountries,theICCfirstpublishedasetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationofthemostcommonlyusedtradetermsinforeigntrade.–Theseruleswereknownas“Incoterms1936”.Amendmentsandadditionswerelatermadein1953,1967,1976,1980,1990andpresently2000inordertobringtherulesinlinewithcurrentinternationaltradepractices.3.TheINCOTERMSInordertoav12LINK…ICCTheICC(InternationalChamberofCommerce國際商會(huì))wasfoundedin1919withanoverridingaimthatremainsunchanged:toserveworldbusinessbypromotingtradeandinvestment,openmarketsforgoodsandservices,andthefreeflowofcapital.Theorganization'sinternationalsecretariatwasestablishedinParis.ChinabecamememberofICCin1994,andtheaffiliateofInternationalChamberofCommerceinChina(國際商會(huì)中國國家委員會(huì))wasestablishedin1995.LINK…ICCTheICC(International13OrganizationofINCOTERMS(1)the“E”term:theonlytermwheretheexportermakesthegoodsavailableathis/herownpremisestotheimporter.(2)the“F”term:termswheretheexporterisresponsibletodeliverthegoodstoacarriernamedbytheimporter–“shipmentcontract”(3)the“C”term:termswheretheexporterisresponsibleforcontractingandpayingforcarriageofthegoods,butnotresponsibleforadditionalcostsorriskoflossordamagestothegoodsoncetheyhavebeenshipped.--“shipmentcontract”(4)the“D”term:termswheretheexporterisresponsibleforallcostsandrisksassociatedwithbringingthegoodstotheplaceofdestination.–“arrivalcontract”O(jiān)rganizationofINCOTERMS(1)t14Note–theuseofIncotermsINCOTERMSarenotlaws

partieswhoadopttheINCOTERMSshouldmakesuretheyexpresstheirdesireclearly.E.g.acontractmightreferto“FOB(INCOTERMS2000)”.Partiesshouldbewaryaboutmakingadditionsorvaryingthemeaningofanyparticularterm,excepttotheextentthatitisallowedbytherulestheyadoptorbyjudicialdecision.Note–theuseofIncotermsINC15Note–thescopeofIncotermsThescopeofIncotermsislimitedtomattersrelatingtotherightsandobligationsofthepartiestothecontractofsalewithrespecttothedeliveryofgoodssold(inthesenseof“tangible”,notincluding“intangibles”suchassoftware).《通則》涵蓋的范圍僅限于銷售合同當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利義務(wù)中與已售貨物（特指“有形貨物”，不包括“無形貨物”如電腦軟件）交貨有關(guān)的事項(xiàng)。Whileininternationaltrade,notonlythecontractofsaleisrequired,butalsocontractsofcarriage,insuranceandfinancing,Incotermsrelatedtoonlyoneofthesecontracts,namelythecontractofsale.Note–thescopeofIncotermsT16§2.FOB

FREEONBOARD

(...namedportofshipment)

§2.FOB

FREEONBOARD

(...17Introduction“FreeonBoard"meansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodspasstheship'srailatthenamedportofshipment.Thismeansthatthebuyerhastobearallcostsandrisksoflossofordamagetothegoodsfromthatpoint.TheFOBtermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.Thistermcanbeusedonlyforseaorinlandwaterwaytransport.Ifthepartiesdonotintendtodeliverthegoodsacrosstheship'srail,thenFCAtermshouldbeused.Introduction“FreeonBoard"m18THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGATIONSUNDERFOB–goodsandpriceA1.Thesellermustprovidethegoodsandthecommercialinvoice,oritsequivalentelectronicmessage,inconformitywiththecontractofsaleandanyotherevidenceofconformitywhichmayberequiredbythecontract.B1.Thebuyermustpaythepriceasprovidedinthecontractofsale.

THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGAT19A2.Thesellermustobtainathisownriskandexpenseanyexportlicenseorotherofficialauthorizationandcarryoutallcustomsformalitiesnecessaryfortheexportofthegoods.B2.Thebuyermustobtainathisownriskandexpenseanyimportlicenseorotherofficialauthorizationandcarryout,allcustomsformalitiesfortheimportofthegoodsand,wherenecessary,fortheirtransitthroughanycountry.THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGATIONSUNDERFOB--Licenses,authorizationsandformalities

A2.Thesellermustobtainat20THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGATIONSUNDERFOB--Contractsofcarriageandinsurance

A3.Thesellerhasnoobligationsforcontractofcarriageandinsurance.B3.Thebuyermustcontractathisownexpenseforthecarriageofthegoodsfromthenamedportofshipment.THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGAT21THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGATIONSUNDERFOB–deliveryandtakingdeliveryA4.Thesellermustdeliverthegoodsonthedateorwithintheagreedperiodatthenamedportofshipmentandinthemannercustomaryattheportonboardthevesselnominatedbythebuyer.B4.ThebuyermusttakedeliveryofthegoodswhentheyhavebeendeliveredinaccordancewithA4.THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGAT22THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGATIONSUNDERFOB--Transferofrisks

