英語(yǔ)辯論常用句型及話題

英語(yǔ)辯論常用句型及話題英語(yǔ)辯論常用句型及話題英語(yǔ)辯論常用句型及話題xxx公司英語(yǔ)辯論常用句型及話題文件編號(hào)：文件日期：修訂次數(shù)：第1.0次更改批準(zhǔn)審核制定方案設(shè)計(jì)，管理制度statinganopinion陳述觀點(diǎn)

a.inmyopinion…我的意見(jiàn)是……

b.personallyIthink……我個(gè)人認(rèn)為……

c.Ibelievethat……我相信……

d.Ithinkthat……我覺(jué)得……

e.thepointisthat……我的觀點(diǎn)是……

f.ifyouaskme……如果你問(wèn)我……

g.I’dliketosaythis：……我會(huì)這樣說(shuō)……

h.I’dliketopointoutthat我想指出的是……

i.speakingformyself站在自己的立場(chǎng)上說(shuō)……

j.asfarasI’mconcerned，…就我而言，……

k.inmyexperience…根據(jù)我的經(jīng)驗(yàn)……

2.challenginganopinion質(zhì)疑某種觀點(diǎn)

a.thatcan’tbetrue那不可能是真的。

b.butwhatabout…但關(guān)于……方面呢

3.clarifyingapoint闡述觀點(diǎn)

a.whatIsaidwas…我剛才說(shuō)的是……

b.whatImeantosaywas…我的意思是說(shuō)……

c.letmerepeatwhatIsaid.讓我重復(fù)我剛才所說(shuō)的。

d.letmerephrasewhatIsaid.讓我重申剛才所說(shuō)的。

4.agreeingwithanopinion同意觀點(diǎn)

a.ofcourse當(dāng)然。

b.right.是的。

c.exactly.對(duì)。

d.that’strue.是那樣。

e.sodoI.（neitherdoI.）我也這樣認(rèn)為。（不這樣認(rèn)為。）

f.Iagreecompletely.我完全贊同。

g.Iagreewithyouentirely.我完全同意你所說(shuō)的。

h.you’reabsolutelyright.顯然你是對(duì)的。

i.that’sagoodpoint.這個(gè)看法不錯(cuò)。

j.Icouldn’tagreewithyoumore.我絕對(duì)贊成你。

k.that’sjustwhatIthink.我就是那樣認(rèn)為的。

l.Ifeelthesameway.我也持同樣的想法。

5.disagreeingwithanopinion反對(duì)意見(jiàn)。

a.however，…然而……

b.I’mafraididisagree.恐怕我是持反對(duì)意見(jiàn)的。

c.Idon’tthinkso.我不那樣認(rèn)為。

d.Idon’tthink…我認(rèn)為……不是那樣的。

e.ontheotherhand…另一方面……

f.onthecontrary.相反的。

g.that’snot（entirely）true.那不（完全）正確。

h.Ican’tpossiblyagreewithyou.我不可能同意你。

i.Ihatetodisagreewithyou，but…我不喜歡反對(duì)你，但……

j.allright，butdon’tyouthink…

好吧，但難道你不覺(jué)得……

k.butthat’sdifferent.但那是不一樣的。

6.askingforanopinion詢(xún)問(wèn)意見(jiàn)

a.well…whatdoyouthink（about…）…你覺(jué)得怎么樣

b.doyouagree（don’tyouagree）你同意嗎（你是不是同意）

c.what’syourviewonthematter就這件事你的看法呢

d.howdoyouseeit你怎么看它

e.let’shaveyouropinion.讓我們聽(tīng)聽(tīng)你的意見(jiàn)！

f.doyouthinkthat…你認(rèn)為……嗎

7.summarizingadiscussion討論總結(jié)

a.thenweagree.然后我們?nèi)〉靡恢隆?/p>

b.basicallywe’reinagreement.我們基本上有共識(shí)。

c.Ithinkwehaveagreedtodisagree.我想我們有相同點(diǎn)和不同點(diǎn)。

d.Iseewehavedifferentopinions.我知道我們意見(jiàn)有分歧。1.

Howtoagreestronglywithanopinion

表示完全同意Icouldn'tagreemore!

I'mofthesameopinion.Idon'tthinkanyonewoulddisagree.Ican'targuewiththat.

