2020屆河北衡水高三英語復習講義(四十七)高考閱讀理解解題技巧之主旨大意題

2020屆河北衡水高三英語復習講義(四十七)高考閱讀理解解題技巧之主旨大意題【主旨大意題解題技巧】在高考閱讀理解中，主旨大意題的考查占有十分重要的位置。掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意也是《英語課程標準》和《考試說明》對考生的基本要求之一。只有通過閱讀掌握了文章的主題，才能正確理解文章，進而根據(jù)文章的事實細節(jié)推測作者的態(tài)度和觀點。主旨大意題主要是測試考生對一篇文章或一段文字的深層理解程度以及在速讀中準確把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般針對某一語段或某一語篇的主題標題或目的設(shè)題。這類題目考查的范圍是： 基本論點、文章標題、主題或段落大意 等。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運用 概括、判斷、歸納、推理 等邏輯思維方法，對文章進行高度概括或總結(jié)， 屬于高層次題 ?！绢}型特點與命題方式】【設(shè)題類型】1、概括文章大意；2、選出最佳題目(標題)；3、概括人物特點。【設(shè)問形式】1、標題類常見的標題型題干：Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe .Thetext(passage)couldbeentitled .Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?2、大意類常見的主題型題干：Thispassagechieflydealswith .What’sthetopicofthearticle?Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?Withwhattopicisthepassagechieflyconcerned?【命題趨勢】考查考生對文章的主題、標題、中心思想的理解程度及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。常見題型為最佳標題( title)或中心思想( mainidea)等。主題思想是文章的核心，能否抓住文章的主題思想，是考生閱讀能力最主要的體現(xiàn)。高考中閱讀理解的測試，自然也以此作為檢驗考生閱讀理解能力最重要的標準。要準確地抓住文章的主題思想，就要十分留意文章的開頭和結(jié)尾，要抓住文中具有概括性的信息，從上下文連貫的意思來理解全文，看作者主要談的是什么，透過文字敘述的過程來歸納主題，再從選擇項中找出最符合表達主題思想的選項。有些干擾項，從局部看也許不算錯，但從全局看卻又片面。這類干擾項與正確答案之差，其實是局部與全局之差?？忌谧鲱}時不要為局部現(xiàn)象迷惑，而忽略了文章的整體思想。【解題思路與應試技巧】做這類題時常用略讀法?？焖匍喿x文章找出各個段落的主題句。把各個段落的主題句聯(lián)系起來著眼于全文結(jié)構(gòu)安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的標題是中心思想最精煉的表達形式，選擇的標題意義范圍要能涵蓋全文，不能太大也不能太小。命題者在出這類題時，常常利用生活常識編造干擾項，把文中的細節(jié)當主旨，利用局部信息編造干擾項，編制超出文章范圍的標題或不能涵蓋文章中心意義的標題來考查考生的理解程度，考生要特別留意。下面結(jié)合高考試題，談談標題類和大意類主旨大意題的解題技巧。、標題類標題是段落中心思想最精煉的表達形式。在閱讀中不僅要求考生能夠通過自己已知的信息概括出段落的中心思想，而且還要對概括出的中心思想加以提煉，擬定出段落的標題。在測試中能夠迅速而準確地選擇標題。文章標題可以是單詞，短語，也可以是句子。標題可幫助讀者迅速推測出整篇文章的主要內(nèi)容，抓住文章討論的中心，把握作者的觀點和意圖。它的特點是：短小精悍，多為一短語；涵蓋性強，一般要求能覆蓋全文，其確定的范圍要恰當，既不能太大，也不能太?。痪_性強，不能隨意改變語言表意的程度及色彩。、大意類解答該題型最關(guān)鍵的是找出主題句，把握文章主旨。通常情況下主題句在文中的位置 :說明文議論文記敘文在開頭 √（較常見）√√在結(jié)尾√（較少見）√√在中間√√中心貫穿全文√（較常見）概括主旨的方法是： 先看首尾或各段開頭再看全文找主題句，若無明顯主題句，就通過關(guān)鍵詞句來概括 （如議論文中尋找表達作者觀點態(tài)度的詞句，記敘文尋找概括情節(jié)和中心的動詞或反映人物特點的形容詞 ）。文中出現(xiàn)兩種或兩種以上的不同觀點時，務必牢記作者的觀點才是體現(xiàn)全文中心的。此時，要注意一些轉(zhuǎn)折詞，如 but,yet,however,although,inspiteof,bycontrast,onthecontrary等。當文章中表示相反的觀點時，往往用到這些詞。答題時要弄清哪個是作者的觀點，排除迷惑性信息，準確歸納主旨大意。例題分析：Whenwetalkaboutintelligence,wedonotmeantheabilitytogetgoodscoresincertainkindsoftestsoreventheabilitytodowellinschool.Byintelligencewemeanawayoflivingandbehaving,especiallyinaneworanxioussituation.Ifwewanttotestintelligence,weneedtofindouthowapersonactsinsteadofhowmuchheknowswhattodo.Forexample,wheninanewsituation,anintelligentpersonthinksaboutthesituation,notabouthimselforwhatmighthappentohim.Hetriestofindoutallhecan,andthenheactsimmediatelyandtriestodosomethingaboutit.Heprobablyisn’tsurehowitwillallworkout,butatleasthetries.And,ifhecan ’tmakethingsworkoutright,hedoesn ’tfeelashamedfatihlsa;thheejusttriestolearnfromhismistakes.Anintelligentperson,evenifheisveryyoung,hasaspecialoutlook（人生觀）onlife,specialfeelingaboutlife,andknowshowhefitsintoit.Ifyoulookatchildren,you ’llseegreatdifferencebetweenwhatwecall“bright”childrenand“notbright”children.Theyareactuallytwodifferentkindsofpeople,notjustthesamekindwithdifferentamountsofintelligence.Forexample,thebrightchildreallywantstofindoutmoreaboutlife —hetriestogetintouchwitheverythingaroundhim.Buttheunintelligentchildkeepsworld;heseemstohaveawallbetweenhimmoretohimselfandhisowndreamandlifeingeneral.