A5.Thesellermustbearallrisksorlossofordamagetothegoodsuntilsuchtimeastheyhavepassedtheship’srailatthenamedportofshipment.B5.Thebuyermustbearallrisksorlossofordamagetothegoodsfromthetimetheyhavepassedtheship’srailatthenamedportofshipment.THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGAT23THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGATIONSUNDERFOB--Divisionof

costs

A6.Thesellermustpayallcostsrelatingtothegoodsuntilsuchtimeastheyhavepassedtheship’srailatthenamedportofshipment;andthecostsofcustomsformalitiesnecessaryforexportaswellasallduties,taxesandotherchargespayableuponexport.B6.Thebuyermustpayallcostsrelatingtothegoodsfromthetimetheyhavepassedtheship'srailatthenamedportofshipment;andallduties,taxesandotherchargesaswellasthecostsofcarryingoutcustomsformalitiespayableuponimportofthegoodsandfortheirtransitthroughanycountry.THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGAT24THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGATIONSUNDERFOB--noticeA7.Thesellermustgivethebuyersufficientnoticethatthegoodshavebeendelivered.B7.Thebuyermustgivethesellersufficientnoticeofthevesselname,loadingpointandrequireddeliverytime.THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGAT25THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGATIONSUNDERFOB--Proofofdelivery,transportdocumentA8.Thesellermustprovidethebuyerattheseller’sexpensewiththeusualproofofdelivery.Wherethesellerandthebuyerhaveagreedtocommunicateelectronically,thedocumentmaybereplacedbyanequivalentEDImessage.B8.ThebuyermustaccepttheproofofdeliveryinaccordancewithA8.THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGAT26THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGATIONSUNDERFOB–Checking,packaging,markingandinspectionA9.Thesellermustpaythecostsofthosecheckingoperations(suchascheckingquality,measuring,weighing,counting).Thesellermustprovideathisownexpensepackaging(unlessitisusualfortheparticulartradetoshipthegoodsofthecontractdescriptionunpacked)whichisrequiredforthetransportofthegoods,totheextentthatthecircumstancesrelatingtothetransportaremadeknowntothesellerbeforethecontractofsaleisconcluded.Packagingistobemarkedappropriately.B9.Thebuyermustpaythecostsofanypre-shipmentinspectionexceptwhensuchinspectionismandatedbytheauthoritiesofthecountryofexport.THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGAT27THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGATIONSUNDERFOB--OtherobligationsA10.Thesellermustrenderthebuyeratthelatter‘srequest,riskandexpense,everyassistanceinobtaininganydocumentsorequivalentelectronicmessageswhichthebuyermayrequirefortheimportofthegoodsand,wherenecessary,fortheirtransitthroughanycountry.Thesellermustprovidethebuyer,uponrequest,withthenecessaryinformationforprocuringinsurance.B10.ThebuyermustpayallcostsandchargesincurredinobtainingthedocumentsorequivalentelectronicmessagesmentionedinA10andreimbursethoseincurredbythesellerinrenderinghisassistanceinaccordancetherewith.THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGAT28NoticeforFOB1）Modesoftransportation.該術(shù)語僅適用于海運(yùn)或內(nèi)河運(yùn)輸?shù)人线\(yùn)輸方式。2）Divisionofrisks,costsandliabilities.風(fēng)險(xiǎn)劃分以“船舷為界”。但“船舷為界”僅僅用來表明雙方風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的劃分界限，而不涉及雙方的責(zé)任和費(fèi)用的劃分。一般而言，賣方要承擔(dān)裝船的主要費(fèi)用，但不包括理艙費(fèi)和平艙費(fèi)(

FOB的變形問題）。3）船貨銜接。按有關(guān)法律和相關(guān)慣例的規(guī)定，買方應(yīng)該及時(shí)給予賣方關(guān)于船名，裝船地點(diǎn)和要求交貨的時(shí)間的充分的通知。4）美國對FOB術(shù)語的特殊解釋。NoticeforFOB1）Modesoftran29FOB的變形--明確裝船費(fèi)用由誰承擔(dān)FOBLinerTerms（FOB班輪條件）：賣方不負(fù)擔(dān)裝船費(fèi)用；FOBUnderTackle（FOB吊鉤下交貨）：吊裝入艙及其他費(fèi)用由買方負(fù)責(zé)；FOBStowed（FOB理艙費(fèi)在內(nèi)）：賣方負(fù)責(zé)裝船入艙并承擔(dān)包括理艙費(fèi)在內(nèi)的裝船費(fèi)用——理艙費(fèi)指貨物入艙后進(jìn)行的安置和整理的費(fèi)用；FOBTrimmed(FOB平艙費(fèi)在內(nèi))：賣方負(fù)責(zé)裝船入艙并承擔(dān)包括平艙費(fèi)在內(nèi)的裝船費(fèi)用——平艙費(fèi)指對裝入船艙內(nèi)的散裝貨物平整所必需的費(fèi)用；FOBST（FOB理艙費(fèi)、平艙費(fèi)在內(nèi)）：賣方負(fù)責(zé)裝船入艙并承擔(dān)包括理艙費(fèi)和平艙費(fèi)在內(nèi)的裝船費(fèi)用。FOB的變形--明確裝船費(fèi)用由誰承擔(dān)FOBLinerT30CASESTUDY國內(nèi)某公司曾按每噸242美元FOBVesselNewYork條件與美商簽訂進(jìn)口200噸鋼材的合同.后我方公司如期開出金額為48400美元的信用證.但美商收到信用證后來函要求增加信用證金額至50000美元，不然有關(guān)出口捐稅及簽證費(fèi)用應(yīng)由我方另外電匯。問：美商的要求是否合理？CASESTUDY國內(nèi)某公司曾按每噸242美元FOBVe31INCOTERMS2000與《美國對外貿(mào)易定義修正本》中FOB的區(qū)別1.運(yùn)輸方式不同。2.出口手續(xù)及費(fèi)用不同。