I'msureyouareright.

Itakeyourpoint.

I'dgoalongwithyouthere.Ishareyourviewonthat.

Iquiteagreewithyou.

I'mwithyouonthat.

I'mwithyouthere.That'sjustwhatIwasthinking.

That'sabsolutelytrue!

That'sagoodpoint.

That'sjusthowIseeit.

That'sexactlymyopinion.

Absolutely!Yougotit!

Thatistrue.

2.

Howtohalfagreewithanopinion

表示部分同意Yes,perhaps.

Well,yes.

Yes,inaway.

possibly.

Yes,Iagreeuptoapoint.

Well,you'vegotapointthere.

There'ssomethinginthat,Isuppose.

Iguessyoucouldberight.

Yes,Isupposeso.

That'sworththinkingabout.

3.

Howtodisagreepolitelywithanopinion

進(jìn)行有禮貌的否決Iamnotsurereally.

Ican’tpossiblyagreewithyou.Doyoureallythinkso

Well,itdepends.

I'mnotsocertain.

Well,I'mnotsosureaboutthat.

No,Idon'tthinksoreally.

I’mafraididisagree.

i'mafraidihaveadifferentopinion.i'mafraididon'tshareyouropinion.iseeyourpoint,butican'treallyagreewithyou.Idon’tthinkso.

that’snot（entirely）true.ifindthathardtoswallow.allright，butdon’tyouthink…

idon'tthinkyou'vegotyourfactsstraight.thatwasnotthecase.

that'snothowiseeit.Don'tbetoosure.

Don'tspeaktoosoon.I'llbelieveitwheniseeit.

youknowitisn'ttrue.4.

Howtodisagreestronglywithanopinion

堅(jiān)決的否認(rèn)

Idisagree.

Idisagreewithyouentirely.

I'mafraidIdon'tagree.

I'mafraidyouarewrongthere.youcan'tbeserious.you'rereallystretchingthetruth.

Iwouldn'tacceptthatforoneminute.whatareyoutalkingabout?

youmustbejoking.Youcan'treallymeanthat.

you'vegotitallwrong.no,iwon'tagree!don'twasteyourbreath.

Youcan'tbeserious.

Youmustbejoking.youdon'thavealegtostandon.youdon'tknowupfromdown.

5.征求他人觀點(diǎn)或意見(jiàn)的用語(yǔ)Iwouldbegladtohearyouropinionof…

well…whatdoyouthink（about…）

Howdoyouseeit

Do（don’t）youagree？

What’syourviewonthematter？AreyouofthesameopinionasI?

Let’shaveyouropinion.Iwaswonderingwhereyoustoodonthequestionof…

Doyouthinkthat…6.引入自己的新觀點(diǎn)或看法的用語(yǔ)Anotherpointisthat…

Anotherwayoflookingatitis…Iforgottosay/tellyouthat…

inmyopinion…

PersonallyIthink…Ibelievethat…

Ithinkthat…

My(the)pointisthat…ifyouaskme...

I’dliketosaythis…I’dliketopointoutthat

Speakingformyself...

AsfarasI’mconcerned，...

7.就自己闡述的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行總結(jié)時(shí)的用語(yǔ)whatIsaidwas…whatImeantosaywas…letmerepeatwhatIsaid...

letmerephrasewhatIsaid...

That’sallIwanttosay.

DoyouagreeI’msureyouagree.

8.就對(duì)方闡述的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行總結(jié)時(shí)的用語(yǔ)Asyousaid…

Butdidn’tyousaythat…

IfIunderstoodyoucorrectly,yousaidthat…

9.challenginganopinionThatcan’tbetrueButwhatabout…

常用句型1……Canyoubelieve……2.IfIwantyoutochoosefrom…and…,whichwillyoujoinin?

3.Ifyou……,canyou……

Idon’tthinkso.4.Tomydefense...

5.Mydearfriendgivemeaclearanswearpleasenow.親愛(ài)的朋友,請(qǐng)現(xiàn)在就給我一個(gè)清楚的解釋.

6.Iguesswhatyousaidjustnowistoofarfromourtopictocatchit,wehavenointerestinit.

我想你剛才所說(shuō)的離我們的話題太遠(yuǎn)了,我們對(duì)那不感興趣.

