考研高端10月份月度測試英語二

考研高端10月份月度測試-英語二答題時間：180分鐘；滿分100分UseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thepersonmakingthehaircutappointmentforherboss?She'snotaperson.There9sa1rapidlydevelopinginAI-haveitdothethingswedon'twanttodo.Self-drivingcarsgetalotofattentioninthis2.ButGooglerecentlydemonstratedAIformore3tasks.TheirsystemiscalledGoogleDuplex—it'savoiceassistant4toimitatethewayshumansspeaktooneanother.Amazon,Appleandothertechcompaniesalsomakevoiceassistants,ofcourse.What's5withDuplexisthatitcancarryonaconversation6asahumanbeing—thatis,somewhatstrangely.Andthat'sthe7ofcourseGoogledoesn'twantDuplextosoundlikeamachine.8,inthehairsalon,thewomanwhoanswersthephoneshowsnodifferences.Thereisapointintheexchange9Duplexshowsitstruecolors,1().Listencarefullyandyou'llheara11differencebetweentheAl'spronunciationof"10A.M."and"12P.M.”Forjustaninstant,Duplex'smismatchedtones12youofbeingonholdwithyourbank.AsecondDuplexclipisabitmore13,becausetheperson14thephonedoesn'tseemtobe15payingattention.Duplextellsthewomanthreetimesthathewantsto16onWednesday.Duplexhasalongwaytogo17ifllbereadytohandleopen-endedconversationson18topics.Butonedayyoumaybe19fromallkindsofunpleasantvocalinteractions.20moretimeforunpleasantsocialmediainteractions.[A]situation[Blpattern[C]trend[D]phenomenon[單選題]*A B C(正確答案)D[A]arena[B]stage[C]platform[D]field[單選題]*A(正確答案) BCD[A]boring[B]ordinary[C]tedious[D]easy[單選題]*[A]resigned[B]designed[C]determined[D]meant[單選題]*A B（正確答案） C D[A]important[B]frustrating[C]striking[D]new[單選題]*ABC D（正確答案）[A]obviously[B]hardly[C]likely[D]seemingly[單選題]*ABC D（正確答案）[A]problem[B]point[C]reason[D]key[單選題]*TOC\o"1-5"\h\zA B（正確答案） C D[A]forexample[B]case[C]ininstance[D]plan[單選題]*A（正確答案） BCD[A]when[B]where[C]why[D]what[單選題]*A B（正確答案） C D[A]yet[B]until[C]though[D]still[單選題]*A B C（正確答案） D[A]obscure[B]distinct[C]important[D]profound[單選題]*A B（正確答案） C D[A]warnfB]remind[C]alert[D]remember[單選題]*A B（正確答案） C D[A]fascinating[B]complicated[C]impressive[D]entertaining[單選題]C（正而[A]answering[B]owning[C]holding[D]using[單選題]*TOC\o"1-5"\h\zA（正確答案） BCD[A]accurately[B]consciously[C]fully[D]exactly[單選題]*A B C（正確答案） D[A]comeby[B]comein[C]comeacross[D]comearound[單選題]*A（正確答案） BCD[A]before[B]when[C]until[D]if[單選題]*A（正確答案） BCD[A]selected[Blrandom[C]popular[D]controversial[單選題]*A B（正確答案） C D[A]released[B]freed[C]removed[D]accessed[單選題]*A B（正確答案）C D[A]Leaving[B]Allocating[C]Setting[D]Saving[單選題]*A（正確答案） BCDReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.（40points）Text1Formorethantwodecades,U.S.courtshavebeenlimitingaffirmative-actionprogramsinuniversitiesandotherareas.Thelegalrationaleisthatracialpreferencesareunconstitutional,eventhoseintendedtocompensateforracismorintolerance.Formanycolleges,thismeansstudentscanbeadmittedonlyonmerit,notontheirraceorethnicity.IthasbeenadivisiveissueacrosstheU.S.,aseducatorsblametheprolongedreactiontoaffirmative-actionfordeclinesinminorityadmissions.Meanwhile,activistscontinuetobattleracepreferencesincourtsfromMichigantoNorthCarolina.Now,chiefexecutivesofabouttwodozencompanieshavedecidedtoplungeheadfirstintothispoliticallyunsettleddebate.They,togetherwith36universitiesand7non-profitableorganizations,formedafbrumthatsetforthanactionplanessentiallydesignedtohelpcollegescircumventcourt-imposedrestrictionsonaffirmativeaction.TheCEOs'motive:"Ouraudienceisgrowingmorediverse,sothecommunitiesweservebenefitifouremployeesareraciallyandethnicallydiverseaswell”,saysoneCEOofacompanythatownsninetelevisionstations.Amongthestepsthefbrumispushing:findingcreativeyetlegalwaystoboostminorityenrollmentthroughnewadmissionspolicies;promotingadmissionsdecisionsthatlookatmorethantestscores;andencouraginguniversitiestostepuptheirminorityoutreachandfinancialaid.Andtocounteraccusationsbycriticstochallengethesetacticsincourt,thegroupsaysitwillgivelegalassistancetocollegessuedfortryingthem.""Diversitydiminishedbythecourtmustbemadeupfbrinotherlegitimate,legalways,“says,afbrummember.Oneofthemorecontroversialmethodsadvocatedistheso-called10%rule.Theideaisfbrpublicuniversities—whicheducatethree-quartersofallU.S.undergraduates—toadmitstudentswhoareinthetop10%oftheirhighschoolgraduatingclass.Doingsoallowscollegestotakeminoritieswhoexcelinaverageurbanschools,eveniftheywouldn'thavemadethecutunderthecurrentstatewiderankingmanyuniversitiesuse.U.S.courtrestrictionsonaffirmativeactionsignifiesthat.minoritiesnolongerholdtheoncefavoredstatusthequalityofAmericancollegeshasimprovedracialpreferenceshasreplacedracialprejudicetheminorityisonanequalfootingwiththemajority[單選題]*A（正確答案） BCDEducatorsareopposedtolimitationonaffirmativeactioninthat.Students,meritshouldbethepreconditionofadmission.Fewerminoritiesstudentsareadmittedtouniversities.RacismstillexistsinAmericancollegeadmission.Moreminoritiesstudentsenterintocolleges[單選題]*A B（正確答案） C DCEOsofbigcompaniesdecidedtohelpcollegesenrollmoreminoritystudentsbecausethey.thinkitwrongtodeprivetheminoritiesoftheirrightstoreceiveeducationwanttoconservethefinecharacteristicsofAmericannationwantaworkforcethatreflectsthediversityoftheircustomersthinkittheirdutytohelpdevelopeducationofthecountry[單選題]*A B C（正確答案） DThemajortactictheforumusesisto.[Albattletheracialpreferencesincourtsupportcollegesinvolvedinlawsuitsofracism[Clstrivetosettlethispoliticaldebatenationwide[D]findlegallyviablewaystoensureminorityadmissions[單選題]*ABC D（正確答案）Ifthe10%ruleisapplied,.thebestwhitehighschoolstudentscangetintocollegespublicuniversitiescangetexcellentstudents[Clstudentsfrompoorruralfamiliescangotocolleges[D]goodminoritystudentscangetintopublicuniversities[單選題]*ABC D（正確答案）Text2Whatarethecharacteristicsofamediator?Foremost,themediatorneedstobeseenasarespectedneutral,objectivethirdpartywhoiscapableofweighingoutfairnessintheresolutionofaconflict.Themediatormustbetrustedbybothpartiestocomeupwithasolutionthatwillprotectthemfromshame.Whilethecentralissueisjustice,theoutcomeneedstobewin-win,nolosers.Theabilitiestolistenimpartially,suspendjudgment,andaccuratelygatherandassessinformationareotherimportantcharacteristics.Finally,tofunctioneffectivelythemediatormusthavepower（financial,status,position）,sothatbothpartieswilltakeseriouslyandabidebythemediator^judgment.Ifonepartyrefusedtocooperate,heorsheshouldfearthepossibilityofbeingshamedandlosingfacebeforethemediatorandthewholecommunity.Ifthatrealpossibilitydoesnotenterthemindsofbothparties,themediatorwillbeineffective.Inseveralcountriesmediatorsarestillusedtofindabrideforaman.Usuallythisisajobfortheparents,andtheyinturnemploytheservicesofamediator.Becausethiseventtakesmuchplanning,theparentswilltrytoidentifythemediatorwellinadvance.Sincetheseservicessometimesrequirereward,moneymustbesaved.Orinsomecasesparentstrytodoanumberoffavorsfbrthemediatorsothatheorshewillfeelindebtednessandperformtheserviceasakindofrepayment.Theparentswilltrytogetthemostinfluentialmediatorpossible,toboosttheirchancesofbeingapprovedbythepotentialbride'sparents.Theyoungwoman'sparentswillnotwanttoriskshamebyturningdownarequestfromsuchanimportantperson-sothereasoninggoes.Ofcourse,thehigher-rankedthemediator,thehigherthecostoftheservices.Complicatingtheprocessisthefactthatturningdownthemediatorisalsoaslightofthepotentialgroomandhisparents,whichwilllikelygenerateconflictbetweenthefamilies.Ifthepartiesarenotcareful,theentirecommunitycantakesides.Onewaytoalleviatethiseventualityisfbrtheyoungwoman'sfamilytoidentifyaflawthatwouldmakeheralessdesirableprospect.Theymightsay,“Sheissickly.^^or“Shemaynotbeabletobearchildren.^^Althoughnoneofthesestatementsmaybetrue,andprobablyeveryoneknowstheyaren't,theydoprovideawayfbrtheyoungman'sparentstowithdrawtheirrequestfbraperfectlylegitimatereason.Everyonesavesface,atleastatthesurface,andpeaceispreservedThecharacteristicsofamediatorincludeallofthefollowingexcept.unbiasedjudgmentofargumentsbeingtrustedbytwopartiesinvolvedimpartialtreatmenttoaconflict[DIremarkableinsightintocontroversies[單選題]*ABC D（正確答案）Theauthordeemsitimportantfbramediator.tobephysicallystrongtohiteitherpartytobequitewealthyandconsideratetojustifythesolutionofaconflicttohavehighstatustopraisearguers[單選題]*A B（正確答案） C DInsomecountries,youngpeople'smarriage.isindependentoftheirparents5willneedscarefulvaluationinadvancecostsasmallfortuneoftheirfamilyisusuallyfacilitatedbyamediator[單選題]*Therequestofthegroom'sparentsmaybeturneddownunless.theymanagetohireaqualifiedmediatortheymaketheirbestchoiceatallriskstheyoungwoman'sparentswanttolosefacethebride'sparentsdaretooffendthemediator[單選題]*A（正確答案） BCDItmaybethebestwaytoresolveaconflictfor.theentirecommunitytooffersupportamediatortobeidentifiedbybothsides[Cltheoutcomeofmediationtobeacceptableavalidexcusetosparebothsides9blushes[單選題]*ABC D（正確答案）Text3TheInternet,likeitsnetworkpredecessors,hasturnedouttobefarmoresocialthantelevision,andinthisrespect,theimpactoftheInternetmaybemorelikethatofthetelephonethanofTV.OurresearchhasshownthatinterpersonalcommunicationisthedominantuseoftheInternetathome.ThatpeopleusetheInternetmainlyforinterpersonalcommunication,however,doesnotimplythattheirsocialinteractionsandrelationshipsontheInternetarethesameastheirtraditionalsocialinteractionsandrelationships,orthattheirsocialusesoftheInternetwillhaveeffectscomparabletotraditionalsocialactivity.WhethersocialusesoftheInternethavepositiveornegativeeffectsmaydependonhowtheInternetshapesthebalanceofstrongandweaknetworktiesthatpeoplemaintain.Strongtiesarerelationshipsassociatedwithfrequentcontact,deepfeelingsofaffectionandobligation,whereasweaktiesarerelationshipswithsuperficialandeasilybrokenbonds,infrequentcontact,andnarrowfocus.Strongandweaktiesalikeprovidepeoplewithsocialsupport.Weaktiesincludingweakonlineties,areespeciallyusefulforlinkingpeopletoinformationandsocialresourcesunavailableinpeople'sclosest,localgroups.Nonetheless,strongsocialtiesaretherelationshipsthatgenerallybufferpeoplefromlife'sstressesandthatleadtobettersocialandpsychologicaloutcomes.Peoplereceivemostoftheirsocialsupportfrompeoplewithwhomtheyareinmostfrequentcontact,andbiggerfavorscomefromthosewithstrongerties.Generally,strongpersonaltiesaresupportedbyphysicalcloseness.TheInternetpotentiallyreducestheimportanceofphysicalproximityincreatingandmaintainingnetworksofstrongsocialties.Unlikeface-to-faceinteractionoreventhetelephone,theInternetmayofferopportunitiesforsocialinteractionsthatdonotdependonthedistancebetweenparties.PeopleoftenusetheInternettokeepupwiththosewithwhomtheyhavepreexistingrelationships.Buttheyalsodevelopnewrelationshipson-line.Mostofthesenewrelationshipsareweak.MUDs,newsgroups,andchatroomsputpeopleincontactwithapoolofnewgroups,buttheseon-line“mixers“aretypicallyorganizedaroundspecifictopics,oractivities,andrarelyrevolvearoundlocalcommunityandclosefamilyandfriends.Whetheratypicalrelationshipdevelopedon-linebecomesasstrongasatypicaltraditionalrelationshipandwhetherhavingon-linerelationshipschangesthenumberorqualityofaperson9stotalsocialinvolvementsareopenquestions.EmpiricalevidenceabouttheimpactoftheInternetonrelationshipsandsocialinvolvementisscarce.ManyauthorshavedebatedwhethertheInternetwillpromotecommunityorundercutit.Muchofthisdiscussionhasbeenspeculativeandanecdotal,orisbasedoncross-sectionaldatawithsmallsamples.Thetextismainlyabout.thedominanceofinterpersonalcommunicationstrongandweakpersonaltiesovertheInternetthedifferencebetweenoldandmodemrelationships[DIanempiricalresearchontheInternetanditsimpact[單選題]*ABC D（正確答案）Itisimpliedinthetextthat.theInternetinteractionscanrivaltraditionalonestelevisionisinferiortotelephoneinsocialeffectstronglinksarefarmorevalidthanweakones[DItheInternetfeatureseveryhomeandcommunity[單選題]*A B（正確答案） C DTheword“bu他r"（Para.2）canprobablybereplacedby.[A]deviate[B]alleviate[C]shield[D]distract[單選題]*A B C（正確答案） DAccordingtotheauthor,theInternetcan.eliminatethehindranceofthedistanceweakentheintimatefeelingsamongpeopleprovidepeoplewithclosephysicalcontactsenhanceourabilitytoremovesocialstresses[單選題]*A（正確答案）Fromthetextwecaninferthat.theevidencefortheeffectoftheInternetseemsabundantfB]thesocialimpactoftheInternethasbeenbarelystudiedenoughsomediscussionsareconclusiveaboutthefunctionoftheInternetrandomsampleshavewitnessedthepositiveinfluenceoftheInternet[單選題]*A B(正確答案) C DText4Leadershipishardlyanewareaofresearch,ofcourse.Foryears,academicshavedebatedwhetherleadersarebornormade,whetherapersonwholackscharisma(capacitytoinspiredevotionandenthusiasm)canbecomealeader,andwhatmakesleadersfail.WarrenG.Bennis,possiblytheworld'sforemostexpertonleading,has,togetherwithhisco-author,writtentwobest-sellersonthetopic.Generally,researchershavefoundthatyoucan'texplainleadershipbywayofintelligence,birthorder,familywealthorstability,levelofeducation,race,orsex.