scaffolderectprocedures腳手架工安全操作規(guī)程

RECOMMENDEDSCAFFOLDINGERECTIONPROCEDUREPAGE1OF4IntroductionThisguidehasbeenpreparedbytheScaffolding,Shoring&FormingInstitutetoassistcontractors,architects,engineers,deal-ers,erectors,andusers,etc.,fortheproperuseofscaffoldingequipment.ScaffoldingSafetyRulespublishedbytheInstituteshouldbeusedinconjunctionwiththispublication,aswellastheinstructionsfortheuseofscaffoldingprovidedbythemanufacturer.Safetyprecautionsandrequirementsprescribedbylocal,state,andfederalagencies,includingOSHA,mustbefollowedatalltimesandpersonsworkingwithscaffoldingsystemsshouldbeequippedwithrequisitesafetydevices.Nomenclature1.Accessories—Thoseitemsotherthanframesandbracesusedtofacilitatetheconstructionofscaffoldingtowersandstructures.2.AdjustmentScrew—Devicecomposedofathreadedscrewandanadjustinghandleusedfortheverticaladjustmentofthescaffolding.3.BasePlate—Adeviceusedtodistributethelegload.4.ClimbingLadders—Aseparateladderattachedtothescaffoldingstructureorbuiltintothescaffoldframe.5.Casters—Wheelsofasuitabledimensionandunitde-signedtoattachtothebaseofatowerandcontainingabraketopreventthewheelsfromrotating.6.CouplingPin—Deviceusedtoalignandconnectliftsortierstogethervertically.7.Cross-bracing—Systemofmembersconnectingframesorpanelsofscaffoldingtomakeatowerstructure.8.ExtensionDevice—Anydeviceusedtoobtainverticaladjustmentofscaffoldingotherthananadjustmentscrew.9.FactorofSafety—theratioofultimateloadtotheallowableload.10.FrameorPanel+—theprincipalprefabricated,weldedstructuralunit.11.Guardrail-Arailsecuredtouprightsanderectedalongtheexposedsidesandendsofplatforms.12.HorizontalDiagonalBracing—Diagonalbracesrun-ninghorizontallybetweenframesofscaffolding.13.LiftsorTiers+—Thenumberofframesstackedoneaboveeachotherinadirection.14.LockingDevice—Adeviceusedtosecurethecrossbracetothepanel.15.PutlogorTruss—Aseparatehorizontalloadcarryingmember.16.RollingTowers—Acompositestructureofframes,braces,platforms,guardrails,andaccessoriessupportedbycasters.17.SafeLegLoad—Thatloadwhichcansafelybedirectlyimposedontheframeleg.18.SafeScaffoldFrameHorizontalMemberLoad—Thatloadwhichcansafelybedirectlyimposedonahorizontalmember.19.ScaffoldingLayout—Anengineereddrawingpreparedpriortoerectionshowingarrangementofequipmentforproperscaffoldinguse.20.SideBracket—Acantileveredarmunit,supportedbythescaffoldingframe.21.SillorMudSill+—Afooting,usuallywood,whichdistributestheverticallegloadstotheground.22.Ties—Atensioncompressionmemberusedtosecurelyattachscaffoldtoastructure.23.Toeboard—Abarriersecuredalongthesidesandendsofaplatform,toguardagainstthefallingofmaterial.24.Towers—Acompositestructureofframes,braces,andaccessories.25.UltimateLoad—Themaximumloadwhichmaybeplacedonthescaffoldingcausingfailurebybucklingofcolumnmembersoryieldingofsomecomponent.+Thesetermscanbeusedsynonymously.InspectionofScaffoldingEquipmentPriortoErectionThethreemainareasofinspectionareforcorrosion,straightnessofmembersandwelds.Thisappliestoallcomponentsofascaffoldingsystem.1.CORROSION—Heavilyrustedorerodedscaffoldingequipmentisatelltalesignofabuseorneglect.2.STRAIGHTNESSOFMEMBERS—Mishandling,truckingandstoringmaycausedamagetoscaffoldingequipment.Allscaffoldingcomponentsshouldbestraightandfreefrombends,kinksordents.3.WELDS—Equipmentshouldbecheckedbeforeusefordamagedweldsandanypieceofequipmentshowingdamagedweldsorreweldingbeyondtheoriginalfactoryweldshouldnotbeused.Thefactoryweldreferencepertainstolocationandqualityofrewelds.WhileCORROSION,STRAIGHTNESS,andWELDSareofprimaryconcernothercomponentpartsshouldbechecked.4.Lockingdevicesonframesandbracesshallbeingoodworkingorder,andifnot,mustberepairedorreplacedpriortouse.5.Couplingpinsmusteffectivelyaligntheframeorpanellegs.6.Pivotedcrossbracesmusthavethecenterpivotsecurelyinplace.7.CasterBrakesshallbeingoodworkingorderandifnotmustberepairedorreplacedpriortouse.SafeBearingLoadsforSoilsCareshouldalsobetakennottoexcessivelydisturbthesoil.Iffillisrequiredinareaswherescaffoldingisused,aqualifiedengineershouldbeconsultedastomaterialsandcompaction.FoundationsThepurposeofagoodfoundationormudsillistodistributethescaffoldingloadoverasuitablegroundarea.Thesizeofthefootingorsillisdeterminedbythetotalloadcarriedoveraparticulargroundarea,andbythenatureofthesoilsupportingthesesills.Thetotalloadshouldbecomputedandthesillsdesignedaccordingly.Whenscaffoldingfromearthorfill,theareasshouldbeleveledandthesillsspacedinapatternassuringadequatestabilityforallscaffoldinglegs.ErectionofFramesTheworkoferectingthescaffoldingshouldbeunderthesupervisionofapersonwithproperexperienceandaptitudeforsecuringasafeinstallationandwhoisfamiliarwithallLocal,StateandFederalRegulationsconcerningscaffolding,aswellastheSSFIScaffoldingSafetyRules.Itshallbetheresponsibilityofthepersonsupervisingtheerectionofthescaffoldtoseethatallcomponentsandlockingdevicesareinworkingorder,andnodamagedordeterioratedequipmentisusedinthesetup.Shouldanyscaffoldingbecomedamagedaftertheequipmenthasbeenerected,workmenshallnotbeallowedonsameuntilthedamageditemshavebeenrepairedorreplaced.Advancedplanningwillhelptheerectionofscaffoldingtoprogresssmoothly.Theequipmentshouldbeunloadedasclosetotheareaofuseaspossibleandshouldbearrangedintheorderitistobeused.Adjustmentscrewsshouldbesettotheirapproximatefinaladjustmentbeforesettingupthescaffolding.Atthistime,apersonshouldchecktoseethatallpanelswhichrequirecouplingpinshavethem.ConsultsafetyrulesasrecommendedbytheInstitute.Aftererectingthefirsttierofscaffoldframes,plumbandlevel(usinginstrumentsallframessothatnomatterhowhighthefinalscaffoldingsetup,theadditionalframeswillalsobeincorrectalignment.Aserectionproceeds,securelytieallscaffoldingtothestructureattheendsandatleastevery30'horizontally,andatheightintervalsnottoexceed*4timestheminimumbasedimension.Freestandingscaffoldtowersmustberestrainedfromtippingbyguyingorothermeans.Scaffoldframesmustbefastenedtogetheratcouplingpinswherethereisapossi-bilityofuplift.Whenscaffoldsaretobepartiallyorfullyenclosed,specificprecautionsmustbetakentoassurefrequencyad-equacyoftiesattachingthescaffoldingtothebuildingduetoincreasedloadconditionsresultingfromeffectsofwindandweather.Thescaffoldingcomponentstowhichthetiesareattachedmustalsobecheckedforadditionalloads.Whenerectingadditionallifts,alwaysworkfromplank-ingplacedwithinthescaffoldstructure.Moveplankingaserectionprogresses.PlankingandAccessoriesUseonlylumberthatisproperlyinspectedandgradedforuseasscaffoldplank.Plankingshallhaveatleast12"ofoverlapandextend6"beyondcenterofsupportorbecleatedatbothendstopreventslidingoffsupport.Donotallowunsupportedendsofplanktoextendbeyondsupports.Secureplanktoscaffoldingwhennecessary.Allscaffoldaccessoriesshallbeusedandinstalledinaccordancewiththemanufacturer'srecommendedproce-dures.Accessoriesshallnotbealteredinthefield.Wheninstallinghangerorclampsupportedputlogs(trusses,careshouldbetakentoseethattheyextendatleast6"beyondthepointofsupport.Also,makesurethattheproperbracingisplacedbetweenputlogs(trusses.Whenthespanbetweensupportingmembersismorethan12'addi-tionalbracingbetweentheputlogs(trussesandthesupport-ingmembermayberequired.Donotcantileverorextendputlogs(trussesassidebracketswithoutthoroughconsider-ationforloadstobeappliedortransmittedtothescaffold.Whenclampingputlogs,clampcapacitymaycontrolratherthanputlogcapacity.Consultscaffoldmanufacturer.Allbracketsshouldbeseatedcorrectlywithsidebrack-etsparalleltotheframesandtheendbracketsat90degreestotheframe.Bracketsshallnotbebentortwistedfromnormalposition.Equipallplankedorstagedareaswithproperguardrailsandaddtoeboardswhenrequired.FinalandDailyInspectionofErectedScaffoldingThefollowingisalistofcheckpointstobecoveredwhenmakingafinalanddailyinspectionofscaffoldingpriortouse.Allpointsshouldbecarefullycheckedtoinsureasafeandaccident-freejobandbeperiodicallyrechecked.1.Checktoseethatthereispropersupportundereverylegofeveryframeonthejob.Checkalsoforpossiblewashoutduetorain.2.Checktomakecertainthatallbaseplatesandadjustmentscrewsareinfirmcontactwiththeirsupports.Alladjustmentnutsshouldbesnugagainstthelegsoftheframe.3.Framesshouldbecheckedforplumbnessinbothdirec-tions.4.Ifthereisagapbetweenthelowerendofoneframeandtheupperendofanotherframeitindicatesthatoneadjustmentscrewmustbeadjustedtobringtheframesincontact.Ifthisdoesnothelpitindicatestheframeisoutofsquareandshouldbereplaced.5.Eachlegofeachframeshouldbecrossbracedtothecorrespondinglegofthenextframe.6.Whilecheckingthecrossbracesalsocheckthelockingdevicestoassurethattheyareallintheirclosedpositionorthattheyarealltight.7.Checktobecertainthatallplankingandaccessoriesareproperlyinstalled.8.Checktomakecertainalltiesaresecuredbetweenthestructureandthescaffolding.PAGE2OF4PAGE3OF410.Ifscaffoldingisenclosed,checktoseethatadditionalprecautionshavebeentakenasnotedinSectionofErection.Recheckperiodicallyties,clamps,etc.,formovement.11.Insurethatsafeaccesstoworkplatform(sisprovided.DismantlingofScaffoldingTheworkofdismantlingscaffoldingshouldbeunderthesupervisionofanindividualwithproperexperienceandaptitude.Thefollowingshouldbeobservedwhiledisman-tling.1.Checktoseeifscaffoldinghasbeenstructurallyalteredinanywaywhichwouldmakeitunsafe,andifsoreconstructwherenecessarybeforecommencingwiththedismantlingprocedures.2.Dismantlescaffoldfromthetopdown.Beginbyremov-ingallaccessoriesfromthatliftbeingdismantledatthetime.3.Alwaysworkfromaminimumoftwoplankplacedonthetierofframesbelowthosebeingremoved.Movetheplankingdownasdismantlingprogresses.4.Donotremovetiesuntildismantlinghasreachedthetiertowhichtheyareattached.5.Alwaysstaywithintheinsideofthescaffold.Donotclimbontheoutsideforanyreasonwhendismantling.Donotclimbonties,bracesorunbracedframes.6.Onlyremovefasteningdevicesfrombottomofframesbeingremoved.7.Lowerscaffoldingcomponentsinasafemannerastheyaredismantled.Avoiddroppingorthrowingthecompo-nentsasthiscouldresultindamagetotheequipment,orinjurytopersonnelbelow.ErectionofRollingTowersWhenerectingrollingscaffoldingtowers,thefollowingadditionalitemsapply.Theseitemsareinadditiontotheapplicationportionsoftheprecedingsection.1.Castershouldbeofadequateloadcapacityandsizeinrelationtotheheightofthetower,thesurfaceoverwhichthetoweristobeusedandinaccordancewithallgovernment,state,andlocalcodes,ordinances,andregu-lations.Casterswithplainstemsshallbeattachedtothepaneloradjustmentscrewbypinsorothersuitablemeans.2.Donotextendadjustingscrewsonrollingtowersmorethan12".3.Theplatformheightshallnotexceed*four(4timesthesmallestbasedimensionunlessguyedorotherwisestabi-lized.4.Horizontaldiagonalbracesshouldbeusednearthebottom,topandat20'intervalsmeasuredfromtherollingsurface.5.Whensidebracketsareused,considerationshouldbegiventotheoverturningeffectthesebracketswillhaveuponthestabilityofthetower.6.Crossbraceeverylift-bothsides.7.Installguardrails.8.PlankaccordingtoPlankandAccessoriesSectionofErectionProcedure.