INCOTERMS2000賣方負(fù)責(zé)辦理出口清關(guān)手續(xù)；《美國對外貿(mào)易定義修正本》賣方根據(jù)買方的請求，在買方負(fù)擔(dān)費(fèi)用的情況下，協(xié)助買方取得出口所需的證件，并由買方支付相關(guān)出口稅費(fèi)。3.交貨地點(diǎn)不同。

《美國對外貿(mào)易定義修正本》交通工具上交貨，僅第5種情況（FOBVessel)即船上交貨與INCOTERMS2000相同。4.風(fēng)險(xiǎn)劃分界限不同。

INCOTERMS2000以船舷為界；《美國對外貿(mào)易定義修正本》以船上為界，賣方必須承擔(dān)在指定裝運(yùn)港將貨物交到買方指定的輪船上的全部費(fèi)用，并承擔(dān)貨物損壞或滅失的一切責(zé)任，直至貨物已裝載于輪船上為止。INCOTERMS2000與《美國對外貿(mào)易定義修正本》中FO32CASESTUDY國內(nèi)某貿(mào)易公司以FOB條件進(jìn)口一批貨物。在目的港卸貨時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)有幾件貨物外包裝破裂，并且貨物有被水漬的痕跡。經(jīng)查證，貨物是在裝船時(shí)因吊鉤不牢掉在甲板上摔破的，因包裝破裂導(dǎo)致里面的貨物被水浸泡。該貿(mào)易公司能否以對方未完成交貨義務(wù)為由提出索賠？CASESTUDY國內(nèi)某貿(mào)易公司以FOB條件進(jìn)口一批貨物。33CASESTUDY買賣雙方簽訂FOB合同，賣方向買方出口一級大米300噸，裝船時(shí)貨物經(jīng)公證人檢驗(yàn)，符合合同規(guī)定的品質(zhì)條件。賣方于裝船后及時(shí)發(fā)出裝船通知。貨物運(yùn)輸中由于風(fēng)浪過大，大米被海水浸泡，品質(zhì)受到影響，當(dāng)貨物到達(dá)目的港后，只能按三級大米價(jià)格出售。買方要求賣方賠償差價(jià)損失。問賣方是否應(yīng)該負(fù)責(zé)？為什么？CASESTUDY買賣雙方簽訂FOB合同，賣方向買方出口34CASESTUDY我國某公司曾以FOB條件出口日本一批荔枝。合同規(guī)定：“3月15至25日裝運(yùn)”。盡管我方多次催促，直至3月31日，仍未見船只蹤影。于是我方轉(zhuǎn)售他國，并立即向日方提出撤銷合同并要求損害賠償。問我方的做法是否合理？為什么？CASESTUDY我國某公司曾以FOB條件出口日本一批荔枝35CFR

COSTANDFREIGHT

(...namedportofdestination)

CFR

COSTANDFREIGHT

(...na36Introduction“CostandFreightmeansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodspasstheship'srailintheportofshipment.ThesellermustpaythecostsandfreightnecessarytobringthegoodstothenamedportofdestinationBUTtheriskoflossofordamagetothegoods,aswellasanyadditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringafterthetimeofdelivery,weretransferredfromthesellertothebuyer.TheCFRtermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.Thistermcanheusedonlyforseaandinlandwaterwaytransport.Ifthepartiesdonotintendtodeliverthegoodsacrosstheship'srail,theCPTtermshouldbeused.Introduction“CostandFreight37THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGATIONSUNDERCFRDifferentwithFOB,undertheCFRterm,thesellerisresponsibleformakingarrangementoftheshipandmustpaythecostsandfreightnecessarytobringthegoodstothenamedportofdestination.Theseller：*提供貨物

*租船定艙*出口清關(guān)

*風(fēng)險(xiǎn)*單據(jù)

Thebuyer:*受領(lǐng)貨物*進(jìn)口清關(guān)*風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

*單據(jù)THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGAT38Notice(1)該術(shù)語僅適用于海運(yùn)或內(nèi)河運(yùn)輸?shù)人线\(yùn)輸方式。（2）關(guān)于兩個(gè)分界點(diǎn)的問題。按CFR成交，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)劃分以裝運(yùn)港船舷為界;費(fèi)用劃分方面，賣方支付從裝運(yùn)港至目的港的正常運(yùn)費(fèi)，但途中發(fā)生意外事故而產(chǎn)生的額外費(fèi)用應(yīng)由買方負(fù)擔(dān)。(4)在實(shí)際業(yè)務(wù)中，應(yīng)盡量避免使用CFR進(jìn)口。若須按CFR成交，應(yīng)慎重考慮對方資信，并對船舶提出適當(dāng)要求，以免外商與船方勾結(jié)，或出具假提單，或租用不適航船舶，或偽造質(zhì)檢證書與產(chǎn)地證明書使我方蒙受損失。