8.Ifyoukeeponsuchstupidtypelikethis,nobodywillbelievethesimpleliesthatyoufed.

如果你仍然堅(jiān)持如此愚蠢的觀點(diǎn),沒(méi)有人會(huì)相信你所說(shuō)的謊言.

9.yourwordmademethinkofsuchathing:thoughthestarsshinninginthesky,tellmewhydoyouknowhowtheycanfallabove,tellmewhy.

你的話讓我想起了這樣一件事:天上的星星在閃爍,告訴我你怎么會(huì)知道它能掉下里來(lái)呢,告訴我為什么!Everythinghastwosides

每件事情都有兩面Benefitsaremorethandisadvantage.

利大于弊Positive/Negativemorethanimpact/reports積極/消極作用/報(bào)道Decide(強(qiáng)調(diào))Existencemeanstruth.存在即是真理Import/supportourviewpoint包含/支持著我方的觀點(diǎn)Today,wearegoingtodebateon~./Today,wehavethemotionthat~./Today’smotionisthat~.Underthecurrentsituation,therearesomeproblemsin~/controversyover~.Theissuebehindthemotionisthat~.So,inthisround,wearegoingtotalkabouthowtosolvetheproblem.<Definingthemotion/Casing>

①However,thismotion[hassomevaguepoints(words)/isnotclear].Therefore,Iwouldliketodefinethemotion.②Inthisround,wewill[definethewordAasB/limitXtoY/focusonthecasein~].③Therefore,ourproposalisthat~④Iwillexplainthemechanismofourproposal.英語(yǔ)辯論：學(xué)歷重于能力Stillveryimportantforthecompany'squalifications.Theabsenceofdegreecertificates,inthepastyearhaslostalotofopportunities.Inretrospecttheworkofre-educationinlightofthecapacityofmanythingsinmindwillbeadullpain.Hatehisownchildishimaginationwashisown,thethoughtthatiswherethegoldwillbeluminous,aslongasthehardworkandability,educationisjustasteppingstone.Butafterthreeyearsofpracticalworkfindthattheyarewrong,wrongandsufferedacrushingdefeat!HuiTongtransferredfromHuawei,theendoftheyearawardtothecurrentsetofpostsandsalaryarereflectedfromastrongacademicabilityfinallyColor:Huaweito:Undergraduateandabovethefirstturn,evenifthespecialististhebackboneoftheprojectteamalsoplacedattheendall;Theendoftheyearaward:thehighdegreeofyear-endawardswillbemuchhigher;Postsandwillbepaid:highereducationishigherthanalotoflesseducated,eventheclass,andthesamesalary,willhaveverydifferent!Same13C,6.5+1and5.3+1cough!!!Ialsoagreethathighereducationcapacityinsomeverygoodindeed,butthecapacityofeducationwillcertainlynotplaceitDefinitelynot!Departmentshavealotofgraduatestudentsisveryweak,dullwork,inflexible.Pleasedonotmaliciousattacks,thingsIonlyjust.StayinginChinaorgoingaboardforeducation

IsEducationLosingItsValue

betterhusbandorbetterjob

Moneyandpersonality,whichoneismoreimporant

Five-dayWorkWeekBetterthanSix-dayWork

StudentsNeedtoWatchTV

ornot

分類(lèi)：

Philosophicaldebates：

Ifthereisnoobjectivetruth,thenistheclaim"thereisnoobjectivetruth"alsonotanobjectivetruth

DoesHistoryMatter

Isafirstcauseofaprocessnecessary,alwayspossible,orsometimesimpossible

CanObjectivismdevelopbeyondAynRand'soriginalformulation

Cananymanlivewithoutsomecodeofmorality

Doestheuniverseincludeeverything,ordoessomethingoutsidetheuniverseexist

Whyistheresomethingratherthannothing

StemCells:Whyorwhynot

Debate:WhyReason

Funny,maybe?

Arecatsjustuselessdogs

IsthePlatypusevidencethatGodhasasenseofhumour

WastheshootingatVirginiaTechsomehowPresidentBush'sfault

(kindoflikehecausedhurricaneKatrina)

Arevideogamesgettingbetterorworseasgraphics,sound,andgameplaycomplexityimprove

Other

Conservapedia:Arealcohol,marijuana,andnicotinegatewaydrugs

Conservapedia:IsRapmusictorture

Conservapedia:Shouldweedbelegalized

Debate:WhatarethelessonsthatweshouldtakeawayfromtheMilgramExperiment

Conservapedia:DoestheTheoryofEvolutionpromoteatheism

Discussion:ColoradoMallShootings西方教育好還是中方教育好？我的觀點(diǎn)是西方教育好。想求關(guān)于更多的西方教育。。我不知道你想求什么。你要求的是資料還是？如果是資料的話你自己可以去網(wǎng)上搜搜的，很多的。我可以根據(jù)的你觀點(diǎn)給你幾個(gè)論據(jù):1.你可以根據(jù)中國(guó)的應(yīng)試教育來(lái)與西方的開(kāi)放教育做評(píng)比。2.中國(guó)的教育注重書(shū)本的知識(shí)，而西方教育則更注重實(shí)踐3.可根據(jù)一些日常人們抨擊中國(guó)的應(yīng)試教育的不足來(lái)進(jìn)行答辯與提問(wèn)。如中國(guó)的學(xué)習(xí)為了考試，西方的則是考試為了學(xué)習(xí)，中國(guó)培養(yǎng)出來(lái)的都是高分低能的學(xué)生.中國(guó)不鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生外出打工，而西方則專(zhuān)門(mén)設(shè)置了打工這門(mén)社會(huì)實(shí)踐的學(xué)分，鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生進(jìn)社會(huì)實(shí)踐，等等.4.根據(jù)中國(guó)的獲得諾貝爾人數(shù)的多少來(lái)進(jìn)行辯論，因?yàn)榇蟛糠肢@得諾貝爾的中國(guó)學(xué)者都是華裔，如楊振寧!!英語(yǔ)辯論話題（發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)與保護(hù)環(huán)境）However,wehavetoadmitthatwearelivinginarealisticsociety,andtherearetoomanygoalsthatwe'renotabletoachieveeffectivelywithoutenoughfunds,inwhich,unfortunately,environmentalprotectionisincluded.Environmentalprotection&pullutioncontrollingisanundertakingwithhighrequirementsforhigh-techandtoptalents.Withoutthesesupports,theproccessofonepollutioncontrolmaynotonlybeeffectiveless,butalsobecomethecauseofanotherpollution.Inthiscase,theeffortswehavetakenforenvironmentalprotectionwouldbecomesenseless.在環(huán)境保護(hù)已經(jīng)成為全球最熱門(mén)話題的今天，不論是國(guó)家政府，還是企業(yè)以及個(gè)人，都已經(jīng)把環(huán)保事業(yè)重視起來(lái)。然而我們不得不承認(rèn)，社會(huì)和生活是很現(xiàn)實(shí)的，沒(méi)有足夠的資金，有太多的事業(yè)都很難有效的進(jìn)行，不幸的是，這其中也包括環(huán)保。環(huán)保治污是一項(xiàng)非常需要高新技術(shù)以及高新人才的事業(yè)，如果沒(méi)有這些，不但治污的效果達(dá)不到，而且可能會(huì)在治理一項(xiàng)污染的過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生另一項(xiàng)污染。這樣的話，我們?yōu)榄h(huán)保所付出的努力就變得毫無(wú)意義了。而對(duì)于政府及企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)，如果想要引進(jìn)高新技術(shù)及人才，資金是必不可少的。因此只有有了錢(qián)，我們才能更好的進(jìn)行環(huán)保事業(yè)，從而使我們的環(huán)境變得更好。