*EXCEPTIONS:ThreetimesinCalifornia,Ohio,Oregon,Montana,Maine;3-1/2timesinWashington.FinalInspectionofRollingTowersThefollowingadditionalpointsshouldbecheckedwhenmakingafinalinspectionofrollingscaffoldtowerspriortotheiruse.Thesepointsareinadditiontotheapplicableitemscoveredundertheprecedingsectionentitled,"FinalInspec-tionofErectedScaffolding."1.Checktoseethattheplatformheightdoesnotexceed*four(4timesthesmallestbasedimensionunlessthetowerisproperlyguyedorotherwisestabilized.2.Checktoseethat,ifadjustingscrewshavebeenused,theyarenotextendedmorethan12".3.Checktomakesurethecasterbrakesareingoodworkingconditionandareappliedwhentowerisnotbeingmoved.4.Inspecttomakesurehorizontaldiagonalbracinghasbeenplacednearthebottom,top,andat20'intervalsmeasuredfromtherollingsurface.Ahookonmanufac-turedplatformproperlyattachedtothetopframemaybeequivalenttothetophorizontaldiagonalbrace.5.Crossbracinghasbeeninstalledonbothsidesofeverylift.6.Checktheareainwhichthetoweristobeusedtoinsuretherearenoobstructionseitherin,on,orabovethefloorwhichwillinterferewiththeproperandsafeuseoftherollingtower.7.Checkforguardrails.8.Checktoseethatallplanksandfabricatedplatformsareproperlyinstalled.9.Insurethatsafeaccesstoworkplatform(sisprovided.REFERTOSCAFFOLDING,SHORING&FORMINGINSTITUTESCAFFOLDINGSAFETYRULESBEFOREUSINGSCAFFOLDING.TheproceduresoutlinedinthisGuidedescribeconventionalproceduresforerectinganddismantlingscaffoldingsystems.However,equipmentandsystemsdifferand,accordingly,referencemustalwaysbemadetotheinstructionsandproce-duresofthemanufacturerorsupplieroftheequipment.SincefieldconditionsvaryandarebeyondthecontroloftheInstituteanditsmembers,safeandproperuseofthisequip-mentistheresponsibilityoftheuserandnottheInstituteoritsmembers.SCAFFOLDINGANDSHORINGINSTITUTE1230KEITHBUILDINGCLEVELAND,OHIO44115FORMNO.SSI-83-80-68125TAYLORPARKWAYARCHBOLD,OHIO43502?Bil-Jax,Inc.2004SCAFFOLDINGSAFETYGUIDELINESasRecommendedbySCAFFOLDING,SHORING&FORMINGINSTITUTEPAGE4OF4I.POSTTHESESCAFFOLDINGSAFETYGUIDELINESinaconspicuousplaceandbesurethatallpersonswhoerect,dismantleorusescaffoldingareawareofthem.II.FOLLOWALLSTATE,LOCALANDFEDERALCODES,ORDINANCESANDREGULATIONSpertainingtoscaffoldingbecausetheymaybemorerestrictive.Forexample,heightorwidthrequirementsmayvary.III.SURVEYTHEJOBSITE—Asurveyshallbemadeofthejobsiteforhazards,suchasuntampedearthfills,ditches,debris,hightensionwires,unguardedopenings,andotherhazardousconditionscreatedbyothertrades.Theseconditionsshallbecorrectedoravoidedasnotedinthefollowingsections.IV.INSPECTALLEQUIPMENTBEFOREUSING—Neveruseanyequipmentthatisdamagedordefectiveinanyway.V.KEEPALLEQUIPMENTINGOODREPAIR—Avoidusingcorrodedequipment—thestrengthofcorrodedequipmentisnotknown.VI.INSPECTERECTEDSCAFFOLDSDAILY—oratthebeginningofeveryshifttobesurethattheyaremaintainedinsafecondition.VII.NEVERUSEEQUIPMENTFORPURPOSESORINWAYSFORWHICHITWASNOTINTENDED.VIII.REPORTANYUNSAFECONDITION.NEVERTAKECHANCES—Donotworkonscaffoldsifyourphysicalconditionissuchthatyoufeeldizzyorunsteadyinanyway.IX.WORKINGUNDERTHEINFLUENCEOFALCOHOLORILLEGALDRUGSISSTRICTLYPROHIBITED.X.CONSULTYOURSCAFFOLDINGSUPPLIER—NEVERTAKECHANCES—Consultmanualsandinstructionsprovidedbythesupplier;scaffoldingishisbusiness.A.PROVIDEADEQUATESILLSforscaffoldpostsandusebaseplates.B.USEADJUSTINGSCREWSforotherapprovedconditions.C.PLUMBANDLEVELALLSCAFFOLDSastheerectionproceeds.Donotforcebracestofit—levelthescaffolduntilproperfitcanbemadeeasily.D.BRACING.Eachframeorpanelshallbebracedbyhorizontalbracing,crossbracing,diagonalbracingoranycombinationthereofforsecuringverticalmemberstogetherlaterally.Allbraceconnectionsshallbemadesecure,inaccordancewithmanufacturers'recommendations.E.DONOTCLIMBCROSSBRACES.Useonlyanaccess(climbingladder,accesssteps,framedesignedtobeclimbedorequivalentsafeaccesstoscaffold.F.TIERUNNINGSCAFFOLDTOWALLorstructurewhentheheightexceeds*four(4timestheminimumscaffoldbasedimension.Thefirstverticalandlongitudinaltieshallbeplacedatthispoint.Verticaltiesshallberepeatedatintervalsnotgreaterthan26feet.Longitudinaltiesshallbeplacedateachendandatintervalsnotgreaterthan30feet.Tiesmustpreventthescaffoldfromtippingintoorawayfromthewallorstructure.G.WHENSCAFFOLDSARETOBEPARTIALLYORFULLYENCLOSED,specificprecautionsmustbetakentoassurefrequencyandadequacyoftiesattachingthescaffoldingtothebuildingduetoincreasedloadconditionsresultingfromeffectsofwindandweather.Thescaffoldingcomponentstowhichthetiesareattachedmustalsobecheckedforadditionalloads.H.WHENFREESTANDINGSCAFFOLDTOWERSexceed*fourtimestheirminimumbasedimensionvertically,theymustberestrainedfromtipping.I.DONOTERECTSCAFFOLDSNEARELECTRICALPOWERLINESUN-LESSPROPERPRECAUTIONSARETAKEN.Consultthepowerservicecompanyforadvice.J.DONOTUSEladdersormakeshiftdevicesontopofscaffoldstoincreasetheheight.K.DONOTEXCEEDMANUFACTURERS'RECOMMENDEDLOADRAT-ING.L.EQUIPANDMAINTAINALLPLATFORMSwithproperguardrails,mid-rails,andtoeboardsalongallopensidesandendsofscaffoldplatforms.M.ALLBRACKETSshallbeseatedcorrectlywithsidebracketsparalleltotheframesandendbracketsat90degreestotheframes.Bracketsshallnotbebentortwistedfromnormalposition.Brackets(exceptmobilebracketsdesignedtocarrymaterialsaretobeusedasworkplatformsonlyandshallnotbeusedforstorageofmaterialorequipment.Whenbracketsareused,thescaffoldshallbetiedtothestructureorotherwiserestrainedtopreventtipping.N.ALLSCAFFOLDINGACCESSORIESshallbeusedandinstalledinaccordancewiththemanufacturers'recommendedprocedure.Accessoriesshallnotbealteredinthefield.Scaffolds,framesandtheircomponentsofvariousmanufac-turersshallnotbeintermixed.O.FORPLANKING,THEFOLLOWINGGUIDELINESAPPLY:1.Useonlylumberthatisproperlyinspectedandgradedasscaffoldplank.2.Plankingshallhaveatleast12inchesofoverlapandextend6inchesbeyondcenterofsupport,or,becleatedatbothendstopreventslidingoffsupports.3.Fabricatedscaffoldplanksandplatforms,unlesscreatedorrestrainedbyhooks,shallextendovertheirendsupportsnotlessthan6inchesnormorethan12inches.4.Secureplanktoscaffoldwhennecessary.P.FORROLLINGSCAFFOLDSTHEFOLLOWINGADDITIONALGUIDE-LINESAPPLY.1.CASTERSWITHPLAINSTEMSshallbeattachedtothepaneloradjust-mentscrewbypinsorothersuitablemeans.2.DONOTEXTENDADJUSTINGSCREWSONROLLINGSCAFFOLDSMORETHAN12INCHES.3.WHEELSORCASTERSshallbeprovidedwithalockingdeviceandkeptlockedduringerectionanddismantlingoranytimescaffoldsarenotbeingmoved.4.SECUREORREMOVEALLMATERIALANDEQUIPMENTfromplatformbeforemovingscaffold.5.USEHORIZONTALDIAGONALBRACINGnearthebottomandat20footintervalsmeasuredfromtherollingsurface.6.DONOTUSEbracketsorotherplatformextensionswithoutconsiderationofoverturningeffect.7.THEHEIGHTOFAROLLINGSCAFFOLDexcludingi