（3）按CFR成交，賣方應(yīng)該在裝船之后，及時(shí)向買方發(fā)出通知，以便買方辦理保險(xiǎn)。如果因賣方未能及時(shí)發(fā)出裝船通知，而使買方漏保，那么，賣方不能以風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在船舷轉(zhuǎn)移為由免除責(zé)任。Notice(1)該術(shù)語僅適用于海運(yùn)或內(nèi)河運(yùn)輸?shù)人线\(yùn)輸39Exampleof

Shippingadvice“S/CC215L/C76434000DOZENSHIRTSSHIPPEDFENGCHING101SAILING26”合同號:S/C(SALESCONFIRMATION)NO.C215;信用證號:7643,船名:FENGCHING航次:101船期：26日開船ExampleofShippingadvice“S/40CFR的變形——明確卸貨費(fèi)用由誰承擔(dān)

CFRLinerTerms--CFR班輪條件：賣方負(fù)擔(dān)卸貨費(fèi)（照班輪做法）；CFRLanded--CFR卸到岸上：賣方承擔(dān)貨物卸到碼頭的各項(xiàng)費(fèi)用，包括駁船費(fèi)和碼頭捐稅；CFRExTackle--CFR吊鉤下交貨：賣方負(fù)責(zé)將貨物從船艙卸到輪船吊鉤可及之處的費(fèi)用。在輪船不能靠岸的情況下，駁船費(fèi)及貨物從駁船卸到岸上的費(fèi)用，概由買方負(fù)擔(dān)。CFRExShip‘sHold--CFR艙底交貨：貨物抵達(dá)目的港后，自船艙底起一切卸貨費(fèi)用由買方承擔(dān)。CFR的變形——明確卸貨費(fèi)用由誰承擔(dān)CFRLinerT41CASESTUDY我方按CFR價(jià)格條件與客戶簽約成交一批出口商品，合同規(guī)定保險(xiǎn)由買方自理。我方于10月1日凌晨2點(diǎn)裝船完畢，受載貨輪于當(dāng)日下午起航。因?yàn)?0月1日為我國法定國慶假日，2日又逢星期天，我方未能及時(shí)向買方發(fā)出裝船通知。3日上午收到買方急電稱：該輪船于2日下午4時(shí)遇難沉沒，貨物滅失。要求我方賠償全部損失。問：我方是否應(yīng)該承擔(dān)責(zé)任？CASESTUDY我方按CFR價(jià)格條件與客戶簽約成交一批42CASESTUDY某合同規(guī)定，A按CFR條件出售1000噸小麥給B。由于A是按散裝貨出售，A在裝運(yùn)的3000噸小麥中，有1000噸是屬于B的。待貨物運(yùn)到目的港后，再由船公司負(fù)責(zé)分發(fā)工作。該船在運(yùn)輸途中，由于海上風(fēng)險(xiǎn)使貨物損失1200噸，其余1800噸則安全抵達(dá)目的港。但賣方A宣稱出售給B的1000噸已在運(yùn)輸途中損失，他認(rèn)為按照CFR合同的解釋，A對此項(xiàng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不負(fù)責(zé)任。但B對上述解釋不同意，并堅(jiān)持要求A交貨。試問在上述情況下，究竟誰是誰非？為什么？CASESTUDY某合同規(guī)定，A按CFR條件出售10043ANALYSIS按照CFR規(guī)定，如果貨物已經(jīng)按照合同規(guī)定裝船，在貨物越過船舷之后，貨物發(fā)生的一切損失和額外費(fèi)用應(yīng)由買方負(fù)擔(dān)。但I(xiàn)NCOTERMS2000同時(shí)規(guī)定：“以貨物已清楚地分開，或確定為供應(yīng)本合同之用者為限。”本案例中，A賣給B的1000噸小麥與賣給別人的混在了一起，無法確定運(yùn)輸途中損失的小麥?zhǔn)欠駥儆贐。因此，賣方不能推卸責(zé)任。ANALYSIS按照CFR規(guī)定，如果貨物已經(jīng)按照合同規(guī)定裝船44CIF

COST,INSURANCEANDFREIGHT

(...namedportofdestination)