Fromoneleadertothenext,there'senormousvarianceineveryoneofthosefactors.Theauthors7researchledtoanewandtellingdiscovery:thateveryleader,regardlessofage,hadundergoneatleastoneintense,transformationalexperience-whattheauthorscalla"crucible”(severetest).Theseeventscaneithermakeyouorbreakyou.Foremergingleaders,theydomoremakingthanbreaking,providingkeylessonstohelpapersonmoveaheadconfidently.Ifacruciblehelpsapersontobecomeleader,therearefouressentialqualitiesthatallowsomeonetoremainone,accordingtotheauthors.Theyare:an''adaptivecapacity,,thatletspeoplenotonlysurviveinevitablesetbacks,heartbreaks,anddifficultiesbutalsolearnfromthem;anabilitytoengageothersthroughsharedmeaningoracommonvision;adistinctiveandcompellingvoicethatcommunicatesone'sconvictionanddesiretodotherightthing;andasenseofintegritythatallowsaleadertodistinguishbetweengoodandevil.Thatsoundsobviousenoughtobecommonplace,untilyoulookatsomerecentfailuresthatshowhowvalidthesedictums(formalstatementsofopinion)are.TheauthorsbelievethatformerCoca-ColaCo.ChairmanM.DouglasIvesterlastedjust28monthsbecause''hisgraspofcontextwassorrowful.z,Amongotherthings,IvesterdegradedCoke'shighest-rankingAfrican-Americanevenasthecompanywaslosinga$200millionclassactionbroughtbyblackemployees.Procter&GambleCo.ex-CEODurkJagerlosthisjobbecausehefailedtocommunicatetheurgentneedforthesweepingchangeshewasmaking.Itsstriking,too,thattheauthorsfoundtheirgeezers(whoseformativeperiod,astheauthorsdefinethem,was1945to1954,andwhowereshapedbyWorldWarII)sharingwhattheybelievedtobeacriticaltrait—thesenseofpossibilityandwondermoreoftenassociatedwithchildhood.''Unlikethosedefeatedbytimeandage,ourgeezershaveremainedmuchlikeourgeeks（whocameofagebetween1991and2000,andgrewup''virtual,visual,anddigital"）—open,willingtotakerisks,hungryforknowledgeandexperience,courageous,andeagertoseewhatthenewdaybrings”,theauthorswriteThetextindicatesthatleadershipresearch.hasbeenacontroversialstudyforyearspredictshowaleadercomestobe[Cldefinesthelikelihoodtobealeader[DIprobesthemysteriesofleadership[單選題]*ABC D（正確答案）AccordingtoBennis,thetraitsharedbyleadersconsistsof.[Altoplevelsofintelligenceandeducationanddevotionremarkableabilitytoencouragepeoplewithloyaltyandhope[Clstrikingqualitiesofgoingthroughserioustrialsandsufferings[DIstrongpersonalitiesthatarouseadmirationandconfidence[單選題]*A B C（正確答案） DThefavorableeffectofacrucibledependsonwhetheraleader.[Alproveshimself/herselftobeanewlyemergentoneacceptsitasausefulexperienceforprogressshrinksbackfromtiringandtryingexperiencesdrawsimportantlessonsforhis/herfollowers[單選題]*A B（正確答案） C DAleadercanhardlymaintainhis/herpositionunlesshe/she.fulfillsallnecessaryqualityrequirementshelpspeopletopreventdefeatsandsorrowsfailstoattractpeoplewithcommonconcernslacksappealingandstrengthofcharacter[單選題]*A（正確答案）Theauthors9dictumscanbejustifiedbythefactthat.[AlDouglasIvesterdefeatedahighest-rankingblackemployeeinasuitDurkJagerwasdismissedowingtohispoorcommunicatingability[ClGeezerscouldn'terasethebrandsstampedinchildhood[DIGeeksaresensibleenoughtomeetdangersandchallenges[單選題]A B(正確答案)C DPartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutundergroundhomes.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromtheIistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)ThefirstanybodyknewaboutDutchmanFrankSiegmundandhisfamilywaswhenworkmentrampingthroughafieldfoundanarrowsteelchimneyprotrudingthroughthegrass.Closerinspectionrevealedachinkofsky-lightwindowamongthethistles,andwhenamazedinvestigatorsmoveddownthesideofthehilltheycameacrossapinedoorcompletewithleadeddiamondglassandabrassknockersetintoanundergroundbuilding.TheSiegmundsarethelatestinaclutchofindividualistichomemakerswhohaveburrowedundergroundinsearchoftranquility.41..Most,fallingfoulofstrictbuildingregulations,havebeenforcedtodismantletheirindividualistichomesandreturntomoreconventionallifestyles.Butsubterraneansuburbia,Dutch-style,isabouttobecomerespectableandchic.Sevenluxuryhomescossetedawayinsideahighearth-coverednoiseembankmentnexttothemainTilburgcityroadrecentlywentonthemarketfor$296,500each.Thefoundationshadyettobedug,butcustomersqueueduptobuytheunusualpart-submergedhouses,whosebackwallconsistsofagrassymoundandwhosefrontisalongglassgallery.42..TheDutcharenottheonlywould-bemoles.GrowingnumbersofEuropeansareburrowingbelowgroundtocreatehouses,offices,discosandshoppingmalls,itisalreadyprovingawayoflifeinextremeclimates;inwintermonthsinMontreal,Canada,forinstance,citizenscanescapethecoldinanundergroundcomplexcompletewithshopsandevenhealthclinics.InTokyobuildersareplanningamassiveundergroundcitytobebeguninthenextdecade,andundergroundshoppingmallsarealreadycommoninJapan,where90percentofthepopulationissqueezedinto20percentofthelandspace.43..Therearebigadvantages,too,whenitcomestoprivatehomes.Adevelopmentof194houseswhichwouldtakeup14hectaresoflandabovegroundwouldoccupy2.7hectaresbelowit,whilethenumberofroadswouldbehalved.Underseveralmetersofearth,noiseisminimalandinsulationisexcellent.Underseveralmetresofearth,noiseisminimalandinsulationisexcellent.fciWeget40to50enquiriesaweek,“saysPeterCarnenter,secretaryoftheBritishEarthShelteringAssociation,whobuildssimilarhomesinBritain."Peopleseethisasawayofbuildingforthefuture?,Anundergrounddwellerhimself,Carpenterhasneverpaidaheatingbill,thankstosolarpanelsandnaturalinsulation.44..InEurope,theobstaclehasbeenconservativelocalauthoritiesanddeveloperswhoprefertoensurequicksaleswithconventionalmassproducedhousing.ButtheDutchDevelopmentwasgreetedwithundisguisedreliefbySouthLimburgplannersbecauseofHolland'schronicshortageofland.ItwastheTilburgarchitectJoHurkManswhohitontheideaofmakinguseofnoiseembankmentsonmainroads.Histwo-floored,fbur-bedroomed,two-bathroomeddetachedhomesarenowtakingshape."Theyarenotsomuchbelowtheearthasinit,“hesays."Allthelightwillcomethroughtheglassfront,whichrunsfromthesecondfloorceilingtotheground.Areaswhichdonotneedmuchnaturallightingareattheback.Thelivingaccommodationistothefrontsonobodynoticesthatthebackisdark."45..IntheUS,whereenergy-efficienthomesbecamepopularaftertheoilcrisisof1973,10,000undergroundhouseshavebeenbuilt.Aterraceoffivehomes,Britain'sfirstsubterraneandevelopment,isunderwayinNottinghamshire.Italy'soutstandingexampleofsubterraneanarchitectureistheOlivettiresidentialcenterinIvrea.CommissionedbyRobertoOlivettiin