Nowadays,environmentalprotectionhasbecomethehotesttopicallaroundtheglobe,towhichnotonlythegovernments,butalsoenterprisesandindividualshavepayedtheirgreatattention.However,wehavetoadmitthatwearelivinginarealisticsociety,andtherearetoomanygoalsthatwe'renotabletoachieveeffectivelywithoutenoughfunds,inwhich,unfortunately,environmentalprotectionisincluded.Environmentalprotection&pullutioncontrollingisanundertakingwithhighrequirementsforhigh-techandtoptalents.Withoutthesesupports,theproccessofonepollutioncontrolmaynotonlybeeffectiveless,butalsobecomethecauseofanotherpollution.Inthiscase,theeffortswehavetakenforenvironmentalprotectionwouldbecomesenseless.Moreover,it'sessentialtohaveenoughmoneyforgovenmentsandenterprisestobringinhi-technologiesandtoptalents.Asaresult,it'snecessarytohaveenoughmoneyinordertocarryouttheundertakingsofenvironmentalprotection,whichis,tomakegoodchangestoourenvironment.Part-timejobsdomoregoodthanharmtotheuniversitystudents.大學(xué)生做兼職利大于弊。1。耽誤學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間，大部分人不能協(xié)調(diào)好學(xué)習(xí)和打工的時(shí)間安排。

2。工作之后的勞累分散精力，無(wú)心學(xué)習(xí)

3。容易影響對(duì)金錢(qián)的態(tài)度，使學(xué)生形成錯(cuò)誤的人生觀，過(guò)早形成拜金主義

4。社會(huì)很復(fù)雜，大學(xué)生打工容易受騙上當(dāng)。

5。并不是所有兼職工作都能起到鍛煉實(shí)踐能力的作用，而在校時(shí)光非常寶貴，尤其是對(duì)于低年級(jí)大學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，不必急著提高實(shí)踐能力，不如用寶貴的4年時(shí)間多泡泡圖書(shū)館，因?yàn)榇蚬ひ院筮€可以打，但這樣接受文化熏陶的機(jī)會(huì)卻不會(huì)再有了。

6。如果想提高實(shí)踐能力，有其他方式，如參加學(xué)生會(huì)，學(xué)校社團(tuán)，學(xué)校組織的公益活動(dòng)等。在學(xué)校的組織下，相對(duì)安全，時(shí)間安排相對(duì)合理，同樣可以鍛煉自己。

7。如果單純是為了解決財(cái)務(wù)問(wèn)題，有其他更好的辦法，如貸款，助學(xué)基金，獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金，申請(qǐng)做校工等。這些方式也需要學(xué)生的責(zé)任心，為了申請(qǐng)成功，學(xué)生會(huì)主動(dòng)提高自身的素質(zhì)，使自己變得更優(yōu)秀。廣告利弊（英語(yǔ)辯論論題）但如果單單有一個(gè)好的宣傳，而沒(méi)有好的商品的話，這個(gè)公司能長(zhǎng)久營(yíng)業(yè)下去嗎？相反，即使沒(méi)有好的宣傳，而是有好的商品的話，這個(gè)公司就可以長(zhǎng)久下去。輝山牛奶就是一個(gè)很好的例子。However,ifthereisagoodpublicityalone,butnotmerchandisewell,thenthecompanycancontinuelong-termbusiness嗎Incontrast,evenintheabsenceofgoodpublicity,butthereisgoodmerchandise,thenthecompaniescangoalongtime.Shan-huimilkisagoodexample.Anextensivelydocumentedeffectisthecontrolandvetoingoffreeinformationbytheadvertisers.Anynegativeinformationonacompanyoritsproductsoroperationsoftenresultsinpressuresfromthecompanytowithdrawsuchinformationlines,threateningtocuttheirads.Thisbehaviormakestheeditorsofthemediaself-censorcontentthatmightupsettheiradpayers.Thebiggerthecompaniesare,thebiggertheirrelationbecomes,maximizingcontroloverasinglepieceofinformation.

Advertisersmaytrytominimizeinformationaboutorfromconsumergroups,consumer-controlledpurchasinginitiatives(asjointpurchasesystems),orconsumer-controlledqualityinformationsystems.

Anotherindirecteffectofadvertisingistomodifythenatureofthecommunicationmediawhereitisshown.Mediathatgetmostoftheirrevenuesfrompublicitytrytomaketheirmediumagoodplaceforcommunicatingadsbeforeanythingelse.Theclearestexampleistelevision,wherebroadcasterstrytomakethepublicstayforalongtimeinamentalstatethatencouragesspectatorsnottoswitchthechannelduringadvertisements.Programsthatarelowinmentalstimulus,requirelightconcentrationandarevariedarebestforlongsittingtimes.Thesealsomakeformucheasieremotionaltransitiontoads,whichareoccasionallymoreentertainingthantheregularshows.Asimplewaytounderstandobjectivesintelevisionprogrammingistocomparethecontentofprogramspaidforandchosenbytheviewerwiththoseonchannelsthatgettheirincomemainlyfromadvertisements.