CIF

COST,INSURANCEANDFREIG45Introduction“Cost,InsuranceandFreight"meansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodspass

theship'srailintheportofshipment.ThesellermustpaythecostsandfreightnecessarytobringthegoodstothenamedportofdestinationBUTtheriskoflossofordamagetothegoods,aswellasanyadditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringafterthetimeofdelivery,aretransferredfromthesellertothebuyer.However,inCIFtheselleralsohastoprocuremarineinsuranceagainstthebuyer'sriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.(tobecontinued…)Introduction“Cost,Insurancea46Consequently,thesellercontractsforinsuranceandpaystheinsurancepremium.ThebuyershouldnotethatundertheCIFtermthesellerisrequiredtoobligationinsuranceonlyonminimumcover.Shouldthebuyerwishtohavetheprotectionofgreatercover,hewouldeitherneedtoagreeassuchexpresslywiththesellerortomakehisownextrainsurancearrangements.TheCIFtermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.Thistermcanbeusedonlyforseaandinlandwaterwaytransport.Ifthepartiesdonotintendtodeliverthegoodsacrosstheship'srail,theCIPtermshouldbeused.Consequently,thesellercontr47THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGATIONSUNDERCIFTheseller：*提供貨物

*租船定艙*運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)*出口清關(guān)

*風(fēng)險(xiǎn)*單據(jù)

Thebuyer:*受領(lǐng)貨物*進(jìn)口清關(guān)

*風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

*單據(jù)CIFisthesameasCFRexceptthatthesellerisresponsibleforeffectinginsurance,payingthepremium.THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGAT48CIFisoneofthemostimportantandcommonlyusedshippingtermCIFispreferredbybuyersbecause:(1)theyhavelittletodowiththegoodsuntilthegoodsarriveataportofdestinationintheircountry;(2)theycancomparethepricesfromsuppliersaroundtheworldwithouthavingtotakeintoconsiderationdifferingfreightrates.CIFispreferredbysellersbecause:(1)theymaybeunderpressurefromtheirgovernmentstousedomesticcarriersandinsurers.(2)theprocedureofsingingcontractsofsales,shipment,andinsuranceareundertheircontrol.CIFisoneofthemostimporta49Notice–aboutrisksandinsurance在CIF條件下，賣方必須訂立保險(xiǎn)合同并支付保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)。但賣方的投保具有代辦性質(zhì)，貨物在運(yùn)輸途中的滅失或損壞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)由買方負(fù)擔(dān)。如果發(fā)生意外，買方憑保單直接向保險(xiǎn)公司索賠，能否得到賠償賣方概不負(fù)責(zé)。CIF術(shù)語只要求賣方投保最低限度的保險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)別。按一般國際慣例，除非合同另有約定，賣方應(yīng)以CIF貨價(jià)加成10%，并以合同貨幣投保。如買方需要更高的保險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)別，則需要與賣方明確地達(dá)成協(xié)議，或者自行作出額外的保險(xiǎn)安排。Notice–aboutrisksandinsur50Notice–CIF不是“到岸價(jià)”由于CIF術(shù)語后所注明的是目的港，在我國曾被譯為“到岸價(jià)”，CIF合同的法律性質(zhì)，常被誤解為“到貨合同”（arrivalcontract)。實(shí)際上，根據(jù)《INCOTERMS2000》，CIF的交貨點(diǎn)/風(fēng)險(xiǎn)點(diǎn)與FOB完全相同。在CIF術(shù)語下，當(dāng)貨物在裝運(yùn)港越過船舷時(shí)賣方即完成交貨。因此，與FOB相同，采用CIF訂立的合同屬“裝運(yùn)合同”（shipmentcontract)，此類合同的賣方在按合同規(guī)定在裝運(yùn)地將貨物交付裝運(yùn)后，對貨物可能發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不再承擔(dān)責(zé)任。Notice–CIF不是“到岸價(jià)”由于CIF術(shù)語后所注51Notice–單據(jù)買賣（象征性交貨Symbolicdelivery）在CIF合同下，賣方提交單據(jù)，可推定為交付貨物，即所謂象征性交貨（Symbolicdelivery）。買方憑符合合同規(guī)定的單據(jù)支付價(jià)款。即使在賣方提交單據(jù)時(shí)，貨物已經(jīng)滅失或損壞，買方仍必須憑單付款。但買方可憑提單向船方，或憑保險(xiǎn)單向保險(xiǎn)公司要求賠償。如果在采用CIF術(shù)語訂立合同時(shí)，賣方被要求保證貨物到達(dá)，或以何時(shí)到貨作為收取價(jià)款的條件，則該合同將成為有名無實(shí)的CIF合同。Notice–單據(jù)買賣（象征性交貨Symbolic52CASESTUDY某出口公司按CIF倫敦向英商出售一批核桃仁，由于該商品季節(jié)性較強(qiáng)，雙方在合同中規(guī)定：買方須于9月底前將信用證開到，賣方保證運(yùn)貨輪船不遲于12月2日駛抵目的港。如貨輪遲于12月2日抵達(dá)目的港，買方有權(quán)取消合同，如貨款已收，賣方必須將貨款退還買方。問：這一份合同是否合理？為什么？CASESTUDY某出口公司按CIF倫敦向英商出售一批核桃53ANALYSIS這一合同的性質(zhì)不再屬于CIF合同。因?yàn)楹贤瑮l款內(nèi)容與CIF本身的解釋相抵觸。（1）合同在CIF條件下規(guī)定了“到貨日期”，這與CIF術(shù)語所賦予的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)界限劃分的本意相悖。按CIF，貨物越過船舷后的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均由買方負(fù)責(zé)。如果限定到貨日期，相當(dāng)于賣方承擔(dān)貨越船舷后的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。（2）CIF是“象征性交貨”，只要賣方提供齊全、正確的貨運(yùn)單據(jù)，買方不能拒收單據(jù)，拒付貨款。而該合同規(guī)定：如貨運(yùn)船只不能如期到達(dá)，買方將收回貨款，實(shí)際上成了貨到付款。因此該合同名義上是按CIF成交，實(shí)質(zhì)上并不是CIF合同性質(zhì)。ANALYSIS這一合同的性質(zhì)不再屬于CIF合同。因?yàn)楹贤瑮l54CASESTUDY有一份CIF合同，貨物完全按照合同規(guī)定時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)裝船，但受載船只離港四小時(shí)后即觸礁沉沒。第二天，當(dāng)賣方憑手中持有的提單、保單、發(fā)票等裝運(yùn)單據(jù)要求買方付款時(shí)，買方以貨物全部損失為由，拒絕付款贖單。試問在上述情況下，賣方有無權(quán)力憑規(guī)定的單據(jù)要求買方付款？為什么？CASESTUDY有一份CIF合同，貨物完全按照合同規(guī)定時(shí)55CASESTUDY2003年1月份我國某進(jìn)口商與東南亞某國以CIF條件簽訂合同進(jìn)口香米.由于考慮到海上運(yùn)輸距離較近，且運(yùn)輸時(shí)間段海上一般風(fēng)平浪靜，于是賣方在沒有辦理海上貨運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)的情況下將貨物運(yùn)至我國某一目的港口.適逢國內(nèi)香米價(jià)格下跌，我國進(jìn)口商便以出口方?jīng)]有辦理貨運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)，賣方提交的單據(jù)不全為由，拒收貨物和拒付貨款。請問我方的做法是否合理，此案應(yīng)如何處理？CASESTUDY2003年1月份我國某進(jìn)口商與東南亞某國56[案例分析]

