劍橋8真題test2聽力閱讀完整版 word

【精品文檔】如有侵權，請聯(lián)系網站刪除，僅供學習與交流精品文檔劍橋8真題test2聽力閱讀完整版wordCambridgeIELTS8Test2ListeningSECTION1Questions1-10Q1-3WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswerTOTALINSURANCEINCIDENTREPORTNameAddressShippingagentPlaceoforiginDataofarrivalReferencenumberMichaelAlexander24ManlyStreet,1,Sydney2China3601ACKQ4-10WriteONEWORDAND/ORANUMBERforeachanswerItemDamageCosttorepair/replaceTelevisionThe4needstobereplacedNotknownThe5cabinetThe6ofthecabinetisdamaged7$DiningroomtableA8isspilt$200SetofchinaSix9werebrokenabout10$intotalSECTION2Questions11-20Q1111Accordingtothespeaker,themainpurposesoftheparkareA.educationandentertainmentB.researchandeducationC.researchandentertainmentQ12-14WriteNOMORETHANTWQWORDSforeachanswerAgriculturalParkQ15-2015Whenaretheexperimentalareasclosedtothepublic?A.alltheyearroundB.almostalltheyearC.ashorttimeeveryyear16Howcanyoumovearoundthepark?A.bytram,walkingorbicycleB.bysolarcarorbicycleC.bybicycle,walkingorbus17TherarebreedanimalskeptintheparkincludeA.bensandhorsesB.goatsandcowsC.goatsandhens18WhatisthemainpurposeofhavingtheRareBreedsSection?A.tosaveunusualanimalsB.tokeepavarietyofbreedsC.toeducatethepublic19Whatcanyouseeintheparkatthepresenttime?A.thearrivalofwildbirdsB.fruittreeblossomC.ademonstrationoffishing20.TheshopcontainsbooksaboutA.animalsB.localtraditionsC.thehistoryoftheparkSECTION3Questions21-30Q21-24HoneyBeesinAustralia21WhereinAustraliahaveAsianhoneybeesbeenfoundinthepast?A.QueenslandB.NewSouthWalesC.severalstates22AproblemwithAsianhoneybeesisthattheyA.attacknativebeesB.carryparasitesC.damagecrops23WhatpointismadeaboutAustralianbees?A.Theirhoneyvariesinquality.B.Theirsizestopsthemfrompollinatingsomeflowers.C.Theyaresoldtocustomersabroad.24.GrantFreemansaysthatifAsianhoneybeesgotintoAustralia,A.thecountry’seconomywouldbeaffected.B.theycouldbeusedinthestudyofallergies.C.certainareasofagriculturewouldbenefit.Q25-30WriteONEWORDONLYforeachanswerLookingforAsianhoneybeesBirdscalledRainbowBeeEaterseatonly25,andcoughupsmallbitsofskeletonandotherproductsinapellet.Researchersgotothelocationsthebeeeatersliketousefor26.Theycollectthepelletsandtakethemtoa27foranalysis.Here28isusedtosoftenthem,andtheresearcherslookforthe29ofAsianbeesinthepellets.Thebenefitofthisresearchisthattheresultismore30thansearchingforliveAsianbees.SECTION4Questions31-40Q31-36Researchonquestionsaboutdoctors31Inordertosetupherresearchprogramme,ShonagotA.advicefrompersonalfriendsinothercountries.B.helpfromstudentsinothercountries.C.informationfromhertutor’scontactsinothercountries32Whattypesofpeoplewereincludedintheresearch?A.youngpeopleintheirfirstjobB.menwhowereworkingC.womenwhowereunemployed33.ShonasaysthatinherquestionnaireheraimwasA.togetawiderangeofdata.B.tolimitpeople’sresponses.C.toguidepeoplethroughinterviews.34.WhatdoShona’sinitialresultsshowaboutmedicalservicesinBritain?A.Currentconcernsaremisrepresentedbythepress.B.Financialissuesarecriticaltothegovernment.C.Reformswithinhospitalshavebeenunsuccessful.35.ShonaneedstodofurtherresearchinordertoA.presentthegovernmentwithherfindings.B.decidethelevelofextrafundingneeded.C.identifythepreferencesofthepublic.36.ShonahaslearntfromtheresearchprojectthatA.itisimportanttoplanprojectscarefully.B.peopledonotlikeansweringquestions.C.colleaguesdonotalwaysagree.Q37-40WhichstatementappliestoeachofthefollowingpeoplewhowereinterviewedbyShona?ChooseFOURanswersfromtheboxandwritethecorrectletter,A-F,nexttoquestions37-40gavefalsedatadecidedtostopparticipatingrefusedtotellShonaabouttheirjobkeptchangingtheirmindaboutparticipationbecameveryangrywithShonawasworriedaboutconfidentialityPeopleinterviewedbyShona37apersoninterviewedinthestreet38anundergraduateattheuniversity39acolleagueinherdepartment40atutorinaforeignuniversityREADINGPASSAGE1