Inseveralbooks,articlesandvideos,communicationprofessorSutJhallyhasarguedthatpervasivecommercialadvertising,byconstantlyreinforcingabogusassociationbetweenconsumptionandhappinessandbyfocusingonindividualimmediateneeds,leadstoasquanderingofresourcesandstandsinthewayofadiscussionoffundamentalsocietalandlong-termneeds男人比女人對(duì)社會(huì)的貢獻(xiàn)大（英語(yǔ)辯論論題）1.Prejudiceagainstwomenviolatesthefundamentalprinciplethatallpeoplearecreatedequal.

2.Womenshouldnotbetreateddifferentlyfrommensince,accordingtostatistics,thereisnobasicdifferencebetweenthestandardsandqualityofworkperformedbymenandwomenwhodothesamework.

3.Thisisanunfairworld:mostofthetoppositionisinsociety,likecompanydirectors,judges,universityprofessors,etc.areoccupiedbymen.

4.Thisisamale-dominantworld.Overcenturiesmenhavebeentrainingandeducatingwomentoconsiderthemselvesinferiorandtoaccepttheirsuperiorposition.Asaresult,notonlymenareprejudicedagainstwomen,butsomewomenarealsoprejudicedagainstthemselvesbecausetheybelievetheyarereallyinferiorandonlyfitforhouseholdchores.

5.Womenshouldnolongerbetreatedastheinferiorsex.Theyshouldstandsidebysidewithmenanddefinetheirroleinsociety,inwhichtheycanchoosetoworkoutsideorstayathomeandinwhichtheywillhavemoretimetodeveloptheirowninterests.

6.Itisashameinthemodernworldtoconfinewomentothehomeandblocktheirwaytothefullexploitationoftheircapacityandpotential.

7.Menshouldtakeanequalshareinhouseworksoastoliberatewomenfromthekitchen.

8.Womenshouldbegivenanequalchanceofeducationinordertocompetewithmenonanequalfooting.

9Itisunreasonableforauthoritiestorefusetopromoteablewomentoimportantpostsjustbecausetheyhavechildrentobringup.

10.Actuallywomentodayhavealreadygotasmuchfreedomastheycouldpossiblywant.Theyenjoytherighttovote;Theycangotouniversity;theycancompetewithmeninanyprofessionalfieldonequalterms.死刑是否應(yīng)該存在同意死刑的存在MyIdeaaboutcapitalpunishmentInthemodernglobalcommunity,theideasofliberalismanddemocracyarewidelyaccepted.Peopleembracefreedomtoanextentthathasneverbeenachievedthroughouthistory.However,somecountriesgoalittlebittoofar.Theabolishmentofcapitalpunishmentisjustoneexample.Thesecountiesarguethatnoauthorityisentitledtodepriveindividualsoftheirrighttolive.Eventhosewhocommitfeloniessuchasmurder,rapeandarsonshouldbeputinprisonratherthanonaguillotine.Theybelievetheirpracticeembodieshumanismwhichgoeswellbeyondthetit-for-tatjuridicaltraditionthatispasseddownforgenerations.Inmymind,however,deathpenaltyshouldnotbeabolished,aslongasthereisapossibilityofgravecrimesintheworld.IntheChineselanguage,thereisaproverbthatgoeslikethis:Amercifulangelfrightensnodevil.(門(mén)神善了鬼不怕).Thecapitalpunishmentisthelastweaponthatawespotentialcriminals.Iftherewerenonuclearbombs,wouldChinahavefeltatleastapparentlyateaseatthemilitaristicmenaceposedbytheUSSRinearly1960sPerhapsthisisnotanappropriateanalogue,butChinaisacountrywhichholdsonefourthsoftheworldpopulation.Nowourcountryisstillnotsafeenoughpartlyduetolackofpolicing.Ifthepenaltiesareloosen,Chinawillbeinamess,withsoacuteconfrontationalsentimentsbetweentherichandpoorandsounevendistributionofproperties.Notonlywon’tourgoalsofabetter-offsocietybeachieved,butstability,ourbasisofnational