1969,itcomprises82one-bed-roomedapartmentsand12maisonettesandformsahouse-hotelforOlivettiemployees.Itisbuiltintoahillandlittlecanbeseenfromoutsideexceptaglassfacade.Aresidentsince1992saysitislittledifferentfromlivinginaconventionalapartment.Noteveryoneadaptssowell,andinJapanscientistsattheShimizuCorporationhavedeveloped“spacecreation,,systemswhichmixlight,sounds,breezesandscentstostimulatepeoplewhospendlongperiodsbelowground.UndergroundofficesinJapanarebeingequippedwith“virtual”windowsandmirrors,whileundergrounddepartmentsintheUniversityofMinnesotahaveperiscopestoreflectviewsandlight.ButFrankSiegmundandhisfamilylovetheirhobbitlifestyle.4kWefeltatpeaceandsoclosetonature.^^hesays.TheHealthRisksofSmallApartmentsNewYorkCityhasahousingproblem.Currently,ithas1.8millionone-andtwo-personhouseholds,andonlyonemillionstudiosandone-bedroomapartments.Theobvioussolutionseemstobetodevelopmoresmallresidentialunits.ButasNewYorkCity's"micro-apartment“projectinchesclosertoreality,expertswarnthatmicro-livingmaynotbetheurbanpanaceawe'vebeenwaitingfor.“Sure,thesemicro-apartmentsmaybefantasticforyoungprofessionalsintheir20^s,^^saysDakKopec,directorofdesignforhumanhealthatBostonArchitecturalCollege.“Buttheydefinitelycanbeunhealthyforolderpeople,sayintheir30'sand40's,whofacedifferentstressfactorsthatcanmaketightlivingconditionsaproblem.,9Research,Kopecsays,hasshownthatcrowding-relatedstresscanincreaseratesofdomesticviolenceandsubstanceabuse.Forallofus,dailylifeisasequenceofevents,heexplains.Butmostpeopledon'tlikeaddingextrastepstoeverydaytasks.Becausemicro-apartmentsaretoosmalltoholdbasicfurniturelikeabed,table,andcouchatthesametime,residentsmustresettheirquartersthroughouttheday.Inthiscase,residentsmighteventuallystopfoldinguptheirfurnitureeverydayandthespacewillstartfeelingevenmoreconstrained.SusanSaegert,professorofenvironmentalpsychologyattheCUNYGraduateCenteragreesthatthemicro-apartmentswilllikelybeawelcomechoiceforyoungNewYorkers.Butshewarnsthattinylivingconditionscanbeterribleforotherresidents-particularlyifacoupleoraparentandchildsqueezeinto300squarefeetforthelongterm,nomatterhowwellaunitisdesigned.4tFvestudiedchildrenincrowdedapartmentsandlow-incomehousingalot,“Saegertsaid,"andtheycanendupbecomingwithdrawn,andhavetroublestudyingandconcentrating.^^“Whenwethinkaboutmicro-living,wehaveatendencytofocusonfunctionalthings,likeisthereenoughroomforthefridge,explainedUniversityofTexaspsychologyprofessorSamuelGosling,whostudiestheconnectionbetweenpeopleandtheirpossessions.44Butanapartmenthastofillotherpsychologicalneedsaswell,suchasselfexpressionandrelaxation,whichmightnotbeaseasilymetinahighlyconfinedspace.^^Ontheotherhand,EugenieL.Birch,professorofurbanresearchandeducationattheUniversityofPennsylvania,saysthiscertainlyisn'tthefirsttimewe'vehadthisdebateovermicro-living.NewYorkhasgrappledwiththepublichealthcostsofcrowdedlivingconditionsandminimumapartmentstandardsthroughoutitshistory.RolfPendall,directoroftheUrbanInstitute'sMetropolitanHousingandCommunitiesPolicyCenterasks:Wherewouldallthesepeoplebedoingbusinessandlivingwithoutthedensity?Wouldtheybecommutinglongerdistancesorearningless,andislivingfartherfrome