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReading

Passage1below.Sheetglassmanufacture:thefloatprocess

Glass,whichhasbeenmadesincethetimeoftheMesopotamiansandEgyptians,islittlemorethanamixtureofsand,sodaashandlime.Whenheatedtoabout1500degreesCelsius(℃)thisbecomesamoltenmassthathardenswhenslowlycooled.Thefirstsuccessfulmethodformakingclear,flatglassinvolvedspinning.Thismethodwasveryeffectiveastheglasshadnottouchedanysurfacesbetweenbeingsoftandbecominghard,soitstayedperfectlyunblemished,witha'firefinish'.However,theprocesstookalongtimeandwaslabourintensive.

Nevertheless,demandforflatglasswasveryhighandglassmakersacrosstheworldwerelookingforamethodofmakingitcontinuously.Thefirstcontinuousribbonprocessinvolvedsqueezingmoltenglassthroughtwohotrollers,similartoanoldmangle.Thisallowedglassofvirtuallyanythicknesstobemadenon-stop,buttherollerswouldleavebothsidesoftheglassmarked,andthesewouldthenneedtobegroundandpolished.Thispartoftheprocessrubbedawayaround20percentoftheglass,andthemachineswereveryexpensive.

ThefloatprocessformakingflatglasswasinventedbyAlistairPilkington.Thisprocessallowsthemanufactureofclear,tintedandcoatedglassforbuildings,andclearandtintedglassforvehicles.Pilkingtonhadbeenexperimentingwithimprovingthemeltingprocess,andin1952hehadtheideaofusingabedofmoltenmetaltoformtheflatglass,eliminatingaltogethertheneedforrollerswithinthefloatbath.Themetalhadtomeltatatemperaturelessthanthehardeningpointofglass(about600~C),butcouldnotboilatatemperaturebelowthetemperatureofthemoltenglass(about1500~C).Thebestmetalforthejobwastin.

Therestoftheconceptreliedongravity,whichguaranteedthatthesurfaceofthemoltenmetalwasperfectlyflatandhorizontal.Consequently,whenpouringmoltenglassontothemoltentin,theundersideoftheglasswouldalsobeperfectlyflat.Iftheglasswerekepthotenough,itwouldflowoverthemoltentinuntilthetopsurfacewasalsoflat,horizontalandperfectlyparalleltothebottomsurface.Oncetheglasscooledto604~Corlessitwastoohardtomarkandcouldbetransportedoutofthecoolingzonebyrollers~,Theglasssettledtoathicknessofsixmillimetresbecauseofsurfacetensioninteractionsbetweentheglassandthetin.Byfortunatecoincidence,60percentoftheflatglassmarketatthattimewasforsixmillimetreglass.

Pilkingtonbuiltapilotplantin1953andby1955hehadconvincedhiscompanytobuildafull-scaleplant.However,ittook14monthsofnon-stopproduction,costingthecompany￡100,000amonth,beforetheplantproducedanyusableglass.Furthermore,oncetheysucceededinmakingmarketableflatglass,themachinewasturnedoffforaservicetoprepareitforyearsofcontinuousproduction.Whenitstartedupagainittookanotherfourmonthstogettheprocessrightagain.Theyfinallysucceededin1959andtherearenowfloatplantsallovertheworld,witheachabletoproducearound1000tonsofglasseveryday,non-stopforaround15years.