我方的要求是合理的。盡管我方的動(dòng)機(jī)是由于市場行情發(fā)生了對其不利的變化，但是由于是CIF貿(mào)易方式，要求賣方憑借合格完全的單證完成交貨義務(wù)。本案中賣方?jīng)]有辦理貨運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)，提交的單據(jù)少了保險(xiǎn)單，即使貨物安全到達(dá)目的港，也不能認(rèn)為其完成了交貨義務(wù)。[案例分析]

57CIF的變形——明確卸貨費(fèi)用由誰承擔(dān)CIFLinerTerms（CIF班輪條件）：卸貨費(fèi)用由支付運(yùn)費(fèi)的一方（即賣方）負(fù)擔(dān)；CIFExShip‘sHold(CIF艙底交貨)：買方負(fù)擔(dān)將貨物從艙底起吊卸到碼頭的費(fèi)用；CIFExTackle(CIF吊鉤交貨）：賣方負(fù)責(zé)將貨物從船艙卸到輪船吊鉤可及之處的費(fèi)用。在輪船不能靠岸的情況下，駁船費(fèi)及貨物從駁船卸到岸上的費(fèi)用，概由買方負(fù)擔(dān)。CIFLanded（CIF卸到岸上）：賣方承擔(dān)貨物卸到碼頭的各項(xiàng)費(fèi)用，包括駁船費(fèi)和碼頭捐稅.CIF的變形——明確卸貨費(fèi)用由誰承擔(dān)CIFLinerT58FOB、CFR、CIF的比較1、Commonpoints∶(1)都僅適用于海運(yùn)及內(nèi)河水運(yùn)；(2)交貨地點(diǎn)皆為裝運(yùn)港船上交貨；(3)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的劃分皆以裝運(yùn)港船舷為界；(4)都規(guī)定由賣方①提供貨物及商業(yè)發(fā)票；②將貨物交至船上并及時(shí)通知買方；③辦理出口手續(xù)；(5)都規(guī)定由買方①接收貨物、支付貨款；②辦理進(jìn)口手續(xù)。FOB、CFR、CIF的比較1、Commonpoints∶59FOB、CFR、CIF的比較2、Differences∶(1)辦理運(yùn)輸?shù)呢?zé)任的規(guī)定不同，CIF和CFR下由賣方辦理運(yùn)輸，F(xiàn)OB下由買方辦理；(2)辦理保險(xiǎn)的責(zé)任不同，CIF下由賣方辦理保險(xiǎn)，F(xiàn)OB和CFR下由買方辦理保險(xiǎn)；(3)術(shù)語后的地點(diǎn)不同；(4)各術(shù)語的價(jià)格構(gòu)成不同，CFR價(jià)等于FOB價(jià)加上運(yùn)費(fèi)，CIF價(jià)等于CFR價(jià)加上保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)。FOB、CFR、CIF的比較2、Differences∶60不同貿(mào)易術(shù)語下價(jià)格換算FOB＝總成本（