world;heseemstohaveawallbetweenhimWhat’sthemainideaofthepassage?What’srealmeaningofintelligence?What’sthe“bright”children ’sbehavior?What’saspecialoutlookonlife?Howtoliveandbehaveinanewsituation?【解析】主旨大意題。本文主要講述了什么才是真正的聰明這一話題。故答案為 A。B、C、D項過于片面。BAchemicalimportantofbraindevelopmentmayplayaroleinexplainingwhysomepeoplearegenetically（由基因決定地 ）likelytosufferfromanxietyandcouldleadtonewtreatments,U.S.researcherssaid.Theysaidhighlyanxiousratswhichwerekepthadverylowlevelsofabrainchemicalcalledfibroblastgrowthfactor2orFGF2,comparedwithratsthatweremorerelaxed.Butwhentheyimprovedtheanxiousrats conditio’nsliv—inggivingthemnewtoystoexploreandabiggercagetolivein —levelsofthisbrainchemicalincreasedandtheybecamelessanxious.“Thelevelsofthisbrainchemicalincreasedinresponsetotheexperiencesthattheratswereexposedto.Italsodecreasedtheiranxiety of”.JavierPetheUniversityofMichigansaidinatelephoneinterview.“Itmadethembehavethesamewayastheratsthatwererelaxed,hesaid.Inaformerstudyofpeoplewhowereseverelydepressedbeforetheydied,theteamfoundthegenethatmakesFGF2wasproducingverylowlevelsofthegrowthfactor,whichisknownprimarilyfororganizingthebrainduringdevelopmentandrepairingitafterinjury.Perezthinksthebrainchemicalmaybeamarkerforgeneticvulnerability（ 脆弱性）toanxietyanddepression.Butitcanalsorespondtochangesintheenvironmentinapositiveway,possiblybypreservingnewbraincells.Whileboththecalmandanxiousratsproducedthesamenumberofnewbraincells,thesecellswerelesslikelytosurviveinthehigh-anxietyrats,theteamfound.GivingtheratsbetterlivingconditionsorinjectingthemwithFGF2helpedimprovecellsurvival.“Thisdiscoverymaypavethewayfornew,morespecifictreatmentsforanxietythatwillnotbebasedonsedation（藥物鎮(zhèn)靜 ）,butwillinsteadfighttherealcauseofthedisease, ”Dr.PcieenrzVoinPiazzafromFrancesaidinastatement.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostsuitabletitleforthepassage?AnxiousratsandrelaxedratsAnxiety—aseriousmentaldiseaseScientificresearchintothebrainisimportantBrainchemicalmayplaykeyroleinanxiety【解析】歸納標題題。本文主要介紹了科學家發(fā)現(xiàn)大腦里有一種化學物質(zhì)對人類的焦慮有很大的影響，此發(fā)現(xiàn)對醫(yī)生找到更好治療焦慮癥的方法很有幫助。故 D項作標題符合文章主旨。CTheEarth’saxis（軸）isanimaginarylinethatrunsthroughthemiddleoftheEarthfromtheNorthPoletotheSouthPole.Theaxisoftheearthistilted（ 傾斜）about23.5degrees.Thistiltoftheearthresultsinourseasons.InJune,theNorthernHemisphere（半球）istiltedtowardthesun,sothepeopleintheNorthernHemispherehavelongerandwarmerdays.ThedaysareshorterandcolderintheSouthernHemisphereinJune,becausetheEarthistiltedawayfromthesun.ThedaysstartgettingshorterintheNorthernHemisphereandlongerintheSouthernHemisphereafteraboutJune21.ThisisthefirstdayofsummerintheNorthernHemisphereandthefirstdayofwinterinthesouthernhemisphere.Daytimelastsexactlyaslongasnighttimeonthefirstdayofautumn（aboutSeptember21）andthefirstdayofspring（aboutMarch21）.ThefirstdayofwinterintheNorthernHemisphere,usuallyDecember21,istheshortestdayoftheyearintheNorthernHemisphereandthelongestdayoftheyearintheSouthernHemisphere.Thedaysarelongerinsummerandshorterinwinterthefurtheryoumovefromtheequator.It’sgenerallydarkonasummernightinFloridaby8:30p.m.,butinVermont,therewillstillbesomelightat10:00p.m.Thesituationisreversed（相反的）inwinter,whereth