Floatplantstodaymakeglassofnearopticalquality.Severalprocesses-melting,refining,homogenising-takeplacesimultaneouslyinthe2000tonnesofmoltenglassinthefurnace.Theyoccurinseparatezonesinacomplexglassflowdrivenbyhightemperatures.Itaddsuptoacontinuousmeltingprocess,lastingaslongas50hours,thatdeliversglasssmoothlyandcontinuouslytothefloatbath,andfromtheretoacoatingzoneandfinallyaheattreatmentzone,wherestressesformedduringcoolingarerelieved.

Theprincipleoffloatglassisunchangedsincethe1950s.However,theproducthaschangeddramatically,fromasinglethicknessof6.8mmtoarangefromsub-millimetreto25mm,fromaribbonfrequentlymarredbyinclusionsandbubblestoalmostopticalperfection.Toensurethehighestquality,inspectiontakesplaceateverystage.Occasionally,abubbleisnotremovedduringrefining,asandgrainrefusestomelt,atremorinthetinputsripplesintotheglassribbon.Automatedon-lineinspectiondoestwothings.Firstly,itrevealsprocessfaultsupstreamthatcanbecorrected.Inspectiontechnologyallowsmorethan100millionmeasurementsasecondtobemadeacrosstheribbon,locatingflawstheunaidedeyewouldbeunabletosee.Secondly,itenablescomputersdownstreamtosteercuttersaroundflaws.

Floatglassissoldbythesquaremetre,andatthefinalstagecomputerstranslatecustomerrequirementsintopatternsofcutsdesignedtominimisewaste.

Questions1-8

Completethetableanddiagrambelow.

ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes1-8onyouranswersheet.Earlymethodsofproducingflatglass

MethodAdvantagesDisadvantages1……·Glassremained2.……·Slow·3……Ribbon·Couldproduceglasssheetsofvarying4……·Non-stopprocess·Glasswas5…………··20%ofglassrubbedaway·MachineswereexpensivePilkington'sfloatprocess

Questions9-13

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?

Inboxes9-13onyouranswersheet,write

TRUE

ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation

FALSE

ifthestatementcontradictstheinformation

NOTGIVEN

ifthereisnoinformationonthis

9

Themetalusedinthefloatprocesshadtohavespecificproperties.

18

Pilkingtoninvestedsomeofhisownmoneyinhisfloatplant.

11

Pilkington'sfirstfull-scaleplantwasaninstantcommercialsuccess.

12

TheprocessinventedbyPilkingtonhasnowbeenimproved.

13

Computersarebetterthanhumansatdetectingfaultsinglass.READINGPASSAGE2

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2onthefollowingpages.

Questions14-17

ReadingPassage2hassixparagraphs,A-F.

ChoosethecorrectheadingforparagraphsBandD-Ffromthefistofheadingsbelow.

Writethecorrectnumber,i-ix,inboxes14-17onyouranswersheet.ListofHeadingsiPredictingclimaticchangesiiTherelevanceoftheLittleIceAgetodayiiiHowcitiescontributetoclimatechangeivHumanimpactontheclimatevHowpastclimaticconditionscanbedeterminedviAgrowingneedforweatherrecordsviiAstudycoveringathousandyearsviiiPeoplehavealwaysrespondedtoclimatechangeixEnoughfoodatlastExampleAnswerParagraphAviii14

ParagraphBExampleAnswerParagraphCv15

ParagraphD

16

ParagraphE

17

ParagraphFTHELITTLEICEAGE

A

ThisbookwillprovideadetailedexaminationoftheLittleIceAgeandotherclimaticshifts,but,beforeIembarkonthat,letmeprovideahistoricalcontext.Wetendtothinkofclimate-asopposedtoweather-assomethingunchanging,yethumanityhasbeenatthemercyofclimatechangeforitsentireexistence,withatleasteightglacialepisodesinthepast730,000years.OurancestorsadaptedtotheuniversalbutirregularglobalwarmingsincetheendofthelastgreatIceAge,around10,000yearsago,withdazzlingopportunism.Theydevelopedstrategiesforsurvivingharshdroughtcycles,decadesofheavyrainfallorunaccustomedcold;adoptedagricultureandstock-raising,whichrevolutionisedhumanlife;andfoundedtheworld'sfirstpre-industrialcivilisationsinEgypt,MesopotamiaandtheAmericas.Butthepriceofsuddenclimatechange,infamine,diseaseandsuffering,wasoftenhigh.

B

TheLittleIceAgelastedfromroughly1300untilthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury.Onlytwocenturiesago,Europeexperiencedacycleofbitterlycoldwinters;mountainglaciersintheSwissAlpswerethelowestinrecordedmemory,andpackicesurroundedIcelandformuchoftheyear.TheclimaticeventsoftheLittleIceAgedidmorethanhelpshapethemodernworld.Theyarethedeeplyimportantcontextforthecurrentunprecedentedglobalwarming.TheLittleIceAgewasfarfromadeepfreeze,however;ratheranirregularseesawofrapidclimaticshifts,fewlastingmorethanaquarter-century,drivenbycomplexandstilllittleunderstoodinteractionsbetweentheatmosphereandtheocean.Theseesawbroughtcyclesofintenselycoldwintersandeasterlywinds,thenswitchedabruptlytoyearsofheavyspringandearlysummerrains,mildwinters,andfrequentAtlanticstorms,ortoperiodsofdroughts,lightnortheasterlywinds,andsummerheatwaves.

C

Reconstructingtheclimatechangesofthepastisextremelydifficult,becausesystematicweatherobservationsbeganonlyafewcenturiesago,inEuropeandNorthAmerica.RecordsfromIndiaandtropicalAfricaareevenmorerecent.Forthetimebeforerecordsbegan,wehaveonly'proxyrecords'reconstructedlargelyfromtreeringsandicecores,supplementedbyafewincompletewrittenaccounts.Wenowhavehundredsoftree-ringrecordsfromthroughoutthenorthernhemisphere,andmanyfromsouthoftheequator,too,amplifiedwithagrowingbodyoftemperaturedatafromicecoresdrilledinAntarctica,Greenland,thePeruvianAndes,andotherlocations.Weareclosetoaknowledgeofannualsummerandwintertemperaturevariationsovermuchofthenorthernhemispheregoingback600years.

D

Thisbookisanarrativehistoryofclimaticshiftsduringthepasttencenturies,andsomeofthewaysinwhichpeopleinEuropeadaptedtothem.PartOnedescribestheMedievalWarmPeriod,roughly900to1200.Duringthesethreecenturies,NorsevoyagersfromNorthernEuropeexplorednorthernseas,settledGreenland,andvisitedNorthAmerica.Itwasnotatimeofuniformwarmth,forthen,asalwayssincetheGreatIceAge,therewereconstantshiftsinrainfallandtemperature.MeanEuropeantemperatureswereaboutthesameastoday,perhapsslightlycooler.

E

ItisknownthattheLittleIceAgecoolingbeganinGreenlandandtheArcticinabout1200.AstheArcticicepackspreadsouthward,NorsevoyagestothewestwerereroutedintotheopenAtlantic,thenendedaltogether.StorminessincreasedintheNorthAtlanticandNorthSea.Colder,muchwetterweatherdescendedonEuropebetween1315and1319,whenthousandsperishedinacontinent-widefamine.By1400,theweatherhadbecomedecidedlymoreunpredictableandstormier,withsuddenshiftsandlowertemperaturesthatculminatedinthecolddecadesofthelatesixteenthcentury.Fishwereavitalcommodityingrowingtownsandcities,wherefoodsupplieswereaconstantconcern.DriedcodandherringwerealreadythestaplesoftheEuropeanfishtrade,butchangesinwatertemperaturesforcedfishingfleetstoworkfurtheroffshore.TheBasques,Dutch,andEnglishdevelopedthefirstoffshorefishingboatsadaptedtoacolderandstormierAtlantic.AgradualagriculturalrevolutioninnorthernEuropestemmedfromconcernsoverfoodsuppliesatatimeofrisingpopulations.Therevolutioninvolvedintensivecommercialfarmingandthegrowingofanimalfodderonlandnotpreviouslyusedforcrops.Theincreasedproductivityfromfarmlandmadesomecountriesself-sufficientingrainandlivestockandofferedeffectiveprotectionagainstfamine.

F

Globaltemperaturesbegantoriseslowlyafter1850,withthebeginningoftheModernWarmPeriod.TherewasavastmigrationfromEuropebyland-hungryfarmersandothers,towhichthefaminecausedbytheIrishpotatoblightcontributed,toNorthAmerica,Australia,NewZealand,andsouthernAfrica.Millionsofhectaresofforestandwoo