生產(chǎn)成本＋國內(nèi)費(fèi)用＋預(yù)期利潤）CFR＝FOB＋FCIF＝FOB＋F＋I(xiàn)FOB價(jià)換算成其他價(jià)CFR＝FOB＋FCIF＝（FOB＋F）/（1－保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率×投保加成）CFR價(jià)換算成其他價(jià)FOB＝CFR－FCIF＝CFR/（1－投保加成×保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率）CIF價(jià)換算成其他價(jià)FOB＝CIF×（1－投保加成×保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率）－FCFR＝CIF×（1－投保加成×保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率）不同貿(mào)易術(shù)語下價(jià)格換算FOB＝總成本（生產(chǎn)成本＋國內(nèi)費(fèi)61EXAMPLE原報(bào)價(jià)每箱450美元FOB天津新港,后國外要求改報(bào)CIF漢堡價(jià),每箱運(yùn)費(fèi)50美元，保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率0.8%.CIF漢堡價(jià)＝？CIF＝（FOB＋F）/（1－保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率×投保加成）CIF=(450+50)/(1-110%×0.8%)=504.4美元EXAMPLE原報(bào)價(jià)每箱450美元FOB天津新港,后國外要求62FCA

FREECARRIER

(...namedplace)

FCA

FREECARRIER

(...name63INTRODUCTION"FreeCarrier"meansthatthesellerdeliversthegoods,clearedforexport,tothecarriernominatedbythebuyeratthenamedplace.Itshouldbenotedthatthechosenplaceofdeliveryhasanimpactontheobligationsofloadingandunloadingthegoodsatthatplace.Ifdeliveryoccursattheseller'spremises,thesellerisresponsibleforloading.Ifdeliveryoccursatanyotherplace,thesellerisnotresponsibleforunloading.Thistermmaybeusedirrespectiveofthemodeoftransport,includingmultimodaltransport."Carrier"meansanypersonwho,inacontractofcarriage,undertakestoperformortoprocuretheperformanceoftransportbyrail,road,air,sea,inlandwaterwayorbyacombinationofsuchmodes.Ifthebuyernominatesapersonotherthanacarriertoreceivethegoods,thesellerisdeemedtohavefulfilledhisobligationtodeliverthegoodswhentheydeliveredtothatperson.INTRODUCTION"FreeCarrier"mea64THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGATIONSUNDERFCAThesellers:*提供貨物*出口清關(guān)

*風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

*單據(jù)Thebuyers:*運(yùn)輸責(zé)任

*進(jìn)口清關(guān)*風(fēng)險(xiǎn)*單據(jù)THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGAT65NOTICE交貨地點(diǎn)對賣方裝卸貨義務(wù)的影響：--如果在賣方所在地交貨，賣方負(fù)責(zé)裝貨。即將貨物裝上買方派來的運(yùn)輸工具上。--如果在賣方所在地之外的其他地點(diǎn)交貨，賣方不負(fù)責(zé)卸貨。FCA適合任何運(yùn)輸方式，包括多式聯(lián)運(yùn)。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)劃分以貨物交給承運(yùn)人為界。NOTICE交貨地點(diǎn)對賣方裝卸貨義務(wù)的影響：66CASESTUDYA公司與B公司訂立FCA合同，購買500噸白糖，合同約定提貨地為B公司所在地。2000年7月3日，A公司派代理人到B公司所在地提貨，B公司已將白糖裝箱完畢并放置在臨時(shí)敞蓬中，A公司代理人由于人手不夠，要求B公司幫助裝貨，B公司認(rèn)為依國際慣例，貨物已交A公司代理人照管，自己已履行完應(yīng)盡的合同項(xiàng)下的義務(wù)，故拒絕幫助裝貨。A公司代理人無奈返回，3日后A公司再次組織人手到B公司所在地提走貨物。但是，在貨物堆放的3天里，因遇濕熱臺風(fēng)天氣，貨物部分受損，造成10％的臟包。問：這部分損失應(yīng)由誰承擔(dān)？

CASESTUDYA公司與B公司訂立FCA合同，購買50067CASESTUDYA公司以FCA條件向B公司出口.A公司按合同規(guī)定把貨物交給了買方指定的船公司的集裝箱碼頭經(jīng)營人，并向買方發(fā)出通知.在貨物裝船前，一把大火把集裝箱堆場燒成廢墟。問該貨損應(yīng)由誰承擔(dān)?若該合同以FOB成交，該貨損由誰承擔(dān)？CASESTUDYA公司以FCA條件向B公司出口.68CPT

CarriagePaidTo

(...namedplaceofdestination)

CPT

CarriagePaidTo

(...name69INTRODUCTION"carriagepaidto..."meansthatthesellerdeliversthegoodstothecarriernominatedbyhim,butthesellermustinadditionpaythecostofcarriagenecessarytobringthegoodstothenameddestination.Thismeansthatthebuyerbearsallrisksandanyothercostsoccurringafterthegoodshavebeensodelivered.“Carrier”means,who,inacontractofcarriage,undertakestoperformortoprocuretheperformanceoftransport,byrail,road,air,sea,inlandwaterwayorbyacombinationofsuchmodes.Ifsubsequentcarriersareusedforthecarriagetotheagreeddestination,theriskpasseswhenthegoodshavebeendeliveredtothefirstcarrier.TheCPTtermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.Thistermmaybeusedirrespectiveofthemodeoftransportincludingmultimodaltransport.INTRODUCTION"carriagepaidto70THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGATIONSUNDERCPTThesellers：*提供貨物

*運(yùn)輸責(zé)任*出口清關(guān)

*風(fēng)險(xiǎn)*單據(jù)

Thebuyers:*受領(lǐng)貨物*進(jìn)口清關(guān)*風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

*單據(jù)THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGAT71NOTICE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)劃分:以貨物交給指定的承運(yùn)人為界。裝運(yùn)通知:賣方負(fù)責(zé)安排運(yùn)輸，買方負(fù)責(zé)貨物運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn).該術(shù)語可適用于各種運(yùn)輸方式，包括多式聯(lián)運(yùn)。NOTICE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)劃分:以貨物交給指定的承運(yùn)人為界。72CIP

CARRIAGEANDINSURANCEPAIDTO

(...namedplaceofdestination)

CIP

CARRIAGEANDINSURANCEPA73INTRODUCTION“CarriageandInsurancepaidto...”meansthatthesellerdeliversthegoodstothecarriernominatedbyhimbutthesellermustinadditionpaythecostofcarriagenecessarytobringthegoodstothenameddestination.Thismeansthatthebuyerbearsallrisksandanyadditionalcostsoccurringafterthegoodshavebeensodelivered.However,inCIPtheselleralsohastoprocureinsuranceagainstthebuyer'sriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.Consequently,thesellercontractsforinsuranceandpaystheinsurancepremium.（tobecontinued…)INTRODUCTION“CarriageandInsu74ThebuyershouldnotethatundertheCIPtermthesellerisrequiredtoobtaininsuranceonlyonminimumcover.Shouldthebuyerwishtohavetheprotectionofgreatercover,hewouldeitherneedtoagreeassuchexpresslywiththesellerortomakehisownextrainsurancearrangements.Thedefinitionof“carrier"isthesameasinCPT.Ifsubsequentcarriersareusedforthecarriagetotheagreeddestination,theriskpasseswhenthegoodshavebeendeliveredtothefirstcarrier.TheCIPtermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.Thistermmaybeusedirrespectiveofthemodeoftransportincludingmultimodaltransport.Thebuyershouldnotethatund75THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGATIONSUNDERCIPThesellers：*提供貨物*運(yùn)輸責(zé)任*保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任

*出口清關(guān)

*風(fēng)險(xiǎn)*單據(jù)

Thebuyers:*受領(lǐng)貨物*進(jìn)口清關(guān)

*風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

*單據(jù)THESELLER'S&BUYER’SOBLIGAT76NOTICE1）RiskandInsurance:賣方的投保屬代辦性質(zhì)，一般情況下，賣方應(yīng)按約定的險(xiǎn)別投保，如果沒有約定險(xiǎn)別，根據(jù)《INCOTERMS2000》的解釋，由賣方投保最低險(xiǎn)別。保險(xiǎn)金額一般是在合同價(jià)格的基礎(chǔ)上加成10%辦理，并采用合同中的貨幣投保。2）Shipment:該術(shù)語可適用于各種運(yùn)輸方式，包括多式聯(lián)運(yùn)。NOTICE1）RiskandInsurance:賣方77FCA、CPT、CIP的比較1、Commonpoints∶(1)都適用于任何運(yùn)輸方式；(2)交貨地點(diǎn)皆為出口國的某一地點(diǎn)；(3)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的劃分皆以貨交承運(yùn)人或其代理人為界；(4)都規(guī)定由賣方①提供貨物及商業(yè)發(fā)票；②將貨物交至承運(yùn)人并及時(shí)通知買方；③辦理出口手續(xù)；(5)都規(guī)定由買方①接收貨物、支付貨款；②辦理進(jìn)口手續(xù)。FCA、CPT、CIP的比較1、Commonpoints∶782、Differences∶(1)Shipment:CPT和CIP下由賣方辦理運(yùn)輸，F(xiàn)CA下由買方辦理；(2)Insurance:CIP下由賣方辦理保險(xiǎn)，F(xiàn)CA和CPT下由買方辦理保險(xiǎn)；(3)術(shù)語后的地點(diǎn)不同；(4)各術(shù)語的價(jià)格構(gòu)成不同:CPT價(jià)等于FCA價(jià)加上運(yùn)費(fèi)，CIP價(jià)等于CPT價(jià)加上保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)。FCA、CPT、CIP的比較2、Differences∶FCA、CPT、CIP的比較79ComparisonbetweenFCA/CPT/CIPandthetraditionalFOB/CFR/CIF1.Similarities:(1)Allaresymbolicdelivery,thecorrespondingsales/purchasecontractsareshipmentcontracts.(2)Thesellerisresponsibleforexportclearance,andthebuyerisresponsibleforimportclearance.(3)FCAissomewhatlikeFOB,CPTlikeCFR,andCIPlikeCIF(買賣雙方所承擔(dān)的運(yùn)輸、保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任互相對應(yīng)).ComparisonbetweenFCA/CPT/CIP80ComparisonbetweenFCA/CPT/CIPandthetraditionalFOB/CFR/CIF2.Differences:(1)Modesoftransportation:FCA/CPT/CIPareapplicabletoallmodesoftransport,includ